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Abstract
In this paper we want to show our experience in
GNF on impedance measurement of underground
cables and the influence that the soil of a big city
like Madrid has on zero sequence impedance.
This parameter, influenced by the return paths that
can be found on the ground and the type of
connection of the screens, found in a city like
Madrid with unexpected return paths through the
soil (pipelines, railways, building structures, etc. ...)
does vary significantly from the theoretical values
in zero sequence impedance.
For this study we tested all the underground cables
that we have in 220kV, 132kV and some 45kV,
finding notable differences between the theoretical
and measured values.
Fig. 1 Autotransformer
GNF Grid
Gas Natural Group is one of the leading
multinational companies in the gas and electricity
sector, operating in 25 countries and with more
than 20 million customers.
Following the acquisition of the electricity
company, Unin Fenosa, third in the Spanish
market, Gas Natural Fenosa has achieved its
objective of integrating the gas and electricity
business in a single company with extensive
experience in the energy sector, capable of
competing efficiently in energy markets subject to a
process of increasing integration, globalisation and
levels of competition.
In Union Fenosa we have over 40 years measuring
impedance cables with equipment manufactured
for us (see Figure 1), but in 2005, when we
acquired an OMICRON CPC 100 we intensified
this field work.
Nowadays, all the electric distribution circuits in the
city of Madrid which are the property of Gas
Natural Fenosa, are underground, with voltage
levels of 220, 132, 45 and 15kV. All 220, 132 and
45kV lines are fitted with a distance relay as main
or redundant protection. This makes it very
important for us to measure the reliability of the
impedance data lines in terms of protection
settings calculations.
Since 2006 we have been able to measure all the
220kV circuits which are for us the most critical,
and any position of 45kV that we believe needs to
be measured for its unique features.
Presentation 02.2
2. Solid Bonding:
Presentation 02.3
3. Cross Bonding:
A system is cross-bonded if the arrangements are
such that the circuit provides electrically
continuous sheath runs from earthed termination to
earthed termination but with the sheaths so
sectionalized and cross-connected in order to
reduce the sheath circulating currents.
In this type of connection voltage will be induced
between screen and earth, but no significant
current will flow.
Therefore, examining the total line length and
number of joints is required, so that the number of
sections in which the line is divided is three or a
multiple of three.
Great lengths of line where it is difficult to get the
number of sections as a multiple of three uses
Cross Bonding combined with one or two end
sections with Single Point configuration.
An advantage of this system is that for a conductor
arrangement in a triangle, the induced voltage in a
steady state in three consecutive sections of
screens is zero because it is the sum of three
equal voltages outdated 120, because the mutual
inductances between the conductors and screens
are equal in all three phases. As a result there is
no current flow through the screens.
Another advantage is that does not need a
conductor parallel ground return, as the screens
flows continuously from end to end of the line and
are grounded at both ends, so that, the fault
current can flow through them.
Moreover, due to the transposition of screens, the
voltage induced in the screen during a fault is
lower compared with Single End configuration.
The induced voltage on screens is highest in the
transposition intermediate joints, and should not
exceed 150V under nominal conditions of service
and the maximum current for the conductor, taking
into account the longest stretch. Induced voltages
in a steady state and short circuits are calculated
for each project.
In the transposition screen points must be installed
a junction box provided with a screen surge
arrester.
Measurements experience
As mentioned before, our experience in cable
impedance measuring means we consider this test
to be very important, a useful tool to contrast
theoretical settings with those obtained after
measure.
Observe below some line-measured data, in which
we can observe that the differences are slightly
bigger in some cases and might lead to an over or
under reach in case of faults.
Fig. 9 Comparative
Presentation 02.4
Conclusion
After having carried out the impedance
measurement of 220kV cables and a number of
132kV and 45kV cables, a conclusion can be
reached.
Due to soil characteristics in a city like Madrid, the
impedance of the lines needs to be measured
because large differences can be found, especially
in the parameter R0, which being dependent on
return paths, is strongly influenced by the structural
conditions that affect this type of circuit, whether
medium voltage lines flowing through the same
gallery, water or gas pipelines, railways, steel
structures of buildings, the current season or
characteristics of the soil. Furthermore, impedance
line measurement helps us to check that the
connection of the screens has been successful,
according to current hypotheses.
In the end, many factors make it very difficult to
estimate a theoretical calculation compared with
the true scenario.
Literature
[1]
Alstom
Grid:
Network
Protection
Automation Guide. May 2011
&
[2]
[3]
[4]