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PhD. PE.
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Particles Spectrum
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
MOLECULES
IONS
MICRON
10-3
OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
10-2
MACRO PARTICLES
10-1
Angstrm
Molecular
weight
Sugars
Viruses
Algae and protozoans
Dissolved salts
Bacteria
Pesticides
Colloids
Metal ions
Sands
Humic
acids
Reverse Osmosis
Microfiltration
Nanofiltration
Ultrafiltration
CONVENTIONAL FILTRATION
Figure 2.1
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2. Colloidal Stability
Most naturally occurring particles in water are negatively charged. Since like
charges repel, these small particles, or colloids, will remain suspended almost
indefinitely.
The surface between the two layers is called the shear surface. When the colloid
moves the fixed layer moves with it.
The positive charge attached to the colloid in the stern layer is not enough to
neutralize the negative charge of the colloid. So there is a net electrical potential
around the colloid as shown in the Figure 2.2.
The Electrical potential at the shear surface is called the Zeta potential which is a
measure of the repulsive force of the colloid to other colloids having the same
charge.
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Figure 2.2
Double layer charges and Zeta
potential around a colloid
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1) Electrostatic repulsion
negative colloids repel other negatively charged
colloids
2) Intermolecular, or van der Waals, attraction.
Figures 2.3 : Illustrates these two main forces.
For a stable colloid the net energy is repulsive.
Figure 2.3
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Figure 2.4
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Coagulation
Flocculation/Sedimentation
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Operating pH: 5 to 8
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Jar Test
Figure 2.5
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Figure 2.6
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Optimum pH
Optimum dose
Figure 2.7 Optimum pH and optimum dose from the jar test
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Figure 2.8
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Figure 2.9
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Figure 2.10
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Impeller
Mixer
Figure 2.11
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Figure 2.12
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Screen
Surface water
from supply
Rapid Flocculation
Rapid
Mix
Basin
Sand Filter
Disinfection
Storage
Sedimentation
basin
Sludge
To
Distribution
System
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Flocculator Types
11. Flocculator Types
A. Mechanical Mixing Flocculators
-Vertical shaft with impeller (turbine or propeller type blades)
-Paddle type with either horizontal or vertical shafts
- Walking Beam Flocculator
B. Hydraulic Mixing Baffled Channels Flocculators
-Horizontal baffled channels
-Vertically baffled channel
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1D
0.75 D
(minimum)
Hydrofoil impeller
Figure 2.10
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Figure 2.11
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Figure 2.12
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Figure 2.13
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Sedimentation
Tank
Vertical
shaft Paddle
Flocculation
tank
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Drive motor
Variable speed drice
Gear reducer
Chain & sprocket power
transfer
Stuffing box
Flocculator line shafting
Shasft connections
Bearings
Paddle reel assemblies
Figure 2.15
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Figure 2.16
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Figure 2.17
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Figure 2.18
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Figure 2.19
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Figure 2.20
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Figure 2.21
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Figure 2.22
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Horizontal Flocculators
Figure 2.23
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Flocculator
Figure 2.24
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