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Hull Survey
welcome to

Propeller

1.Introduction
2.Docking Survey
3.Survey Item
4.Type of Dry Dock
5.Safety in Dock
6.Procedure of Bottom
Inspection
7.Course in Dock
8.Shell Defect
9.Stern Frame

12. Anchor
12.1 General
Anchors, anchor chain cables, mooring ropes, and towing ropes are collectively called
"Equipment" . The number, weight and size of the equipment are determined by the
Equipment Number calculated according to the size of a ship. Consequently, When the
dimensions of the hull are modified or the arrangement is modified and the equipment
Number exceeds the present number, the existing equipment has to be changed to
new one.
Inspections of anchors and anchor chains are not the requirements of the Docking Survey
but they are an inspection items in a Special Survey and Intermediate Survey. But the
inspection of the anchor and chain cable are carried out costomary at the Doking Survey.
At the Docking Survey
anchors and anchor chain cabless are ranged on the dock floor and the surveyor carry out
the survey.
Hereinafter explain the survey points and the examples of dmage and repair methods.

10.Rudder
11.Propeller
12.Anchr
13.Chain Cable
14.Sea Valves

Photo.12-1 Anchor and chain cable ranged on the dry dock


12-2 Kind and mumber of anchor
Long time ago anchors are made of stone or wood. But in later days many kinds of
anchors are invented. However in these days anchors are made of steel and the following
types are widely used.
(1) Stock anchor
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Photo.12-1 Stock anchor (from "The


Sea Fellow")

Fig.12-1 Stock anchor

(2) Stockless anchor


Now almost all ships have a stockless anchor which equipped at bow on both P and S
side.
Mr.Harkins invented the stockless anchor in 1823 and Mr. Matinse took a patent in 1854.
But the shipowners did not pay much interst in this new anchor.
After long testing, in 1998 UK Navy finally accepted ths anchor and gradually stockless
anchor becomes popular. On the other hand, Mr.Scot invention the very useful Hause
pipe. Now the stockless anchor and hause pipe are indespensable equippment to all
ships.

Photo.12-2 Stockless anchor


(from Wikipedia)

Fig.12-1 Stockless anchor

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Fig.12-3 Terminology of stocklessanchor parts


(3) Number of anchor
According to the old Rules , at least three anchors including the spare anchor are to be
provided. However, from 1986, omission of the spare anchor has been approved at the
request of the shipowners.
(4) Survey items
Not only the inspection of Anchor and chain cable the Classification rules requests the
following survey items: "Anchors are to be examined, and when the chain cables are
ranged, they are to be examined. Hawse pipes, chain lockers and cable holdfasts are to
be examined. The Surveyor should ascertain that sufficient mooring ropes are provided on
board. As described above, note that in addition to inspection of anchors and anchor
chains, inspection of chain lockers and chain stoppers is included in the Special Survey.
Inspection of ropes generally includes confirmation of the number, and it is customary to
carry out a visual inspection of ropes."
12-3 Defects and precautions during inspection
(1) Break and Crack
Breaks or cracks may develop in the shank or the arm because of defects in the casting
during manufacturing. Naturally anchor should be renewed. It takes several months to
manufacture the new anchor.So the surveyor
make the outstanding recommendations considering the delivery period for a new anchor.
It is customary about six months
Small cracks sometimes appears at the corners of the hole in the under surface of the
crown. This part should be carefuly inspected after sludge is removed and cleaned.
Depending on the degree of damage, repair can be carried out out by rewelding.

Photo.12-3 Broken shank (1)

Photo.12-4 Broken surface (1)

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Photo.12-5 Broken shank (2)

Photo.12-7 Broken arm

Photo.12-6 Broken surface (2)

Photo.12-8 Broken surface

Photo.12-9 Crack at the end of arm

Photo.12-10 Crack at stopper

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Photo.12-11 Crack at shank


(2) Bend
When the anchor is resting on the dock floor, sometimes both fluke ends do not touch to
the floor, it means, one fluke is raised higher than the other, then the one arm is bent.
Depending on the degree of the bend, the anchor should be send to the manufacturer for
repairing or it should be renewd. In this case also the outstanding recommendation is
appointed.

Photp.12-12 Bent arm

Fig.12-4 Bent arm


12-3-3 Wear and tear
(1) Wear to anchor ring
The maximum wear to the anchor ring appears at the pin. If the wear is only at the pin,
then only the pin may be renewed using an approved material (forged steel, cast steel or
rolled steel round bar); but in most cases the hole in the anchor ring is also worn out,
therefore, the complete set is generally replaced.
During replacement, a proof test for the complete anchor should be carried out; however,
if the anchor is repaired at the shipyard, sometimes this test is omitted as the testing
equipment is not available. Moreover, the pins at both ends became loose and they
develop play frequently. If this happens, the end of the pin should be hammered while
heating to tighten the pin.

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Fig.12-5 Ancho ring pin


(2) Wear to shank
In new ships the shank often wears out at the the bellmouth position. Later when the
shank and bellmouth adopt themselves , the wear is reduced, so repairs by welding is
not necessary.

Fig.12-6 abrasion of shank


3) Worn out of crown pin
The crown pin connecting the shank and the crown wears out in the aged ship but
generally the wear does not reach a stage where it needs
replacement. However, it is recommended that the condition of the pin is to be inspected
after cleaning the sludge.

Example where crown pin (13) is leaning to one side


because block is short.
The block is inserted into the crown hole and is welded so that
the crown pin does not fall out. There are instances of no
block being used, but molten lead is poured in to prevent the

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crown pin from falling out.


Fig.12-7 Defectivecrown pin (1)

Example where the crown pin diameter is too


small. Generally, a considerable amount of
sludge accumulates near the crown pin. If the
sludge is not removed from a and b, flaws cannot be
detected.
Fig.12-8 Defective crown pin (2)

Discontinuities in the structure should be closely


inspected.
Photo. 12-13 Back of crown
(4) Decrease of anchor weight
In the past, Rules prescribed replacement of an anchor when its weight was found to have
decreased below the allowable limit due to corrosion and wear; however, measurement of
anchor weight is not required by Rules today.
.
13.4 Spare Anchor
With the amendment to the 1986 Rules, a spare anchor became a shipowner's option; If
the shipowner requested exemption from provision
of a spare anchor, exemption was granted. Consequently, in recent years, spare anchors
have not been provided for most ships.
If provided, the spare anchor is lashed in the vicinity of the uperstructure. The anchor ring,
which is a movable part, often rusts and does not operate. Therefore, an adequate
amount of grease should be applied to the ring pin and it should be covered with canvas.

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Photo. 12-14 Spare anchor of 413,553 D/W tanker on the F'cle deck

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