9/14/2013

Structural Analysis-I
Dr. Anis Shatnawi
Second Semester
2013-2014

Structural Analysis

Lecture 1
Introduction to
the Course

9/14/2013

Introduction-Contents

Intro

Intro

Previous Structures Courses

Stress Equations
Static Determinacy and Indeterminacy
This Course
Types of Structures
Getting Feedback
Loads
Units and Accuracy
Sign Conventions
Principle of Superposition

A structure refers to a system of connected

parts used to support a load.
Important examples related to civil engineering
include buildings, bridges, and towers; and in other
branches of engineering, ship and aircraft frames,
tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical systems, and
electrical supporting structures are important.

9/14/2013

Intro

We examine Structures in this class

Bridge
Rainbow
Bridge in
Folsom

Intro

We examine Structures in this class

Another Bridge

Vancouver, B.C.

Note it is composed of several smaller

structures, called substructures.

9/14/2013

Intro

We examine Structures in this class

Another Bridge-Closer View
Suspension Cables
Tension Cables
Stiffening Truss
Support Frames
Roadway/Beams

Quick
view of
Tacoma
Narrows
Bridge

Any Others?

Note it is composed of several substructures.

How many different substructures can you
identify?

Intro

We examine Structures in this class

Another Bridge-End View

Tower Support Frames

Foundation

9/14/2013

Intro

Intro

10

Very Big Bridge

Longest single arch bridge in the country
New River Gorge- West Virginia

Very Big Bridge

Steel bridge

9/14/2013

Intro

11

Intro

12

Very Big Bridge

Note how threedimensional the
bridge is!

What is this class?

You have had two previous courses in structures:

Statics
Deals with equilibrium of rigid bodies.
Structures did NOT deform.

Mechanics of Materials
Looked at what goes on inside a structure
when loads are applied. Structures deform,
that is, they change shape.

9/14/2013

Statics

What did you do in Statics?

Statics is Equilibrium:

Intro

13

Intro

14

F=0
M=0

These are vector equations.

In 2D, there are 2 force and 1 moment
equations, for a total of 3 equations.

In 3D there are 3 force and 3 moment

equations, for a total of 6 equations.

Statics

Equilibrium:

F=0
M=0

Equilibrium is very important for this

course.

WARNING: Most errors you make in

this course will be errors in applying
equilibrium.

9/14/2013

Free Body Diagrams (FBD)

Intro

15

The concept of a FBD is very important.

A FBD of the entire structure will show all
forces acting on it. You replace the supports
with the reactive forces that are supplied by the
supports.

Free Body Diagrams (FBD)

Intro

16

The concept of a FBD is very important.

A FBD of the entire structure will show all
forces acting on it. You replace the supports
with the reactive forces that are supplied by the
supports.

A FBD can be only a portion of the structure

obtained by taking a section at one or more
points.
You must show all forces on the FBD.
When a section is taken you must include
all internal forces acting at the section.

9/14/2013

External and Internal Forces

Intro

17

There are two basic types of forces,

External and Internal:
External forces are those that act on the FBD.
Loads and reactions are examples.

External and Internal Forces

Intro

18

There are two basic types of forces,

External and Internal:
External forces are those that act on the FBD.
Loads and reactions are examples.
Internal forces exist within the structure and
are necessary to hold the structure together.
Axial forces, shear forces and bending
moments are examples.

Internal forces always occur in pairs, since

taking a section will produce two FBDs and
each FBD must have the internal force acting
on it.

9/14/2013

Intro

Reactions at Supports

Note that the

reactions are
always shown
in the positive
directions.

In 2 dimensions, there are basically

three types of supports.

Roller-has only 1 force reaction to prevent

translation in 1 direction. The reaction can
act up or down.

R
y

Pin-supplies 2 force reactions to prevent

translation in 2 directions.

Fixed-provides the 2 force reactions like

the pin but also prevents rotation by
supplying a moment reaction.

19

R
x

R
MR R
x
y

Mechanics of Materials

Intro

20

In this course we allowed the structures to

deform, i.e. change in shape.
Strain is the quantitative measure of this
deformation.
Stress is related to strain through Hookes law.
You learned to calculate stresses, strains, and
displacements of structures in mechanics.

