Calculation Activites of Block 1 PDF

T324
4 - Block
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Block 1 part[1,2,3,4] Activities

Part1
Activity 2 (self-assessment/revision)
................................
Calculate the period of a radio wave whose frequency is 2 GHz.
f= 2 GHz
Period T!
T= 1/ (2 x 109 Hz)
= 5 x 10-10 s = 0.5 ns = 500 ps.
T=1/f
2GH = 2x10 (1000 000 000) Hz = > 2000 000 000 Hz

5x10-10 s = 5x10-10 * 109 (1000 000 000) ns => 0.5 ns
0.5 ns = 0.5x103 (1000) ps => 500ps
Calculate the frequency of a radio wave whose period is 4 ms.
T= 4ms
Frequency f!
f= is 1 / (4 x 10-3 s)
= 2.5 x 102 Hz = 250 Hz
f=1/T
4ms = 4x10-3 or (4 1000) s => 4x10-3s or 1/250

1/ (1/250) = 250Hz
................................
Calculate the wavelength of a radio wave whose frequency is 3 GHz.
Wavelength !

c = 3 x 108 m/s

c= 3 x 108 m/s

= (3 x 108 m/s)/ (3 x 109 Hz) = 0.1 m = 100 mm.
3GH = 3x10 (1000 000 000) Hz => 3000 000 000 Hz

By: Cutie
0.1m = 0.1x103 (1000) mm => 100mm
T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies
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Calculate the frequency of a radio wave whose wavelength is 100 m.

Assume that c= 3 x 108 m/s.

c= 3 x 108 m/s
Frequency f!
f=c/
f
3 x 10 m/s)/ (100 m) = 3 x 10 Hz = 3 MHz.
8
3x106 Hz = 3x106 1000 000 MHz => 3MHz
................................
If each UHF TV channel occupies the same bandwidth in the 470--854
MHz frequency range, what is the bandwidth available to each channel? Which frequencies are occupied by
channel 21? Which frequencies are occupied by channel 68?
Frequency range 854 MHz 470 MHz

Channel = 48
Lowest frequency at channel 21
Highest frequency at channel 68
Bandwidth BW!

Bandwidth available to each channel

854 470 = 384

384/48 = 8 MHz
frequencies are occupied by channel 21
8 470
470+8 = 478 MHz
470478 MHz frequencies
frequencies are occupied by channel 68

8 854
854-8 = 846 MHz
846--854 MHz frequencies
By: Cutie
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Activity 6 (self-assessment)
................................
If an antenna in free space receives 16 W of power at a distance of 2 km from an isotropic transmitter, how
much will it receive at 4 km?
How much at 8 km?
: !

(free space)
isotropic 2km 16 W
8 km 4km
Inverse Square (Free space)!

1/d2
1/d2 ok
== 2 2+2 4

2 2 == < 2
= 1/22
4
W 16
2 2+2+2+2 8
1W = 16 1/16 = 1/42 4
2
J
................................
A 1.8 GHz radio wave propagates 16 km through the atmosphere, and then through two brick walls, each of
100 mm thickness. Rain leads to an atmospheric loss of 1.5 dB/ km, and brick attenuates at 40 dB/ m at this
frequency .Calculate the total power loss in dB over this path that is due to attenuation by the atmosphere
and by the wall. (Ignore the inverse square law.)
Atmospheric loss of 1.5 dB/ km

Path length in (km) at Atmosphere = 16km
Two brick walls attenuates at 40 dB/ m
2 brick walls, each of 100 mm
100 mm = 100 x 10-3 or (100 1000) m = > 0.1 m

By: Cutie
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The total power loss in dB by the atmosphere + wall

The total power loss in dB!
Attenuation in dB/ (km) path length in (km)
atmospheric

1.5 dB/ km x 16 km = 24 dB
Two brick walls
40 dB/ m x 0.1 m = 4 dB
40 dB/ m x 0.1 m = 4 dB
+
The total loss is 24 dB + 4 dB + 4 dB = 32 dB
................................
Assuming a 1/d4 relationship, calculate the loss of received power if the reception distance is (a) doubled and
(b) tripled. Compare these figures to the corresponding results for the inverse square law.
1/d4 relationship
Distance = doubled => 2
Tripled => 3
The overall loss of signal

power with distance d!
The loss of received power at distance

Doubled

1/24= 1/16. (a)
Tripled
1/34= 1/81. (b)

Compare the results for the inverse square law
( 1/d2) inverse square law
1/22
1/4 =
1/32
1/9 =
By: Cutie
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................................
Estimate the physical length of a /4 rod to be used for a 100 MHz FM radio station. How long would it be for
a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi link? (Hint: in each case, assume a free space wavelength.)
4 /4
f = 100 MHz
f= 2.4 GHz
Wavelength

100 wavelength
(3 x 108 m/s)/ (100x106 Hz) = 3m.

