ASCENT 2015 Proceedings of Information Systems & Engineering (CD-ROM)

ISBN: 978-967-11851-5-5

Research Paper

Understanding The Adoption af A Voluntary Use System from The

Perspective Of Health Care Providers
Anisah Herdiyanti
Department of Information Systems
ITS Campus Surabaya Indonesia
anisah@is.its.ac.id

Muchammad Rijaluddin Robbani Hanafi

Department of Information Systems
ITS Campus Surabaya Indonesia
rijalhanafi@gmail.com

Tony Dwi Susanto

Department of Information Systems

ITS Campus Surabaya Indonesia
tony@is.its.ac.id

Abstract
Health care provider such as community blood bank, sought to improve the availability and
accuracy of information related to blood bank data management. While community blood banks
recognize the considerable long-term benefits of expanding their investment in information
systems, a litte understanding toward factors that drive its success implementation still remain. It
is essential to raise awareness of the IS acceptance for a voluntary use system like blood bank
information systems in order to improve the quality of blood bank data management. This study
sheds the light toward the issue and aims at presenting factors affecting voluntary use system
namely Blood Bank Information Systems (BloobIS). Two types of users were studied, i.e. hospital
users, and users from blood bank unit. Technology Accepntance Model (TAM) and Decomposed
Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) model were employed for each of the types of users,
respectively. The result from the study showed perceived usefulness is at the interest of both
perspectives. Top management supports and self-efficacy are of important factors in the hospital
users perspective while system compability is critical in the bank users perspective.
Recommendations given should be focusing on these factors to improve user acceptance toward
the system and hence drive IS success implementation.
Key Terms: technology adoption model, voluntary system use, health care provider
1.

Introduction

The use of information systems in health care sector offers great potential for improving
the quality of services (David U. Himmelstein et al., 2010, McCullough et al., 2010, Sicotte and
Pare, 2010, Patricia Fontaine et al., 2010). In order to successfully implementing information
systems (IS), health care providers consider long-term benefits of IS investment (Parente and
McCullough, 2009) by maintaining long-term user engagements (Bickmore et al., 2010). This
situation demands users participation to adopt health care information systems and continue
using the system individually (Larsena et al., 2009, Junglas et al., 2009) or in a team (Fuller and
Dennis, 2009). By participating in information system use, users are able to gain benefits from
the implementation and motivated to continuously using the system. Therefore, it is critical if

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the health care provider is to realize IS success implementation by studying technology

acceptance and system use of health care information systems.
Prior studies in the field of information systems have suggested various models of
technology acceptance based mostly on social psychology, that examine the factors defining
individuals intention to use health care information systems. Holden and Karsh (2010)
highlighted the use of technology acceptance model (TAM) in health care context; while others
have employed TAM (Ma and Liu, 2007, Pai and Huang, 2011) and modified the model (Kim and
Garrison, 2009, Aggelidis and Chatzoglou, 2009, Venkatesh et al., 2012). Understanding the
factors within the technology acceptance models can help to identify, predict and manage the
acceptance of an information system and thus is the key factor in the IS success implementation.
Meanwhile, Hartwick and Barki (1994) emphasized the role of user participation and
user involvement in information system that is depending upon whether system use is
mandatory or voluntary. Later works have also addressed the concept of system use in IS
implementation. Staples and Seddon (2004) who found that beliefs about use is of important
factors in the voluntary use setting. Linders (2006) enhanced the TAM model for determining
strategies for IS success implementation in twofolds: accommodating mandatory system use,
and therefore elaborating the actual system use in the context of user satisfaction.
Apart from a rich body of literature where technology acceptance and system use were
employed in various sectors, the literature on the use of information systems in health care
sector is limited if not missing from the literature to date. For a voluntary use system such as
blood bank information systems that support blood bank data management, user motivations
to use the system can be understood from the two different perspectives, i.e health care
providers, and health care consumers. These perspectives were originated from the concept of
services in cloud computing wherein service provider offers one or more services to and/or for
one or more consumers (Papazoglou et al., 2008). Furthermore, different perspectives can
perceive different impacts on the information system use as studied by Prabowo et. al. (2012).
Within the blood bank information systems, the providers play important roles in
responding requests and updating information with regard to the blood status and therefore the
success of the implementation of the blood bank information systems rely on the reliability of
this information. The objective of this paper is to understand the factors that affect voluntary
use system from the perspective of health care providers.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses literature that explores the
perspective of health care providers in blood bank data management, information system use in
the voluntary setting, and technology acceptance models. Section 3 explains the research
methods employed in this study as well as the technology acceptance model for each of the
perspective of the health care providers. Results from testing the model are given in Section 4
and followed by discussion on the results. Conclusions from the study are presented in Section 5
along with practical implications of the voluntary use system in the blood bank information
system.
2.

