Katyusha rocket launcher

For other uses, see Katyusha.

(Norwegian: Stalinorgel), the Netherlands and Belgium

(Dutch: Stalinorgel), Hungary (Hungarian: Sztlinorgona), and in Sweden (Swedish: Stalinorgel), .[4]

Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Russian: ; IPA: [ktu]) are a type of rocket artillery rst The heavy BM-31 launcher was also referred to as
built and elded by the Soviet Union in World War II. Andryusha (, an aectionate diminutive of
Multiple rocket launchers such as these deliver explosives Andrew).[5]
to a target area more quickly than conventional artillery,
but with lower accuracy and requiring a longer time to
reload. They are fragile compared to artillery guns, but
2 World War II
are inexpensive and easy to produce. Katyushas of World
War II, the rst self-propelled artillery mass-produced by
the Soviet Union,[1] were usually mounted on trucks. This
mobility gave the Katyusha (and other self-propelled artillery) another advantage: being able to deliver a large
blow all at once, and then move before being located and
attacked with counter-battery re.
Katyusha weapons of World War II included the BM-13
launcher, light BM-8, and heavy BM-31. Today, the nickname is also applied to newer truck-mounted Soviet (and
not only Soviet) multiple rocket launchersnotably the
common BM-21and derivatives.

Nickname

A battery of Katyusha launchers res at German forces during

the Battle of Stalingrad, 6 October 1942

Initially, concerns for secrecy kept their military designation from being known by the soldiers who operated them. They were called by code names such as
Kostikov guns (after the head of the RNII, the ReactionEngine Scientic Research Institute), and nally classed
as Guards Mortars.[2] The name BM-13 was only allowed
into secret documents in 1942, and remained classied
until after the war.[3]

Katyusha rocket launchers invented in Voronezh, were

mounted on many platforms during World War II, including on trucks, artillery tractors, tanks, and armoured
trains, as well as on naval and riverine vessels as assault
support weapons, Soviet engineers also mounted single
Katyusha rockets on lengths of railway track to serve in
urban combat.

Because they were marked with the letter K (for

Voronezh Komintern Factory),[3] Red Army troops
adopted a nickname from Mikhail Isakovsky's popular
wartime song, "Katyusha", about a girl longing for her absent beloved, who has gone away on military service.[4]
Katyusha is the Russian equivalent of Katie, an endearing diminutive form of the name Katherine: Yekaterina
Katya Katyusha.

The design was relatively simple, consisting of racks of

parallel rails on which rockets were mounted, with a folding frame to raise the rails to launch position. Each truck
had 14 to 48 launchers. The M-13 rocket of the BM-13
system was 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) long, 13.2 cm (5.2 in) in
diameter and weighed 42 kg (93 lb).
The weapon is less accurate than conventional artillery
guns, but is extremely eective in saturation bombardment, and was particularly feared by German soldiers. A
battery of four BM-13 launchers could re a salvo in 710
seconds that delivered 4.35 tons of high explosives over
a 400,000-square-metre (4,300,000 sq ft) impact zone,[2]
making its power roughly equivalent to that of 72 guns.
With an ecient crew, the launchers could redeploy to a
new location immediately after ring, denying the enemy

German troops coined the sobriquet Stalins organ

(German: Stalinorgel), after Soviet leader Joseph Stalin,
prompted by the visual resemblance of the launch array to
a church organ and the sound of the weapons rocket motors. Weapons of this type are known by the same name
in Denmark (Danish: Stalinorgel), Finland (Finnish: Stalinin urut), France (French: Orgues de Staline), Norway
1

2 WORLD WAR II

the opportunity for counterbattery re. Katyusha batteries were often massed in very large numbers to create a
shock eect on enemy forces. The weapons disadvantage was the long time it took to reload a launcher, in
contrast to conventional guns which could sustain a continuous low rate of re.
The distinctive howling sound of the rocket launching terried the German troops[6] and could be used for psychological warfare.

BM-13N Katyusha on a Lend-Lease Studebaker US6 truck, at

the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow (2006)

An M13 rocket for the Katyusha launcher on display in Muse

de l'Arme.

Reloading a BM-13.

2.2

Variants

BM-31-12 on ZIS-12 at the Museum (Diorama) on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol

2.1

Development

In June 1938, the Soviet Jet Propulsion Research Institute (RNII) in Leningrad was authorized by the
Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) to develop a multiple rocket launcher for the RS-132 aircraft rocket (RS
for Reaktivnyy Snaryad, 'rocket-powered shell'). I. Gvay
led a design team in Chelyabinsk, Russia, which built
several prototype launchers ring the modied 132 mm
M-132 rockets over the sides of ZiS-5 trucks. These
proved unstable, and V.N. Galkovskiy proposed mounting the launch rails longitudinally. In August 1939, the
result was the BM-13 (BM stands for M
(translit. Boyevaya Mashina), 'combat vehicle' for M-13
rockets).[1]

Postwar Katyusha on a ZiL-157 truck

KV tank chassis as the KV-1K, but this was a needless

waste of heavy armour. Starting in 1942, they were also
mounted on various British, Canadian and U.S. LendLease trucks, in which case they were sometimes referred
to as BM-13S. The cross-country performance of the
Studebaker US6 2 ton truck was so good that it became
the GAUs standard mounting in 1943, designated BM13N (normalizovanniy, 'standardized'), and more than
1,800 of this model were manufactured by the end of
World War II.[8] After World War II, BM-13s were based
on Soviet-built ZiL-151 trucks.

