Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2. *Rise of Venice
2.1 Leadership
Capable leaders contributed to rise of Venice.
Some made outstanding contributions in growth and development of
Venice as they were far-sighted.
2.1.1 Establishing control in the Adriatic Sea
Doge Pietro II Orseolo was a capable leader who felt that peace in
region would boost trade.
He reconciled feuding cities, negotiated treaties with major powers and
subdued pirates in Dalmatia.
Maintained friendship with Byzantine emperor in East and established
relations with Germanic kings in the West to protect Venices
independence and obtain favourable trading terms.
Created trade links with Muslim states in North Africa.
He felt it was necessary to bring piracy under control.
2.1.2 Building Venetian Empire
Doge Enrico Dandolo directed the Fourth Crusade under command of
Pope Innocent III in 12th Century.
Crusade was military campaign to free Jerusalem (holy cities) from Muslim
control.
It became a campaign to overthrow Byzantine Emperor and take over
capital at Constantinople.
Weakened Byzantine Empire and helped Venice rise further.
Venice thereby gained recognition from other states.
It controlled some of the important territories which belonged to fallen
Byzantine Empire.
2.1.3 Expanding the Venetian empire in Mediterranean Sea
Doge Pietro Ziani succeeded Doge Enrico in 1205.
Capture of Constantinople marked beginning of Venices growth as
maritime empire.
Need to set up military outposts along important trade routes.
Doge Pietro expanded trade through conquests.
He helped ensure Venice gained control of important routes in
Mediterranean Sea.
Doges were forced into exile or arrested by Council of Ten for corrupt
practices such as nepotism (favouritism towards family members) or
attempting to be too powerful.
Eventually, Council of Ten handled confidential and critical matters such
as putting an end to treason.
Preventing the concentration of power
Nominating Committee added to election process to identify suitable male
candidates for all elected positions through the process of balloting.
Purpose of balloting was to prevent any individual or family from
dominating the government.
Nobles not allowed to campaign for support in election, thus rivalry was
discouraged and no one could be appointed as a result of personal favour.
Nobles appointed were not allowed to reject the position.
Ensure all positions of responsibility in government were filled up.
Venetian fleets propelled by oars and sails that do not depend solely on
wind.
Merchant and battle fleets travel further, facilitating the expansion of trade
and territorial control.
Venetian great galley built as combination of merchant and war vessel.
Formidable enough to discourage most pirates from launching attack on
Venetian trading ships.
Many artists produced great pieces of work that adorned the public
buildings around the city.
Venice was famous for mosaic act.
4. *Fall of Venice
4.1 Foreign threats
Political developments in mainland states and emergence of Ottoman
Empire in 15th Century posed serious challenges to Venice.
Venice had spent large amount of resources and wealth in building military
strength.
Threats diverted Venices attention away from trade and resulted in loss of
some of Venices overseas territories.
Added to further blows as maritime empire.
4.1.1 Involvement in mainland
Political development in mainland cause Venetian government turn its
attention to mainland territories.
Mainland territories supplied Venice with essential resources like food and
water.
Venice needed to secure their supply of resources.
In order for Venice to protect their territories, they took advantage of the
rivalry among mainland states.
Venice tried to achieve balance of power by offering to help one fight
against another.
However, Venices act of switching alliances with different opposing states
proved it was constantly treading on fragile relations with larger states.
Venice could come under attack should negotiations fail.
Situation put Venetians at high risk as no certainty which alliance would
ultimately benefit Venice.
Venetians equip themselves with strong army which could only be done so
by recruiting mercenaries (soldiers employed and paid) to fight wars.
Rivalry among mainland states made overland trade route unsafe as
constant battles were fought in the region.
Venetians concerned as they depended on commercial crossroads for
trade and wealth.
4.1.2 The Ottoman Empire
From 13th Century, Ottoman Empire began expanding its influence from
Middle East into Europe.
By 15th Century, Ottoman replaced Genoa as Venices greatest competitor.
Venetian knew they could not compete with Ottoman armies as they were
larger.
Venices involvement in mainland drained large part of its energy and
resources.
Venice thereby forced to give up some of less important territories to avoid
further loss.
Venetians fought hard to maintain control of Adriatic Sea.
5.2 Governance
During Venices rise to power, Venetians made constant improvements to
system of governance.
Able to respond to threats by ensuring strong political leadership.
With growing population and prosperity, structure of government also
reformed to respond to great demands.
-
Venice could not compete with European nations on discovery of new sea
routes
Tried to replicate Dutch & English ships but failed to operate.
Introduction of trade laws unsuccessful, leading to decline as trade centre.