10

9/14/2013

Displacement and Deformation

Intro

21

Intro

22

Displacement is the movement from one

location to another.
Deformation means a change in shape.
You can have one without the other.
They usually occur together.
Can you think of examples of them
occurring separately and together?

Stress Equations from Mechanics

These equations for stress are just
N
ax
fine. We really cannot improve
A
upon them.
My
M
Which quantities in these
I
equations are most difficult to find?
VQ
Ib
Tr
T
J

How about A; I; and J?

Or y or r?
Q?
Or N; M; V; T?

11

9/14/2013

Statically Determinate Structures

Intro

23

A structure is Statically Determinate (SD) if

you can calculate all reactions and internal
forces just using the equations of statics, i.e.
equations of equilibrium.
This means that you must have the same
number of unknowns as you have equations
of equilibrium.
Number of unknowns=Number of equilibrium equations

All problems we examined in Statics and most

in Mechanics were statically determinate.

Intro

24

Statically Indeterminate Structures

A structure is Statically Indeterminate
(SI) if you cannot calculate all reactions and
internal forces just using the equations of
statics, i.e. equations of equilibrium.
This means that you have more unknowns
than you have equations of equilibrium.
Number of unknowns>Number of equilibrium equations

You solved a few SI problems in your

Mechanics class.
But not many!
In this class we solve SI problems!

12

9/14/2013

Intro

Example 1

25

RA

RB

This beam has 2 unknown reactions, RA and RB.

In a beam, there are assumed to be no horizontal

forces and therefore we show no horizontal

reactions on a beam.
There are 2 equilibrium equations instead of the
usual 3 because the FX=0 gives us no useful
information since there are no horizontal forces.
2 equations to solve for the 2 unknown reactions
means this problem is Statically Determinate (SD).
Number of equations =Number of unknowns

Intro

26

Example 2
P

RA

RB

This beam has 3 unknown reactions,

RC

RA, RB, and RC.

Why no RAX?
There are still only 2 equilibrium equations.
2 equations to solve for the 3 unknown
reactions means it is Statically
Indeterminate (SI).
Number of equations < Number of unknowns

13

9/14/2013

Intro

27

Example 2
P

RA

RB

This beam has 3 unknown reactions,

RC

RA, RB, and RC.

Why no RAX?
There are still only 2 equilibrium equations.
2 equations to solve for the 3 unknown
reactions means it is Statically
Indeterminate (SI).

Since there is 1 more unknown than

equations, we say it is SI 1.

Intro

28

Example 3

MA

RA

RB

RC

This beam has 4 unknown reactions, RA, RB,

RC, & MA.
There are still only 2 equilibrium equations.
2 equations to solve for the 4 unknown
reactions means this problem is Statically
Indeterminate (SI). equations < unknowns
Since there are 2 more unknowns than
equations, we say it is SI 2.

14

9/14/2013

Intro

29

Main Goal in this Course

In the stress equations, the internal forces, V

and M for a beam, are the most difficult terms
to evaluate if the structure is at all complicated.
For SI structures, evaluating these internal
forces can be a formidable task.

Finding these internal forces is the main

goal of this course.

Intro

30

Completing the Analysis

Once the internal forces are found, the stress

equations from Mechanics can be used.

Once the stresses are found, they are

compared to the material strength to see if
the structure is safe.
In this class, we will usually stop after the
internal forces are found, but always remember
that these next steps must always be performed
to complete the analysis.

15

9/14/2013

Intro

31

Internal Force Diagrams

The internal forces are best illustrated by

drawing the internal force diagrams.

For beams, you are familiar with shear force

and bending moment diagrams.
Trusses have only axial forces, no shear or
moment.
For frames, we will have axial force, shear
force, and bending moment diagrams .

Sign Conventions
We must be very careful with our signs.

Intro

32

Remember that we always have two sign

conventions: equilibrium and beam.

They are used for different purposes.
They are not contradictory.
They are complimentary.
We always need to use the two conventions
together.