Literature Review

This section provides basis for the research to stand the ground from the related works
on 3 (three) main topics, i.e. the perspective of health care providers in blood bank data
management; information system use in voluntary setting; and technology adoption model.

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2.1.

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Health care providers

In health care industry, health care services are performed by providers so called
health care providers, who highly consider service quality and patient satisfaction for health
care consumers. Prior studies have discussed about behaviour of health care providers in
delivering services to health care consumers (Choi et al., 2004, Mary Catherine Beach et al.,
2005). The engagement of health care providers in health care services is important to improve
health status of health care consumers (Bakken et al., 2004). In the present work, the blood
bank data management is chosen to illustrate and to understand the perspective of health care
providers in providing information about blood to health care consumers.
An information system to accommodate the process of managing blood bank data is
developed. Blood bank information system (BloobIS) is a system to accommodate blood bank
data management via internet. The system is now at the prototype phase and being developed
by the Department of Information Systems, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Indonesia in
collaboration with Blood Bank Unit of Indonesian Red Cross in East Java (Prasetyo, 2014). Users
of the system are hospital and blood bank unit acting as the health care provider, and families or
patients that need information about blood acting as the health care consumer.
2.2.

Information system use in voluntary setting

User participation has been considered to be critical factors in achieving successful

implementation of an information system. Hartwick and Barki (1994) proposed that the
information system use represents two distinct settings, i.e. voluntary use and mandatory use.
On one hand, user participation and involvement are important predictors of voluntary use
system; but at the other hand, user participation and involvement would seem less important in
the mandatory use system than in the voluntary use sytem. In the health care sector, many
information systems require designing a voluntary use system for long-term engagement
(Bickmore et al., 2010).
The blood bank information system (BloobIS) can be categorized into voluntary use
system. The health care providers use the system voluntarily because the blood bank data
management is not yet fully automated. Information about blood is mostly a manual process
wherein users perform communication via telephone or visiting the blood bank unit directly.
The health care consumers are not yet aware of the system since it is not yet fully equipped by
the health care providers.
The system includes 4 (four) main features (Dharmawan, 2014); they are management
of donors, management of blood stock, management of blood request, and management of event
and profiles of health care providers. The system requires a log-in for health care providers,
while it does not require a log-in for health care consumers. Health care providers can upload
information about blood, e.g. blood status, donation events through the system onto which
health care consumers may look up the information.
2.3.

Technology adoption model

Recent work has underlined that understanding technology adoption would likely drive
IS success (Moores, 2012). In this study, two models of technology adoption were utilized, i.e.
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) as
depicted in Figure 1. The rest of this section will briefly discuss about these models.

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Perceived
Usefulness

Ease of Use

Attitude
Compatibility

Perceived
Usefulness
(U)

Peer Influence

Subjective Norm

Attitude
Toward Using
(A)

External Variables

Behavioral
Intention to Use
(BI)

Actual System Use

Perceived
Ease of Use
(E)

a) TAM model [Davis (1986) in Moores (2012)]

Behavior
Intention

Behavior

Superiors
Influence

Self Efficacy
Resource
Facilitating
Conditions

Technology
Facilitating
Conditions

Perceived
Behavioral
Control

b) DTPB model [Taylor & Todd (1995) in Lee et al. (2013)]

Figure 1. Technology adoption models employed in this study are TAM and DTPB

In TAM model, the success of IS implementation lies on the actual use of the system. It is
the behavioral intention (BI) that drives the success, and it is driven by two factors, i.e. the user
attitude toward the system (A), and the perceived usefulness over the system (U). The latter
factor also can affect attitude toward using the system (A) along with another factor, which is
perceived ease of use (E). There is also a relationship between perceived ease of use and
perceived usefulness, meaning that what users perceive when using the system will likely affect
what users perceive upon its usefulness. Lastly, external variables such as system quality,
information quality etc., are possible to be added in the model and are specific to the case being
studied.
Like in the TAM model, IS success also can be understood from the behavior of users in
the DTPB model. The behavior intention is driven by three factors they are attitude, subjective
norm, and perceived behavioral control. The attitude (A) is affected by perceived usefulness (U),
ease of use (E) and compatibility of the system; while the subjective norm (SN) is affected by
influence by peers, and superiors. The perceived behavioral control (PBC) is affected by self
efficacy, and facilitating conditions (resource and technology). It is the DTPB model that has
more complex variables than those in TAM model, and therefore it can help understanding
situation that involves subjective norms, and behavioral control setting.
3.

