INTRODUCTION

This assignment is based on the origins and main characteristics of fascism, National Socialist
state. In this assignment we review were the liberal movement was established and how it was
formed in the nineteenth century.we also take a clear look at the characteristics, the reasons for
the appeal of fascism, the fascist state, national socialism, perculiaries for the national socialist.
Fascism introduced no systematic exposition of ideology on purpose other than a negative
reaction against socialist and democratic egalitarianism. the growth of democratic ideology and
popular participation in politics in the nineteenth centaury, was emptying to some conservative
elements in European society, and fascism grew out of the attempt to counter it by forming mass
parties based largely on the middle classes and the pretty bourgeoisie, exploiting their political
domination by the lower classes and in their effort to gain political power played on people’s fear
of revolution with its subsequent chaos, anarchy, and general insecurity. They appealed to
national sentiments and prejudices, exploiting anti Semitism, and portrayed themselves as
champions of law, order, Christian morality and sanctity of private property.

DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS

MAIN: the most part (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/in+the+main), meaning the most

important element.

PHILOSOPHY: Investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or

values, based on logical reasoning rather than (http://www.answers.com/topic/philosophy).

ORIGINS: an event that is a beginning, a first part or stage of subsequent events

(wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn), meaning the roots, where it really come.

CHARACTERISTICS:best description of something

(wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn),meaning feature or aspects of something.

FASCIST: An extreme form of nationalism that played on fears of communism and rejected
individual freedom, liberal. Individualism, democracy, and limitation of the state
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fascist).

NATIONAL SOCIALIST: Totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of Germany's

Nazi Party (1920 – 45), Its roots lay in the tradition of Prussian militarism and discipline and

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German Romanticism, which celebrated a mythic past and proclaimed the rights of the
exceptional individual over all rules and laws (wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn).

STATE: combination of people, territory, and sovereign government

(wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn).

THE MAIN PHILOSOPHICAL ORIGINSAND CHARACTERISTICS OF FASCISM

AND NATIONAL SOCIALISTS STATE

.It was in the twentieth centaury a radical political called Action Françoise group was born, much
like the Nazis and Fascists, they kept a brutal youth organization and developed their own
political ideology. Since then there has been a wave of anti-Jew sentiment in France. This
extreme right-wing ideology was further shaped and coined after the First World War. The term
was first used by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to describe his political movement and
philosophy of his regime from 1922 to 1942.. It was an Ancient roman symbol that depicted a
bundle of rods tied around an axe, the idea portrayed was that unity is powerful and strong

1. FACSISM AND ITS ORIGIN

The collapse of the Central Powers in 1918, and the disorders caused by Communist attempts to
seize power in Germany, Italy, Hungary, and other countries greatly strengthened fascism's
appeal to many sections of the European populace. In Italy, particularly, social unrest was
combined with nationalist dissatisfaction over the government's failure to reap the promised
fruits of victory after World War I. The fascists could depend upon support, financial and
otherwise, from vested interests, who could not muster such popularity themselves.
Governmental paralysis enabled Mussolini in 1922 to obtain the premiership by a show of force.

As leader of his National Fascist party, he presented himself as the strong-armed savior of Italy
from anarchy and Communism. Borrowing from Russian Communism a system of party
organization based on a strict hierarchy and cells, which became typical of fascism everywhere,
he made use of an elite party militia-the Black Shirts-to crush opposition and to maintain his
power.In Germany at about the same time a fascist movement similar to that in Italy steadily
gathered strength; it called itself the National Socialist German Workers' party (Nazi party). Its
leader, Adolf Hitler, won support from a middle class ruined by inflation, from certain elements
of the working class, especially the unemployed, and from discontented war veterans, He also

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gained the backing of powerful financial interests, to whom he symbolized stability and order.
However, it was not until 1933 that Hitler could carry through his plans for making Germany a
fascist state and the National Socialists the sole legal party in the country.

1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FASCICTS

Fascism, especially in its early stages, is obliged to be anti-theoretical and opportunistic in order
to appeal to many diverse groups. It was strongly nationalistic, violently, anti-liberal-democratic,
anti-communist opposed to international organization and elitists and authoritarian .First and
most important is the glorification of the state and the total subordination of the individual to it.
The state is defined as an organic whole into which individuals must be absorbed for their own
and the state's benefit. This total state is absolute in its methods and unlimited by law in its
control and direction of its citizens.