4
2.4
(3 x 108 m/s)/ (2.4x109 Hz) = 0.125m = 125 mm.
100 MHz = 100 x 10 Hz => 100 000 000 Hz

2.4 GHz = 2.4 x109 Hz => 2.4 000 000 000 Hz
0.125m = 0.125 x 103 mm => 125 mm
By: Cutie
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Part2
................................
What is the rate of data transmission if the signalling rate is 4500 baud, and each symbol represents 4 bits?
signalling rate = 4500 baud

4 bits
Data rate (bit rate) b!
Symbol per second bits per second
Data rate (bit rate)
Signaling rate = number of symbols per second

Also 1 baud is 1 symbol per second
4500 x 4 = 18 000 bit/s

The data rate is 18 kbit /s
18 000 bit/s = 18 000 x10-3 or (18 000 1000) kbit/s => 18kbit/s
................................
A carrier modulated at a signalling rate 6000 baud. Its used with a modulation system known as 16-QAM, in
which there are 16 symbols.
Number of bits!
Log2 (number of symbol)
= log (number of symbol) / log 2 ()
Log16/log2
[log10 (number of symbol)] / 0.301
signalling rate =6000 baud

16 symbols
How many bits does each symbol represent? (a)

2 = 16
log 16 /log2
4
By: Cutie
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(b) What is the data rate of this system in bits per second (or kilobits per second)?


6000 symbols per second
4 bits per second
6000 x 4 = 24 000 bit/s => 24 kbit/s
24 000 bit/s = 24 000 x10-3 or (24 000 1000) kbit/s => 24kbit/s
................................
By what fraction of a cycle do the two waves in figure 26 differ in phase?
The phase difference is one quarter of a cycle

................................
Figure 27 shows sections of sinusoids with differing phase strung together to convey data. The data is
indicated by 1s and 0s.
(a) How many complete symbols are transmitted by the wave in figure 27?
Three complete symbols are transmitted, shown as representing 1, 0 and 1.
101 symbols 3
(b) What item of data is represented by the symbol preceding the first complete symbol in figure27?
Little is shown of the symbol preceding the first complete symbol, but it is clear that there is no change
of phase, so it must be 1.
By: Cutie
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................................
If the data in figure 30 were DPSK, what would it be decoded to, using the rule given in the T305 extract?
Each time the phase changes the output is a 1. Otherwise it is a 0, giving 101110101.
0 1 phase
................................
In what ways are the comments on BPSK and QPSK in the last sentence consistent with the data in table 3?
In the table 3, the modes that use QPSK give twice the data rates of those that use BPSK. That is, BPSK is used
at data rates of 6 Mbit/s and 9 Mbit/s, whereas QPSK is used at the data rates of 12 Mbit/s and 18 Mbit/s.
By: Cutie
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................................
Suppose that a version of MSK operates at 10 kbaud and one symbol uses a segment of a 10 MHz sinusoid. If
the other symbol uses a segment of a higher frequency, what frequency should that higher frequency be?
signalling rate (S) =10 kbaud

10 MHz
S = frequency spacing
What frequency should that higher frequency be

The frequency spacing is half the signalling rate
f2

5 kHz (half of 10 kbaud)

= 0.005MHz

0.005MHz +
10.005 MHz
10 kbaud( kBd) = 10 kHz

6
5 kHz = 5 x 10- or (5 1000 000) MHz => 0.005MHz
................................
A transmission at 2 GHz has a bandwidth of 4 MHz which of the receiver responses n figure 39 is best suited
for a receiver of this transmission? (In figure 39, the frequencies on either side of the central frequency are
cutoff frequencies.)
By: Cutie
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Transmission at 2 GHz has a bandwidth of 4 MHz

Responses (a - b - c)
4 (bandwidth)
bandwidth
Bandwidth BW!