Research Design and Methodology

There are four steps undertaken in this study. First, preliminary data gathering is
conducted to identify technology adoption models that fit each of the users, i.e. hospital users,
and the users of blood bank unit (Subsection 3.1). Second, according to the result from
preliminary data gathering, the conceptual model for each user is developed (Subsection 3.2).
Third, sampling and data collection are defined (Subsection 3.3). Fourth, the conceptual model
for each user is tested and analyzed (Subsection 4).
3.1

Determining technology adoption models

An interview was conducted with the Head of IT Division in the blood bank unit in two
cities (Surabaya and Sidoarjo). The interview aims at identifying technology adoption models
that can represent factors driving the acceptance of the blood bank information systems
(BloobIS) from the perspective of users of the blood bank unit. The main question being asked
after having the system explained was the reason why blood bank unit may or may not want to
use the systems. This reason serves as variables that drive the system acceptance. Their
responses were varied, but some factors can be extracted, including ease of use (e.g. simple use,
easy to read), perceived usefulness (e.g. efficiency of time, lack of system notification),
compatibility (e.g. can be integrated with the legacy system, blood labelling incompatible), self
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efficacy (e.g. the needs of system manuals), resource facilitating conditions (e.g. internet
connection, personal computer with minimum requirement), and technology facilitating
conditions (e.g. simple database technology). Following this, the model fits to these factors is the
DTPB model, and thus is chosen to represent the perspective of users from blood bank unit.
Meanwhile, an interview was also performed to parties responsible in managing blood
bank in a public hospital in Surabaya. Four respondents for the interview were chosen they
are the supervisor, the head of the blood bank unit in the hospital, and two operators. After
having the system explained, the respondents were being asked whether or not they want to
continue using the system if it is being implemented in their unit. Their responses upon the
reason why they would want to use the system include more efficient in managing blood bank
data (perceived usefulness); easier to understand (perceived ease of use); comfortable in using an
online based application (computer anxiety); supported with manuals (self efficacy); need
supports from top management (top management support); and willingness to continue using
the system (behavioral intention to use). According to the interview result, it is the TAM model
that fits these factors and thus is chosen to represent the perspective of hospital users.
3.2

Developing the conceptual models

The following section will discuss the conceptual models for each type of the users, i.e.
hospital users, and users from blood bank unit. The conceptual models were adopted from
technology adoption models, i.e. TAM and DTPB model.
Based on the preliminary data gathering, the conceptual model for the users from blood
bank (Model 1) unit will follow the DTPB model. The model consits of 12 latent variables, and
11 hypotheses as depicted in Figure 2. The latent variables are perceived usefulness, ease of use,
compatibility, attitude, peer influence, superiors influence, subjective norm, self efficacy, resource
facilitating conditions, technology facilitating conditions, perceived behavioral control, and
behavioral intention. Each of these variables is explained by two or more indicators as depicted
in Figure 2. These indicators are then developed into a questionnaire by which data are collected
and used to test hypotheses in Model 1.

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Hypotheses for Model 1 (Users from blood bank unit):

H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6

:
:
:
:
:
:

H7

H8

H9 :
H10 :
H11 :

Perceived usefulness has significant influence on attitude

Ease of use has significant influence on attitude
Compatibility has significant influence on attitude
Peer influence has significant influence on subjective norm
Superiors influence has significant influence on subjective norm
Self efficacy has significant influence on perceived behavioral
control
Resource facilitating conditions has significant influence on
perceived behavioral control
Technology facilitating conditions has significant influence on
perceived behavioral control
Attitude has significant influence on behavioral intention
Subjective norm has significant influence on behavioral intention
Perceived behavioral control has significant influence on
behavioral intention

Indicators for Model 1 (Users from blood bank unit):

