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MACHINE ELEMENTS
Submitted by:
Beduya, Franbeau Rhaz
Buendia, Kimberly Mae
Lambating, Kenneth Vincent
Mayol, Hannah Mae
Tura, Fabriene Mae
Vasnani, Neelesh N.
BSIE - 3
Submitted to:
Engr. Van Vergara
ME 312 Sat 12-3pm Instructor
Mechanical Engineering Dept
University of San Carlos
...
...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
INTRODUCTION
A Brief History
What is a Bevel Gear?
A Bevel gear is beveled
Types of Bevel Gear
Pros and Cons
Common Applications and Uses
II.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Definitions
Nomenclature Figure
III.
IV.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
V.
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I. INTRODUCTION
A Brief History
Gears were used by mankind since early 400 B.C. They were first used
by the Chinese to carry out tasks related to transferring power through
rotations, similar to their purpose in the modern times.
One of the first applications was the Chinese South-Pointing Chariot
a vehicle built on two wheels which bore a movable indicator that
always pointed South no matter how the chariot turned, without the
use of magnets.
The essence is old, but technology has changed and evolved gears a lot. The 18 th century industrial
revolution was the cause of this breakthrough. Alongside many new designs such as the involute curve,
the bevel gear was born.
What is a Bevel gear?
Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs to be
changed. They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart,
but can be designed to work at other angles as well.
The picture on the right shows how bevel gears are used to change
direction. They change the transmission of the power or torque from one
plane to another, which is different from conventional gears that transfer
rotations within a single two dimensional plane.
A Bevel gear is Beveled
As the term bevel would suggest, the face of a bevel gear is angled. Typically, a bevel gear is conical
in shape, with the teeth running along the side of the cone, and the angle of the sides can be varied,
depending on the application for the gear.
Conical/Frustum shape
Beveled face (where
Teeth are placed)
Another type of bevel gear is the Miter gear. Miter gears are a type of bevel
gears that have equal numbers of teeth . Miter gears are useful for transmitting
rotational motion at a 90 degree angle with a 1:1 ratio. Geometrically, a miter
bevel gears teeth can be straight, zerol, or even spiral in shape.
2. Differential Drives - Bevel gears are also used in differential drives. Differentials are devices found
in automobiles. They allow the wheels of an automobile to rotate at different speeds. This is
important when turning corners as the inner wheel needs to travel a shorter distance. Without
differentials, the inner wheel might spin or the outer wheel might be dragged which may result
to a strained or unpredictable handling of the vehicle as well as damage to the tires or roads.
3. Mechanical Shutter doors - bevel gears are used to roll up the door, or to turn and open it.
II.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
It is important to understand the following terms discussed in this section before going into the
calculations and technicalities of the bevel gear.
1. Diametral Pitch is referred to as the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter of the
back cone in a bevel gear.
2. Pinion a gear with a small number of teeth, especially one engaging with a larger gear like the
spur or rack gear. Bevel gears also have pinions.
3. Module It is used to designate tooth size in the metric system.
Technical Terminologies
4. Apex point of intersection of the gear axes. It is obtained by drawing imaginary lines
perpendicular to the bevel gears.
5. Pitch Cone the geometric shape of bevel gears based on equivalent rolling contact.
6. Cone Distance the slant height of the pitch cone.
7. Face Cone the cone formed by the elements passing through the top of the teeth and the apex.
8. Root Cone the cone formed by the elements passing through the bottom of the teeth and the
apex.
9. Face Width a distance that should not exceed one-third of the cone distance. A width of a tooth.
10. Face Angle the angle between the top of the teeth and the gear axis.
11. Pitch Angle the angle between an element of the face cone and the axis of the gear.
12. Root Angle the angle between the bottom of the tooth space and the gear axis.
13. Addendum the distance from an element on the pitch cone to an element on the face cone,
measure on the outside of the tooth.
14. Dedendum the distance from an element on the pitch cone to an element on the root cone,
measured on the outside of the tooth.
15. Addendum Angle the angle between an element on the pitch cone and an element on the face
cone.
16. Dedendum Angle the angle between the element on the pitch cone and an element on the root
cone.