The bandwidth of figure 39(a) is 2.001 GHz 1.999 GHz = 0.002 GHz = 2 MHz
The bandwidth of figure 39(b) is 2.002 GHz 1.998 GHz = 0.004 GHz = 4 MHz
The bandwidth of figure 39(c) is 2.4 GHz 1.6 GHz = 0.8 GHz = 800 MHz
4 = b
The response in figure 39 (b) is best suited to a transmission with a bandwidth of 4 MHz
................................
Describe in words the waveform represented by the point -1 on the Q axis.
The -1 means it is the inversion of the waveform corresponding to the point +1.so it is an inversion of figure
42(b)
................................
(a) If a QAM system uses the amplitudes 1, -1, 3 and -3 on each of I and Q waves, how many symbols are
there altogether?
There are four states associated with the I wave, and four with the Q wave, giving a total of eight possible
symbols or states.
(b) How many bits can each symbol represent?
bit
symbols 8
Q 4 I 4
3 = log8/log2
000
100
By: Cutie
001
101
010
110
011
111

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................................
QPSK could be viewed as a type of QAM. If QPSK were to be described as x-QAM, what would x be?
In figure 45 is the constellation diagram for QPSK. There are four symbols, so if this were referred to as a form
of QAM it would be 4-QAM.
................................
(a) In a 64-QAM system, how many bits are there per symbol?
64 = 2x2x2x2x2x2 = 26. So there are 6 bits per symbol.
Number of bits!
Log2 (number of symbol)
= log (number of symbol) / log 2 ()
Log16/log2
Alternatively, using
Number of bits = [log10 (number of symbols)] 0.301
Number of bits = [log10 64] 0.301
[log10 (number of symbol)] / 0.301
= 1.806 0.301
=6
Log64 / log2 = 6
(b) If the symbol rate is 10 000 baud, what is the data rate?
There are 10 000 symbols per second, so there are 60 000 bit/s

By: Cutie
10 000 baud (Bd) = 10 000 bit per second (bps)
Data rate = 10 000 x 6 = 60 000 bps
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................................
What is the spectral efficiency in figure 50 (c)? Hence which of the three transmissions is most spectrally
efficient?
Data rate = 800 kbit/s

Frequency range for (c) = 701- 701.02
Spectral efficiency!
Data rate / bandwidth
Spectral efficiency for (c)

data rate
For (c) the bandwidth is (701.02 701) MHz = 0.02 MHz = 20 kHz

= 40 kbit/s/kHz = 40 bit/s/Hz
Which of the three transmissions is most spectrally efficient?

(c) Is the most spectrally efficient.
c a-b 98 a-b
By: Cutie
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................................
If the noise power density of a white noise source is as in figure 53, what noise power falls within the channel
shown shaded in figure 53
Noise power!
Noise bandwidth
Noise = 10pW/Hz
Frequency range = 2402 - 2422 MHz
Noise power falls within the channel

2422-2402 = 20 MHz

10pW/Hz x 20 MHz = 200 W
20 MHz = 20 x106 Hz so 10pW/Hz x 20 x106 Hz = > 200x106 pW

200 x106 pW = 200 x106 x 10-6 or ( 1000 000) W = > 200 W
By: Cutie
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................................
Calculate the signal to noise ratios for devices B and C, and hence state which of A, B and C has the best
signal to noise ratio.
Signal for B, C = 150 pW/Hz

Noise for B, C = 50 pW/Hz
Bandwidth for B = 20
Bandwidth for C = 30
Signal power!
Signal bandwidth
Noise power!
Noise bandwidth
Signal to noise ratios for devices B and C

Signal noise Device B

The signal power is

150 pW/Hz x 20 MHz = 3000 x 10-6 W = 3 mW
Noise power
The noise power is
50pW/Hz x 20 MHz = 1000 x 10-6 W = 1 mW
20 MHz = 20 x106 Hz
So 150pW/Hz x 20 x106 Hz = > 3000 x106 pW
3000 x106 pW = 3000 x106 x 10 -12 or ( 1000 000 000 ) W = > 3000 x 10-6 W
3000 x 10-6 W = 3000 x 10-6 x 103 mW => 3mW
By: Cutie
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Signal to noise ratio!