Perceived usefulness :

use, performance, efficiency, productivity,

efectiveness
Ease of use
: easy to operate, easy to learn, clarity
Compatibility
: fit to work procedure, company fit, fit to workflow
Attitude
: good idea, enjoyment, positive perception
Peer influence
: feedback from peer, enforcement from peer
Superiors influence : advice from supervisor, policy and law
Subjective norm
: influence from colleague, close people influence
Self efficacy
: convenience, independence, confidence
Resource facilitating conditions
: self-use facility, facility level
Technology facilitating conditions : technology fit with company,
reliability, technology fit with legacy system
Perceived behavioral control
: self capability, resource control
Behavioral intention : intention to use, frequencey of use, continuous use

Figure 2. The conceptual model of users from blood bank unit (Model 1) adopts the DTPB model

The conceptual model for hospital users is developed by adopting TAM model. The
model is then named Model 2, within which 6 (six) latent variables are defined, and 12
hypotheses are conceptualized as depicted in Figure 3. They are top management support,
computer self efficacy, computer anxiety, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and
behavioral intention. Two or more indicators were also determined for each of the
aforementioned variables. To test the model, a questionnaire for Model 2 was developed
according to these indicators.
3.3

Defining sampling and data collection, and model testing tool

For testing Model 1 (users from blood bank unit), saturation sampling was employed
due to limited number of population. The data was collected within 2 (two) months in blood
bank unit in Surabaya and 20 questionnaires were returned from data collection.

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Hypotheses for Model 2 (Hospital users):

H1

Indicators for Model 2 (Hospital users):

H2

Top management support

: support from management; willingness
from management to use the system; support from
management, i.e. to introduce it, to socialize it, on
training, on user preference
Computer self efficacy: self confidence although, i.e. no one teach how to use
the system, never use it, just read manual, see people
use it, after being taught, after being assisted; are
able to use it, i.e. if have sufficient time, with online
help, after people show how to use it, if ever use it.
Computer anxiety
: feel anxious using a computer, difficult to use a
computer, not comfortable using a computer, afraid
using a computer
Perceived usefulness : are able to finish tasks, improve work performance,
productivity, effectiveness, lessen burden of works,
usefulness in work performance
Percevied ease of use : easey to learn, easy to control the system, clarity of
system functions, flexible to use, easy to master, easy
to use
Behavioral intention : intention to use due to access, expect to use in the
future, intention to recommend to others

H3

H4

H5

H6

H7

H8

H9

H10 :
H11 :
H12 :

Top management support has significant and a positive

influence on computer self efficacy
Top management support has significant and a negative
influence on computer anxiety
Computer self efficacy has significant and a negative
influence on computer anxiety
Top management support has significant and a positive
influence on perceived usefulness
Computer self efficacy has significant and a positive
influence on perceived usefulness
Computer anxiety has significant and a negative influence
on perceived usefulness
Perceived ease of use has significant and a positive influence
on perceived usefulness
Computer anxiety has significant and a negative influence
on perceived ease of use
Computer self efficacy has significant and a positive
influence on perceived ease of use
Top management support has significant and a positive
influence on perceived ease of use
Perceived usefulness has significant and a positive influence
on behavioral intention
Perceived ease of use has significant and a positive influence
on behavioral intention

Figure 3. The conceptual model of hospital users (Model 2) adopts the TAM model

Meanwhile, incidental sampling was employed for testing Model 2 (hospital users) due
to limited responses from hospitals within 6 (six) months of data collection in 10 (ten) hospitals
in Surabaya. Only 14 questionnaires were returned from 3 hospitals in Surabaya.
Descriptive statistical analysis for both models made use of the SPSS 16.0 for validity,
reliability and linearity tests while inferential analysis for Model 1 (users from blood bank unit)
made use of GeSCA (Generalized Structured Component Analysis) application, part of Structural
Equation Model (SEM-based). Model 2 (hospital users) made use of SPSS 16.0 for multiple
liniear regression due to limited number of samples. There are 5 (five) regression models to test
Model 2 (hospital users). The results from testing the model will be discussed in the next
section.
4.