It had closed identity between the party and the state strongly anti-Semitic, glorifies war
profoundly racist and it had paramilitary wing, promoted the myth of the race and places
emphasis on the predestined leader, made great use of symbolism and did not have a clear
doctrinal base. Fascism is embodied in the theory of social Darwinism. The doctrine of survival
of the fittest and the necessity of struggle for life is applied by fascists to the life of a nation-
state. Peaceful, complacent nations are seen as doomed to fall before more dynamic ones,
making struggle and aggressive militarism a leading characteristic of the fascist state.
Imperialism is the logical outcome of this dogma. Salvation from rule by the mob and the
destruction of the existing social order can be affected only by an authoritarian leader who
embodies the highest ideals of the nation.

Although Mussolini's and Hitler's governments tended to interfere considerably in economic life
and to regulate its process, there can be no doubt that despite all restrictions imposed on them,
the capitalist and landowning classes were protected by the fascist system, and many favored it
as an obstacle to socialization. On the other hand, the state adopted a paternalistic attitude toward
labor, improving its conditions in some respects, reducing unemployment through large-scale
public works and armament programs, and controlling its leisure time through organized
activities.

1.2 REASONS FOR THE APPEAL OF FASCISM

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Fascism was not clearly develop in theory and could appeal to all groups irrespective of status,
the emphasis upon law and order was appealing (it was seen as an alternative to social unrest).
People were turning to other forms of Government due to immense economic problems. Weak
governments were easy preys for the fascists. The fear of communism led to support for the
fascists who were violent, anti-Communist. Fascism gave its members a sense of identity
Fascism made great use of the potentials of the newly developed mass media .Traditional parties
lacked inspiration and the fascists, Represented a dynamic alternative were not opposed by the
Government which they sought to bring down.

1.3 THE FASCIST STATE

Fascism has found adherents in all countries and essentially vague and emotional nature
facilitates the development of unique national varieties, whose leaders often deny indignantly
that they are fascists at all. In its dictatorial methods and in its use of brutal intimidation of the
opposition by the militia and the secret police, fascism does not greatly distinguish itself from
other despotic and totalitarian regimes. There are particular similarities with the Communist
regime in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. However, unlike Communism, fascism abhors
the idea of a classless society and sees desirable order only in a state in which each class has its
distinct place and function. Representation by classes (i.e., capital, labor, farmers, and
professionals) is substituted for representation by parties, and the corporative state is a part of
fascist dogma.

2. NATIONAL SOCIALISTS

Commonly called Nazism, German political movement initiated in 1920 with the organization of
the National Socialist German Workers party also called the Nazi party. The movement
culminated in the establishment of the Third Reich, the autocratic, totalitarian German state led
by the dictator Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945.National Socialism was similar in many respects
to Italian fascism. The roots of National Socialism, however, were peculiarly German, grounded,
for example, in the Prussian tradition of military authoritarianism and expansion in the German
romantic tradition of hostility to rationalism, liberalism, and democracy in various racist
doctrines according to which the Nordic peoples, as so-called pure Aryans, were not only
physically superior to other races, but were the carriers of a superior morality and culture, and in
certain philosophical traditions that idealized the state superior individual and exempted such a
person from conventional restraints.

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The theorists and planners of National Socialism included General Karl Haushofer, a German
geographer who exercised much influence in German foreign affairs. The German editor and
party leader Alfred Rosenberg formulated Nazi racial theories on the basis of the work of the
Anglo-German writer Houston Stewart Chamberlain. To the German financier Hjalmar Schacht
fell the task of formulating and carrying out much economic and banking policy, and the
German architect and party leader Albert Speer was a major figure in overseeing the economy
just before the end of World War II.
2.1 ROOTS IN TNE ALTERNATIVE NATIONAL SOCIALISM
The National Socialist party originated in the German Workers party, formed in Munich in
1919. At the time that Hitler joined it in 1919, the German Workers party had a nominal
membership of about 25, only 6 of whom were active in its discussions and lecture activities.
Shortly after joining, Hitler became a leader of the group. At the first mass meeting of the
German Workers party held in Munich on 24 of February 1920, Hitler read the party program,
which he had partly written, this consisted of 25 points comprising a mixture of exaggerated
nationalistic demands, corruptions of socialist ideas, and racist and anti-Semitic doctrines.
As the essential conditions for the realization of its aims, the party declared in point 25 of the
program, for modern society, a colossus with feet of clay, claiming that they will create an
unprecedented centralization which will unite all powers in the hands of the government, and
also shall create a hierarchical constitution, which will mechanically govern all movements of
individuals.It all started in January 30, 1933, where Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor and
the Nazi party. It is appropriate to speak of the young Hitler because in large measure the
ideology of National Socialism was firmly set in his mind by the time he was 24.