Signal power / noise power
the signal to noise ratio

3 mW 1 mW = 3 (or 3:1). This is the same figure as for device A
Device C
For device C, the passband is 30 MHz wide, but the signal spectrum occupies only 20 MHz of
this. Hence the signal power is exactly as for devise B, 3 mW
Signal power!
B signal power
Signal bandwidth
The signal power is

150 pW/Hz x 20 MHz = 3000 x 10-6 W = 3 mW
Noise power
Noise power!
Noise bandwidth
Signal to noise ratio!
Signal power / noise power
The noise power is

50pW/Hz x 30 MHz = 1500 x 10-6 W = 1.5 mW
the signal to noise ratio
3 mW 1.5 mW = 2 (or 2:1)
Which of A, B and C has the best signal to noise ratio.
Devices A and B equally have the best signal to noise ratio of 3:1
105 Device A
................................
In Figure 56, what power density would be allowed outside the 44 MHz-wide zone (i.e. in the part marked C)
for a device with a maximum spectral density of 5 mW/MHz?
Part marked C
Frequency = 44MHz wide
Maximum power density = 5mW/MHz
Power density would be allowed outside the 44 MHzwide zone

By: Cutie
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The power level in the C zone must be -50 dB or less relative to the maximum power density.
power ratio -50
Power ratio!
P2/P1 = 10 (dB/10)
-50 dB = 10 (-50/10) power ratio => 0.00005 or 1/100 000
So the power density here cannot be more than:

5 mW/MHz 100 000 = 0.000 05 mW/MHz, or 50 nW/MHz
0.000 05 mW/MHz = 0.000 05 x 1000 000 nW/MHz => 50 nW/MHz
Activity 23 (exploratory)
................................
It is not strictly true that channels 1, 6 and 11 do not overlap. In what way do these channels actually overlap?
Only the 22 MHz wide central zones of the spectral masks of these channels do not overlap. Figure 56 shows
that there is 44 MHz-wide zone at -30 dB. The 44 MHz wide zone overlaps in channels 1, 6 and 11.
By: Cutie
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................................
If S/N has a value of 10, and W is 5 MHz, what is the theoretical maximum data rate? Use the graph in Figure
58.
S/N = 10
W = 5MHz
C = maximum data rate
W = bandwidth of the data
S/N = signal-to-noise ratio
C = ? Theoretical maximum data rate

W log2 (1+ s/n) bit/s
log (number) /log2 2 log
5 x log2 (1+10) Mbit/s

5x log11/log2
= 5 x 3.5
=17.5 Mbit/s.
By: Cutie
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................................
6
Figure 59 shows the S/N ratio varying from about 10 :1 to 10:1 over reasonable distances from the access
point (i.e. ignoring the top point in Figure 59). By what factor can the maximum data rate be expected to vary?
S/N = 106:1 to 10:1 data rate
The maximum data rate variation? C

data rate
When the S/N ratio is 106:1

log2 (1+ S/N)
log2 (1+ 106)
Log1000 001/log2
= 20

When the S/N ratio is 10:1

log2 (1+ S/N)
log2 (1+ 10)
log11 /log2
=3.5
Thus the maximum data rate varies from about 20 W to 3.5 W, a variation of about 5.7:1.
20 3.5 = 5.7
By: Cutie
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................................
In figure 66 how many bits are transmitted per symbol period?
Each QPSK modulator contributes 2 bits. There are four modulators; hence there are 8 bits per symbol period.
................................
Does the way of calculating the number of symbols described above preserve the relationship given earlier
that 2(number of bits) = number of symbols? You can use the system in figure 66 to check.
Activity 29 showed that there were 8 bits per symbol period 28 256.
This confirms the calculation of the number of symbols (44=256)
................................
By approximately the number of carriers to 180, estimate the frequency spacing of the subcarrier in figure 67,
assuming they are evenly spaced along the frequency axis.
For a bandwidth of 9 kHz occupied by approximately 180 carriers, the spacing is approximately
9000 Hz 180 = 50 Hz.
9 kHz = 9 x 1000 Hz => 9000Hz
By: Cutie
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................................
Assuming the data in figure 67 is evenly distributed across all 182 subcarriers, what is the approximate data
rate per subcarrier given that the overall data rate of the transmission is approximately 20 kbit/ s?
20 kbit/s distributed across 182 subcarriers gives a data rate per carrier of:
20 000 bit/s 182 = 109.89 bit/s, or approximately 110 bit/s
20 kbit/s = 20 x 1000 bit/s => 20 000 bit/s
................................
If 16 QAM is used, what is the signaling rate for each subcarrier? Use the approximate data rate per
subcarrier of 110 bit/s.
Signaling rate (Symbol)!

