Eric Ly

Period 2

Vocab#49
1.Protobionts - An aggregation of organic molecules, surrounded by a membrane, that
abiotically coalesces into resemblances of living matter; thought to be the precursors of
prokaryotic cells
2.Ribozymes - A ribozyme (from ribonucleic acid enzyme, also called RNA enzyme or catalytic
RNA) is an RNA molecule possessing a well defined tertiary structure that enables it to catalyze
a chemical reaction.
3.Stromatolites - Stromatolites (from Greek στρώμα, strōma, mattress, bed, stratum, and λιθος,
lithos, rock) are layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding
and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria
(commonly known as blue-green algae).
4.Endosymbiosis - An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of
another organism, i.e. forming an endosymbiosis (Greek: ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn
"together" and βίωσις biosis "living"). Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia)
which live in root nodules on legume roots, single-celled algae inside reef-building corals, and
bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
5.Pangaea - Pangaea, Pangæa, or Pangea (pronounced /pænˈdʒiːə/, pan-JEE-ə[1], from Ancient
Greek πᾶν pan "entire", and Γαῖα Gaia "Earth", Latinized as Gæa) was the supercontinent that
existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before the
component continents were separated into their current configuration.

Vocab#50
1.Photoautotroph - Photoautotrophs or Phototroph (Gk: photo = light, auto = self, troph =
nourishment) are organisms (usually plants) that carry out photosynthesis to acquire energy.
2.Chemoautotroph - Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron
donating molecules in their environments.
3.Photoheterotroph - Photoheterotrophs (Gk: photo = light, hetero = (an)other, troph =
nourishment) are heterotrophic organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon
dioxide as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use organic compounds from the
environment to satisfy their carbon requirements.
4.Chemoheterotroph - Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of
electron donating molecules in their environments. These molecules can be organic
(organotrophs) or inorganic (lithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to
phototrophs which utilize solar energy.
5.Obligate anaerobe - an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen.
6.Symbiosis - the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent;
each gains benefits from the other.
7.Mutualism - Mutualism is a biological interaction between two organisms, where each
individual derives a fitness benefit (i.e. increased survivorship). Similar interactions within a
species are known as co-operation.
8.Commensalism - a form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits from the association but
the other organism is unaffected.
9.Parasitism - Social parasite is a derogatory term denoting a group or class in society which is
considered to be detrimental to others, by taking advantage of them in some way.
10.Endotoxin/Exotoxin - a toxin that is secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding
medium/ a toxin that is confined inside the microorganisms and is released only when the
microorganisms are broken down or die
 Eric Ly
Period 2

Vocab#51
1.Mixotroph - A mixotroph is a (micro)organism that can use a mix of different sources of
energy and carbon. Possible are alternations between photo- and chemotrophy, between litho-
and organotrophy, between auto- and heterotrophy or a combination of it. Mixotrophs can be
either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
2.Euglenid - The euglenids (or euglenoids) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates,
commonly found in freshwater especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine
and endosymbiotic members.
3.Dinoflagellate - The dinoflagellates are a large group of flagellate protists. Most are marine
plankton, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well.
4.Ciliate - The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like
organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagella but typically shorter and
present in much larger numbers with a different undulating pattern than flagella.
5.Diatom - Diatoms (Greek: (dia) = "through" + (temnein) = "to cut", i.e., "cut in half") are a
major group of eukaryotic algae, and are one of the most common types of phytoplankton.
6.Kelp - Kelp are large seaweeds (algae) belonging to the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae)
and are classified as the order Laminariales. There are about 300 different genera. Some
species can be very long and form kelp forests.
7.Alternation of generation - The Alternation of generations (or alternation of phases) describes
the life cycle of plants, fungi and protists. A multicellular diploid phase alternates with a
multicellular haploid phase.
8.Heteromorphic - stages of a diplobiontic life history in which the gametophyte and sporophyte
are morphologically different, such as members of the phaeophycean.
9.Slime mold - Slime mold (or slime mould, see spelling differences) is a broad term describing
fungus-like organisms that use spores to reproduce.
10.Red algae - The Red algae (or Rhodophyta, pronounced /roʊˈdɒfɨtə, ˌroʊdəˈfaɪtə/, from
Greek: ῥόδον (rhodon) = rose + φυτόν (phyton) = plant, thus red plant) are one of the oldest
groups of eukaryotic algae, and also one of the largest, with about 5,000–6,000 species of mostly
multicellular, marine algae, including many notable seaweeds. Other references indicate 10,000
species
11.Green algae - algae that are clear green in color; often growing on wet ricks or damp wood or
the surface of stagnant water

Vocab #52
1.Sporopollenin
2.Gametophyte
3.Sporophyte
4.Sporangia
5.Archegonia
6.Antheridia

Vocab #53
1.Vascular tissue
2.Bryophyte
3.Pterophyte
4.Seedless vascular plant
 Eric Ly
Period 2

5.Gymnosperm
6.Angiosperm
7.Peat

Vocab# 54
1.Xylem
2.Phloem
3.Tracheid
4.Lignin
5.Megaspore
6.Microspore

Vocab# 55
1.Integuments
2.Pollination
3.Conifer
4.Sepal
5.Petal
6.Stamen
7.Anther
8.Carpel
9.Stigma
10.Ovary

Vocab# 56
1.Fruit
2.Double fertilization
3.Cotyledon
4.Endosperm
5.Monocot
6.Dicot
7.Eudicot

Vocab # 57
1. Cleavage
2. Blastula
3. Gastrula
4. Larva
5. Bilateral symmetry
6. Dorsal
7. Ventral
8. Anterior
9. Posterior
10. Cephalization

Vocab # 58
 Eric Ly
Period 2

1. Endoderm
2. Ectoderm
3. Mesoderm
4. Coelomate
5. Pseudoceolomate
6. Acoelomate
7. Protostome
8. Deuterostome
9. Determinate cleavage
10. Indeterminate cleavage

Vocab#59
1. Hermaphrodites
2. Medusa
3. Polyp
4. Gastrovascular cavity
5. Planarians
6. Parthenogenesis
7. Mantle
8. Cephalopod
9. Gastropod
10. Open circulatory system
11. Closed circulatory

Vocab #60
1. Exoskeleton
2. Incomplete metamorphosis
3. Complete metamorphosis
4. Tube feet

Vocab # 61
1. Pharyngeal slits
2. Notochord
3. Neural crest
4. Placoderm
5. Viviparous
6. Operculum
7. Swim bladder
8. Tetrapods
9. Amniotes
10.Endoderm
11. Ectoderms

Vocab#62
1. Placenta
 Eric Ly
Period 2

2. Monotreme
3. Marsupial
4. Eutherian
5. Opposable thumb
6. Hominoid
7. Mosaic evolution