16

9/14/2013

y Intro 33

Equilibrium Sign Convention

We use this for summing forces and moments ,

z

e.g. to calculate reactions.

FX=0: In this equation a force will be positive

if it acts to the right, the positive direction of

the x-axis.
Positive horizontal force for equilibrium
+

Fy=0: In this equation a force will be positive

if it acts upward, the positive direction of the yaxis.

Positive vertical force for equilibrium

Intro

34

Equilibrium Sign Convention

x
M=0. In this equation a moment will be z
positive if it acts counterclockwise, (CCW),
around the positive z-axis by the right hand
rule.
We will maintain this consistent sign convention
throughout the semester.

Positive moment for

applying equilibrium.

17

9/14/2013

Beam Sign Convention

Axial Force:

Intro

35

P
Tension is positive

P
Compression is negative

Shear Force

Intro

36

Take a section:
+V
+V makes the right FBD tends to rotate Clock
Wise

18

9/14/2013

Shear Force

Intro

37

+V

+V makes both FBDs tend to rotate Clock Wise.

Shear Force

Intro

38

+V
+V causes a Clock Wise (CW) rotation
of each Free Body Diagram (FBD)
-V
-V causes a Counter Clock Wise (CCW)
rotation of each Free Body Diagram (FBD)

19

9/14/2013

Shear Force

Intro

39

Intro

40

+V
+V causes a Clock Wise (CW) rotation
of each Free Body Diagram (FBD)
-V
-V causes a Counter Clock Wise (CCW)
rotation of each Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Moment

Take a section:
+M
+M causes Compression to occur
on the top of the beam

20

9/14/2013

Moment

Intro

41

Intro

42

Take a section:
+M
+M causes Compression to occur
on the top of the beam

Notice the deformed shape.

It holds water.
The deformed shape smiles at you

Moment

Smiley
face

+M

Frowney
face

+M causes Compression to occur

on the top of the beam
-M
-M causes Compression to occur
on the bottom of the beam

This deformed shape sheds water.

21

9/14/2013

Linear Problems

Intro

43

Intro

44

Nearly all structures you have examined so

far are linear problems.

For a linear problem, if you plot load vs. any
result of that load (e.g. a reaction,
displacement, internal force, etc.), you get a
straight line.
What is the only nonlinear problem you
looked at in Mechanics?
For linear problems, the Principle of
Superposition always applies.

Principle of Superposition
The Principle of Superposition says many
things :

If you double the loads then you double any

result of the loads.
If you have several loads acting on the
structure, you can solve the problem for each
load separately and then add the results.

22

9/14/2013

Principle of Superposition-Loads
For example:
P

RA

Intro

45

w0
RB

This beam has two loads: a concentrated load of

P and a uniform load of w0.
To solve this problem with both a concentrated
load and a uniform load, we can solve the
problem first for the load of P and then for the
load of w0, and then add the results together.

Principle of Superposition-Loads

Intro

46

P
RA

Look first
at the
load of P
Always
check
reactions!

P
2

RB

P
2

L
0 P R B L
2
P
RB
2
L
M B 0 P 2 R A L
P
RA
2
P P
check : Fy P 0 so OK
2 2

23

9/14/2013

Intro

Principle of Superposition-Loads
w0
RA

Now look
at the
uniform
load w0

wOL

RB

wOL

L
M A 0 w O L 2 R B L
w L
RB O
2
L
M B 0 w O L 2 R A L
w L
RA O
2
w L w L
check : Fy O O w O L 0
2
2

Always check
reactions!

Principle of Superposition-Loads

47

Intro

48

So, we just
add together
the solutions
for these two
simpler
problems to
get the
answer to the
original
problem

RA

P
2

w0

+
RA w O L

=
RA

RB

P wOL

2
2

P
2

RB w O L

w0

RB

P wOL

2
2

24

9/14/2013

Intro

49

Intro

50

Principle of Superposition-Displacements
P

It also works
with
displacements.
Find those due
to P, DP, and
those due to
w0, Dw, and
add them
together:
D=DP+Dw.

+ Dw
P

Dw

w0

Structural Analysis

End of
Introduction

25