Data rate bits per second

16-QAM
Data rate = 110bit/s
What is the signaling rate (Symbol?)

bit
16 QAM
Log16/log2
=4

110 4
=27.5 baud
By: Cutie
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Part3
................................
A signal has a flat power spectrum extending from 3 GHz to 8 GHz. The power density is -20 dBm/MHz. What
is the total power in the signal?
Total power!
Frequency range 3 GHz to 8 GHz

Power density is -20 dBm/ MHz
Power density x bandwidth
Total power

The bandwidth is 8-3 = 5 GHz or 5000 MHz

power ratio Power density
Power ratio!
P2/P1 = 10
-20 dBm => 10 (-20/10)

= 0.01 mW
(dB/10)
The total power is 0.01 mW x 5000 = 50 mW.
Part4
................................
Based on figure 84 and the last sentence in the extract that precedes it, what is the initial range of the CW
multiplier if aCW min = 63 and aCWmax = 511? What is the range if the first two attempts are unsuccessful?
The initial range is 0 to 63. For the first retransmission the range is 0 to 127 (0 to 27 -1), and for the second
retransmission attempt the range is 0 to 255 (0 to 28 -1).
By: Cutie
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................................
Given that the slot time is 20 s and the range of multipliers is 0 to 31, calculate the range of values for the
back off time.
The minimum time that can be randomly selected for the back off time is 0 s, and the maximum time is given
by the product of the contention window and the slot time:
31 x 20 x 10-6 = 620 x 10-6 = 0.62ms
20 s (microsecond) = 20 x 10
Data rate
-6
or (20 1000 000) s
620 x 10-6 s = (620 x 10-6) x 103 ms => 0.62ms
Frame size / time

................................
Calculate the transmission time for a frame consisting of 2364 bytes over a wireless link operating at a data
rate of 2 Mbit/s. Repeat the calculation for a frame consisting of 14 bytes.
Time!
Frame size / data rate
Frame size = 2364 bytes

Data rate = 2 Mbit/s
Another frame size = 14 bytes
Transmission time

Time = frame size / data rate

Its important to have compatible units.

The data rate= bit/s,
Then frame size should be expressed in bits = 2364 x 8
1 byte = 8 bit
Time = 2364 x8 / 2 x 106 = 9.456 x 10-3s = 9.456 ms

frame size 14 byte time
Time = 14 x 8 / 2 x 106 = 5.6 x 10-5 s = 56 s
By: Cutie
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Propagation speed
Distance / time
................................
Calculate the propagation time for signals over a wireless link of 20 m. you should assume that the speed of
propagation is 3 x 108 m/s.
Time!
Distance / Propagation speed
Distance = 20 m
Propagation speed = 3 x 108 m/s
Time
Time = 20 / 3 x 108 = 6.667 x 10-8 s = 66.67 ns

................................
Given a data rate of 2 Mbit/s, calculate how many bits are transmitted within 66.67 ns. Repeat the calculation
for a data rate of 34 Mbit/s.
Number of bits!
Data rate x time
Data rate = 2 Mbit/s

Time = 66.67 ns
Another data rate = 34 Mbit/s
Number of bits = 2 x 106 x 66.67 x 10-9 = 0.1333

So a station 20 m ( ) away from a station that starts to transmit will receive the signal
before 1 bit has been transmitted.
2Mbit/s = 2x106 bit/s

66.67 ns = 66.67 x10-9 s
34 Mbit/s number of bit
Number of bits = 34 x 106 x 66.67 x 10-9 = 2.267

J
As expected, the higher the data rate, the greater the proportion of a frame that would be transmitted in the
same time.
By: Cutie
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................................
Calculate the minimum amount of time that is wasted if a 2364-byte frame is involved in a collision. You
should assume that the data rate is 2 Mbit/s and the period of time a station waits for an acknowledgement
is 100s. Repeat the calculation for a 14-byte frame.
Frame size = 2364-byte