Results and Discussion

This section focuses on the presentation of results of model testing, and followed by
discussion upon the results. The result of model testing will cover the hypotheses testing, while
the discussion will focus on recommendation to improve the success of the blood bank
informaiton systems (BloobIS).
4.1

Hypotheses testing results

Before presenting the results from model testing, classical assumption for each model
will be discussed. These assumptions hold for validity, realibility, and linearity of the collected
data (Gujarati, 2006). For Model 1 (users from blood bank unit), the spearman correlation test
was employed to test the validity of data and it resulted in all indicators related to latent
variables in Model 1 were found valid (significance= 0.05; 2-tailed; threshold based on r-table =
0.447). For reliability test, we rely on Cronbachs Alpha to measure how close the relation
between items is. All variables in Model 1 were found reliable (Cronbachs Alpha > 0.6). The

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linearity test also indicated that there are linear relationships between latent variables in Model
1 (significance < 0.05).
As for Model 2 (hospital users), the spearman correlation test was also performed to
test validity of data collected and it resulted on all indicators related to latent variables were
found valid (significance= 0.05; 2-tailed; threshold based on r-table = 0.532). All variables were
also found reliable looking at the Cronbachs Alpha coefficient (Cronbachs Alpha > 0.6), and the
linearity test indicated there are linear relationships between latent variables that support
hypotheses in Model 2 (significance < 0.05).
After testing the classical assumptions, we identified the structural model analysis for
Model 1 (users from blood bank unit), i.e. FIT, AFIT, NPAR, GFI, and SRMR according to GeSCA
result. The value of FIT, AFIT, and NPAR is 0.529, 0.466, and 77 indicated the goodness of fit of
the model that is good enough. The GFI is 0.962, and the SRMR is 0.372 due to limited number of
samples. The R-square (R2) for Model 1 shows dependent variables in the model, i.e. attitude
(A), subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and behavioral intention (BI) that
can be explained by the related independent variables. The value of R2 for attitude (A) is the
highest which is 0.898, while the value of R2 for subjective norm (SN) is the lowest which is
0.565. The perceived behavioral control (PBC) has a value of R2 that equals to 0.584, and the
behavioral intention (BI) has higher value of R2 that equals to 0.864. Out of the 11 (eleven)
hypotheses, only 3 (three) hypotheses are supported by the present work as depicted in a
summary of hypotheses testing of Model 1 (users from blood bank unit) shown in Table 1.
Path Coefficients
Hypotheses
H1 : Perceived usefulness has significant influence on
attitude (PU->A)
H2 : Ease of use has significant influence on attitude
(EoU->A)
H3 : Compatibility has significant influence on
attitude (C->A)
H4 : Peer influence has significant influence on subjective
norm (PI->SN)
H5 : Superiors influence has significant influence on
subjective norm (SI->SN)
H6 : Self efficacy has significant influence on perceived
behavioral control (SE->PBC)
H7 : Resource facilitating conditions has significant
influence on perceived behavioral control (RFC>PBC)
H8 : Technology facilitating conditions has significant
influence on perceived behavioral control (TFC>PBC)
H9 : Attitude has significant influence on behavioral
intention (A->BI)
H10 : Subjective norm has significant influence on
behavioral intention (SN->BI)
H11 : Perceived behavioral control has significant
influence on behavioral intention (PBC->BI)

Estimate

SE

CR

Supported /
Not Supported

0.681

0.126

5.38*

Supported

0.092

0.161

0.57

Not Supported

0.492

0.187

2.64*

Supported

0.419

0.337

1.24

Not Supported

0.377

0.356

1.06

Not Supported

0.492

0.437

1.13

Not Supported

0.516

0.303

1.7

Not Supported

-0.231

0.344

0.67

Not Supported

0.426

0.193

2.2*

Supported

0.067

0.264

0.25

Not Supported

0.493

0.270

1.83

Not Supported

Table 1. Hypotheses testing results for Model 1 (users from blood bank unit) showed only 3 (three) hypotheses
are supported in this study