17. Pitch Diameter the diameter of the base of the pitch cone.
18. Inside Pitch Diameter the pitch diameter measured on the inside of the tooth.
19. Outside Diameter the pitch diameter measured on the outside of the tooth.
20. Back Cone the cone formed by elements perpendicular to the pitch cone elements at the outside
of the teeth.
21. Back Cone Radius the length of a back cone element.
22. Clearance - the small distance in the tooth gap of the gear which is subtracted from the
dedendum to get the addendum.
5
Nomenclature
III.
2. Crown Gear a bevel gear in which the pitch angle of 90 and a plane for its pitch surface.
3. Internal Bevel Gear a bevel gear in which the pitch angle exceeds 90.
4. External Bevel Gear a bevel gear in which the pitch angle is less than 90.
Inward
Pitch Apex
Outward
Calculations
Just like the other types of gears, bevel gears also have geometric quantities like diametral pitch, number of
teeth, speed ratio, angular speed, etc.
The relationships between the geometric quantities and the speed for bevel gears are given as follows
Np = P ( dp) , Ng = P ( dg )
Unit:
(i) = teeth
where:
Tangent of the pitch angle can be obtained by the ratio of the radiuses or the diameters of the pinion
and gear. If we try to find the pitch angle of the gear for example:
tan( ) =
where:
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Speed ratio: The speed ratio ( ) can be found through a number of ways.
Since the: number of teeth is directionally proportional to the gear pitch diameter,
The smaller the diameter, the faster the gear rotates. This means that the angular speed and the
diameter are inversely proportional.
=
Lastly, the tangent of the pitch angle from earlier can also be used to find the speed ratio.
tan( ) =
Combining all the quantities from above, the speed ratio ( ) is:
= tan( ) = cot( )
Other quantities (based on 20 degree pressure angle the most common for bevel gears):
Addendum:
a=m=
N =
Whole depth:
ht = 0.002 +
ht = a + d
Dedendum:
Cone distance:
2.188
P
L = 2 + 2 or
1
2
2 + 2
d = ht a or a + c
Clearance:
c = ht - 2a or d - a
Face Width:
10
b=
or b =
3
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Note: For values of different number of teeth and various pitch diameters, the tables on spur gear can
be also be used. For this topic however, we will only focus on 20 degree bevel gears.
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IV.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 20 degree pressure angle straight bevel pinion having 20 teeth and a diametral pitch of 8
teeth/in drives a 42-tooth gear. Determine
a. The pitch diameters
b. The pitch angles
c. Face width
d. Clearance
a. Np = P ( dp) 20 = 8 ( dp )
Ng = P ( dg) 42 = 8 (dg )
b. tan( ) =
c. b =
20
42
dp = 2.5 in
dg = 5.25 in
; = 25. 5 , tan( ) =
42
20
; = 64. 5
d. c = ht - 2a = 0.002 +
2.188
P
2.188
- 2 = 0.002 +
- 2 = c = 0.026 in
8
2. Two cut cast steel miter gears have a face width of 52mm, a pitch diameter of 230mm, and a
module of 8. Compute the actual and formative numbers of teeth.
Actual: N = P ( d ) =
Formative: N =
1
m
( d) =
29
45
1
8
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3. A pair of 20 degree stub straight bevel gears drives the vertical drill spindle of a drilling machine. The
approximate speed reduction is 2.25 to 1. If the pinion has 24 teeth and a module of 4 mm/teeth ,
find the pitch diameters and the number of teeth in the gear. Also find the exact cone distance.
Np =
24mm =
Ng = 24 ( 2.25 ) = Ng = 54 teeth
1
a = m = 4mm
Whole depth:
ht = 0.002 +
2.188
P
ht = 8.754 mm
Dedendum:
Clearance:
5. A pinion of a 20 deg. bevel gear has a face width of 3 in and a pitch diameter of 5 in. How many
times more revolutions does this pinion make than its partner gear in one minute?
1
We are interested in finding the speed ratio: using the pitch angle we have:
sin ( ) =
rp
L
2.5
9
; = 16.128
1
0.289
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END