Data rate is 2 Mbit/s
Period of time waits for an acknowledgement= 100s
Another frame size = 14 byte
Time!
Frame size / data rate
Minimum amount of time

2364-byte transmission time
8
Time = 2364 x8 / 2 x 106 = 9.456 x 10-3s = 9.456 ms

So the minimum wasted time is 9456+100 = 9556 s
14-byte
transmission time
Time = 14 x 8 / 2 x 106 = 5.6 x 10-5 s = 56 s

So the minimum wasted time is 56 + 100 = 156 s
................................
Let P = 0111010001101000 and K = 0011000100110100 calculate C = P + K and confirm P = C + K.
C=P+K
P
P=C+K
0
1
By: Cutie
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................................
The initialisation vector is 24 bits long. Assuming that the initialisation vector is incremented by 1 for each
frame transmitted by an access point operating at 11 Mbit /s and frames are, on average, 2000 bytes long,
estimate how long it will take for an initialisation vector value to be repeated.
24 bits
Data rate = 11Mbit/s
Frame size = 2000 bytes
With 24 bits, the number of different initialisation vector value is 224 = 16 777 216, which is the number of
frames that are transmitted before a value is repeated.
The maximum rate of transmitting frame!
Data rate / frame size
The maximum rate of transmitting frames is given by:

Data rate / frame size = 11 x 106 / 2000 x 8 = 687.5 frames/s
The time taken to repeat a value is given:
16 777 216 /687.5 = 24 400 s = 6.78 hours
24 400 s = 24 400 3600 hr => 6.78hrs
By:: Cutie
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T324

Block 1 part[1,2,3,4] Activities

2GH = 2x10 (1000 000 000) Hz = > 2000 000 000 Hz

4ms = 4x10-3 or (4 1000) s => 4x10-3s or 1/250

3GH = 3x10 (1000 000 000) Hz => 3000 000 000 Hz

0.1m = 0.1x103 (1000) mm => 100mm

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

Calculate the frequency of a radio wave whose wavelength is 100 m.

3x106 Hz = 3x106 1000 000 MHz => 3MHz

Frequency range 854 MHz 470 MHz

Bandwidth available to each channel

frequencies are occupied by channel 68

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

Inverse Square (Free space)!

Atmospheric loss of 1.5 dB/ km

100 mm = 100 x 10-3 or (100 1000) m = > 0.1 m

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

The total power loss in dB by the atmosphere + wall

The overall loss of signal

The loss of received power at distance

1/24= 1/16. (a)

1/34= 1/81. (b)

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

(3 x 108 m/s)/ (100x106 Hz) = 3m.

(3 x 108 m/s)/ (2.4x109 Hz) = 0.125m = 125 mm.

100 MHz = 100 x 10 Hz => 100 000 000 Hz

0.125m = 0.125 x 103 mm => 125 mm

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

signalling rate = 4500 baud

Data rate (bit rate)

Signaling rate = number of symbols per second

4500 x 4 = 18 000 bit/s

[log10 (number of symbol)] / 0.301

signalling rate =6000 baud

How many bits does each symbol represent? (a)

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

Signaling rate = number of symbols per second

The phase difference is one quarter of a cycle

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

signalling rate (S) =10 kbaud

What frequency should that higher frequency be

10 kbaud( kBd) = 10 kHz

5 kHz = 5 x 10- or (5 1000 000) MHz => 0.005MHz

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

Transmission at 2 GHz has a bandwidth of 4 MHz

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

[log10 (number of symbol)] / 0.301

Signaling rate = number of symbols per second

10 000 baud (Bd) = 10 000 bit per second (bps)

Data rate = 10 000 x 6 = 60 000 bps

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

Data rate = 800 kbit/s

Spectral efficiency for (c)

Which of the three transmissions is most spectrally efficient?

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

Noise power falls within the channel

20 MHz = 20 x106 Hz so 10pW/Hz x 20 x106 Hz = > 200x106 pW

T324 - Block 1- Wireless technologies

Signal for B, C = 150 pW/Hz

Signal to noise ratios for devices B and C

The signal power is