The Model 2 (hospital users) was tested by performing 5 (five) regression models, each
of which depicting relationship between independent and dependent variables. The dependent
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variable in Regression Model (RM) 1 is computer self efficacy while it is computer anxiety in
RM2. The dependent variable for RM3, RM4, and RM5 is perceived usefulness, perceived ease of
use and behavioral intention, respectively. The value of R-square (R2) for RM1 to RM5 in a
consecutive order is 0.540, 0.834, 0.941, 0.896, and 0.906; these shows that the model can help
to explain the dependent variables by 54%, 83.4%, 94.1%, 89.6%, and 90.6%, respectively.
There are 5 (five) hypotheses supported in the model out of 12 (twelve) hypotheses as depicted
in Table 2. These were determined by the t-statistic test performed for each RM (significance
level 0.05).
Hypotheses
H1 : Top management support has significant and a
positive influence on computer self efficacy
H2 : Top management support has significant and a negative
influence on computer anxiety
H3 : Computer self efficacy has significant and a negative
influence on computer anxiety
H4 : Top management support has significant and a positive
influence on perceived usefulness
H5 : Computer self efficacy has significant and a positive
influence on perceived usefulness
H6 : Computer anxiety has significant and a negative influence
on perceived usefulness
H7 : Perceived ease of use has significant and a positive
influence on perceived usefulness
H8 : Computer anxiety has significant and a negative influence
on perceived ease of use
H9 : Computer self efficacy has significant and a positive
influence on perceived ease of use
H10 : Top management support has significant and a
positive influence on perceived ease of use
H11 : Perceived usefulness has significant and a positive
influence on behavioral intention
H12 : Perceived ease of use has significant and a positive
influence on behavioral intention

Regression
Model (RM)

Supported /
Not Supported

RM1

Supported

RM2

Not Supported

RM2

Supported

RM3

Not Supported

RM3

Supported

RM3

Not Supported

RM3

Not Supported

RM4

Not Supported

RM4

Not Supported

RM4

Supported

RM5

Supported

RM5

Not Supported

Table 2. Hypotheses testing results for Model 2 (hospital users) showed only 5 (five) hypotheses are supported
in this study

4.2

Discussion on recommendations

In order to improve IS success of the implementation of blood bank information systems

(BloobIS), some results of the present work can be considered. From the perspective of health
service providers, the system implementation may have different factors that drive its success.
For users from blood bank unit, perceived usefulness and compatibility are the strongest drivers
that can influence users attitude toward the system, and are likely to influence behavioral
intention of users. Recommendations on perceived usefulness include deveoping an automatic
update feature for blood bank status, and introducing the system to the employees. For
compatibility issues, transition toward current legacy system and access management system
according to responsibilities and roles are needed.
From hospital users, top management support can influence the computer self-efficacy
that drives perceived usefulness over the system. The perceived usefulness is then likely to bring
positive influence on behavioral intention of users toward the system. Recommendations on top
management support include direction for communicating the system to hospital users, and
providing support team for any assistance toward its implementation. In order to improve
computer self-efficacy of hospital users, manual book or online help resources can be provided.
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Training and application demo can also be initiated in order to improve perceived usefulness
toward the system.
5.

Conclusion

To sum up, the present work provides an understanding toward the adoption of the
blood bank information systems (BloobIS) that is a voluntary use system, from the perspective
of health care providers, i.e. users from blood bank unit, and hospital users. Two models were
conceptualized and tested, i.e. Model 1 (users from blood bank unit), and Model 2 (hospital
users). From hypotheses testing results in Model 1 (users from blood bank unit), we found that
perceived usefulness has significant influence on attitude; compatibility also has significant
influence on attitude; and attitude has significant influence on behavioral intention. This
provides an understanding of important factors that influence people attitude toward the
system includes perceived of system usefulness and system compatibility. The hypotheses
testing results in Model 2 (hospital users) showed that top management support has significant
and a positive influence on computer self-efficacy; while computer self-efficacy has significant
and negative influence on computer anxiety but computer self-efficacy has significant and a
positive influence on perceived usefulness. Top management support also has significant and a
positive influence on perceived ease of use while perceived usefulness has significant and a
positive influence on behavioral intention. From these results, it is shown that perceived
usefulness is an important factor that drives users attitude, or even behavioral intention toward
the system.
Recommendations are given to factors that were found significant from the hypotheses
testing results. It was found that perceived usefulness is an important factor that drives
behavioral intention in both models. Improving users understanding toward the system, e.g. to
help in increasing productivity, and work efficiency, is the key to achieve good perceived
usefulness of the system.
This study is explorative in nature, and thus the results from the study cannot yet be
generalized over the whole voluntary use system implementation in all health care service
providers. Further research can focus on different techniques on data collection, i.e. clustering
methods for collecting data from hospital users. Data collection for users in the blood bank unit
can be replicated from this study by performing saturation sampling because of limited number
of population of users in each blood bank unit.
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