2.2 THE DOMINATING POWER

The ideas of Hitler's youth can be used as keys to understanding not only the ideology of
National Socialism but also the entire Nazi movement. In his mind he thought nothing but
racism because it was the only answer he had and he was also anti-Semitism. From this early
experience on the streets of Vienna, Hitler moved to the position of finding race at the core of
all human affairs. In particular, it was the existence and widespread influence of Jews that
served both as an explanation for the sorry condition of Germany and a rationalization for
Hitler's personal lack of early success in life. Hitler went on in Mein Kempt to spell out most of

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the major themes that we have associated with Italian fascism. He condemned Bolshevism,
class, democratic institutions, the liberal press, and spoke in glowing terms of national unity,
organicism, duty, and a vaguely socialistic economy.

What differentiated Hitler from Mussolini, however, was that blood-mixing and Jews were seen
as the basic cause of all of the problems of modern life contained in the fascist litany. By
asserting that political equality was a basic presupposition in governing, Jews had tricked people
into believing that they were equal to legitimate members of the Volk. Thus, democracy as a
political form ensured the debasement of the Volk while at the same time permitting Jews to rise
to positions of power.

Having discovered his truth that Jews destroy and Aryans create civilization it became Hitler's
self-appointed task to communicate it to the German masses so that the evils of Jewish control
could be eradicated and a new Aryan culture established. Hitler's main difficulty was in
conveying it to masses conditioned by false values, nevertheless it was in this area, perhaps more
than anywhere else, that his particular genius lay. While we have discussed the notions of
leadership, emotion, and mass psychology in connection with Italian fascism, Hitler's
development of these doctrines are of such proportion that they merit additional attention.

2.3 PERCULIARIES OF THE NATIONAL SOCIALISTS

National-Socialism has always been the foremost White Nationalist ideology for this simple
reason, it worked economically, repairing Germany's economy with lightning speed, putting
Germans back to work, ending the German depression, and giving the German people perhaps
the greatest standard of living that they had ever known up till then. It worked politically, uniting
the German people in a new sense of pride, social harmony, duty, and hope for the future,
creating the most efficient, ordered, spiritually healthy, and culturally expressive of the people's
inherent characteristics, nation the world had ever seen. It failed militarily only because
Germany was forced to fight the three largest empires on earth at that time simultaneously.

National-Socialism will need to be slightly adapted in accordance with time, place, and
circumstance if it is ever to come to power again. So there will be a National-Socialism with
American characteristics, which will look a bit different from German National-Socialism, and
from Russian National-Socialism, and from British National-Socialism etc. The only alternative
when the philosophical essence of National-Socialism is correctly understood, and when it is

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implemented in its true and unadulterated form, is precisely what we have now. National-
Socialism is our only viable guide toward the reawakening of our Aryan civilization.

CONCLUSION

In this assignment we have encounter that fascism and National Socialism were the most
powerful political liberation movement in the history which was led by Adolf Hitler. In the
nineteenth century the movement became the more dominatingwhen hitler was appointed
chancollor of the naziparty in january 1933, and it even dominated other places such as Britain
because Hitler made people to believe that he is the only political leader who are able to bring
changes in the society and also let them believe that unity is power and even symbolize it by
depicted a bundle of rods tied around an axe, the idea portrayed was that unity is powerful and
strong. Mussolini's and Hitler's governments tended to interfere considerably in economic life
and to regulate its process, there can be no doubt that despite all restrictions imposed on them,
the capitalist and landowning classes were protected by the fascist system, and many favored it
as an obstacle to socialization. On the other hand, the state adopted a paternalistic attitude toward
labor, improving its conditions in some respects, reducing unemployment through large-scale
public works and armament programs, and controlling its leisure time through organized
activities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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