The 82 mm BM-8 was approved in August 1941, and deployed as the BM-8-36 on truck beds and BM-8-24 on
T-40 and T-60 light tank chassis. Later these were also
installed on GAZ-67 jeeps as the BM-8-8, and on the
larger Studebaker trucks as the BM-8-48.[2] In 1942, the
The rst large-scale testing of the rocket launchers took team of scientists Leonid Shvarts, Moisei Komissarchik
the Stalin prize for the
place at the end of 1938, when 233 rounds of various and engineer Yakov Shor received
[9][10]
development
of
the
BM-8-48.
types were used. A salvo of rockets could completely
straddle a target at a range of 5,500 metres (3.4 mi). But Based on the M-13, the M-30 rocket was developed in
the artillery branch was not fond of the Katyusha, because 1942. Its bulbous warhead required it to be red from
it took up to 50 minutes to load and re 24 rounds, while a grounded frame, called the M-30 (single frame, four
a conventional howitzer could re 95 to 150 rounds in the round; later double frame, 8 round), instead of a launch
same time. Testing with various rockets was conducted rail mounted on a truck. In 1944 it became the basis for
through 1940, and the BM-13-16 with launch rails for the BM-31-12 truck-mounted launcher.[2]
sixteen rockets was authorized for production. Only forty
A battery of BM-13-16 launchers included four ring velaunchers were built before Germany invaded the Soviet
hicles, two reload trucks and two technical support trucks,
Union in June 1941.[4]
with each ring vehicle having a crew of six. Reloading
After their success in the rst month of the war, mass pro- was executed in 34 minutes, although the standard production was ordered and the development of other mod- cedure was to switch to a new position some 10 km away
els proceeded. The Katyusha was inexpensive and could due to the ease with which the battery could be identibe manufactured in light industrial installations which did ed by the enemy. Three batteries were combined into
not have the heavy equipment to build conventional ar- a division (company), and three divisions into a separate
tillery gun barrels.[2] By the end of 1942, 3,237 Katyusha mine-ring regiment of rocket artillery.
launchers of all types had been built, and by the end of
the war total production reached about 10,000.[7]
The truck-mounted Katyushas were installed on ZiS-6 2.2 Variants
64 trucks, as well as the two-axle ZiS-5 and ZiS-5V. In
1941, a small number of BM-13 launchers were mounted Soviet World War II missile systems were named accordon STZ-5 artillery tractors. A few were also tried on ing standard templates which are the following:

3 POST-WAR DEVELOPMENT
BM-x-y (names used for ground vehicles)
M-x-y (names used for towed trailers and sledges)
y-M-x (names used for navy)

where:
x is a model of a missile.
y is a number of launch rails/tubes.
In particular, BM-8-16 is a vehicle which res M-8 missiles and has 16 rails. BM-30-4 is a vehicle which res
M-30 missiles and has 4 launch tubes. Short names such
as BM-8 or BM-13 were used too. Number of launch
rails/tubes is absent here. Such names describe launchers
only no matter a vehicle they are mounted on. In particular BM-8-24 had a number of variants: vehicle mounted
(ZiS-5 truck), tank mounted (T-40) and tractor mounted
(STZ-3). All of them had the same name: BM-8-24.
Other launchers had a number of variants mounted on
dierent vehicles too. Typical set of vehicles for soviet
missile systems is the following:
ZiS-5 (truck),
ZiS-6 (truck),
GAZ-AA (truck),
STZ-3 (tractor),
T-40 (tank),
Studebaker US6 (truck),
Armored train car,
River boat,
Towed sledge,
Towed trailer,
Backpack (portable variant, so called mountain
Katyusha),
ZiS-151 (truck, used after the war);

2.4 Combat history

The multiple rocket launchers were top secret in the beginning of World War II. A special unit of the NKVD
troops was raised to operate them.[2] On July 14, 1941, an
experimental artillery battery of seven launchers was rst
used in battle at Rudnya in Smolensk Province of Russia,
under the command of Captain Ivan Flyorov, destroying
a concentration of German troops with tanks, armored
vehicles and trucks at the marketplace, causing massive
German Army casualties and its retreat from the town in
panic. Following the success, the Red Army organized
new Guards mortar batteries for the support of infantry
divisions. A batterys complement was standardized at
four launchers. They remained under NKVD control until German Nebelwerfer rocket launchers became common later in the war.[7]
On August 8, 1941, Stalin ordered the formation of eight
special Guards mortar regiments under the direct control of the General Headquarters Reserve (Stavka-VGK).
Each regiment comprised three battalions of three batteries, totalling 36 BM-13 or BM-8 launchers. Independent
Guards mortar battalions were also formed, comprising
12 launchers in three batteries of four. By the end of
1941, there were eight regiments, 35 independent battalions, and two independent batteries in service, elding a
total of 554 launchers.[14]
In June 1942 heavy Guards mortar battalions were
formed around the new M-30 static rocket launch frames,
consisting of 96 launchers in three batteries. In July, a
battalion of BM-13s was added to the establishment of a
tank corps.[15] In 1944, the BM-31 was used in motorized
heavy Guards mortar battalions of 48 launchers. In 1943,
Guards mortar brigades, and later divisions, were formed
equipped with static launchers.[14]
By the end of 1942, 57 regiments were in service
together with the smaller independent battalions, this was
the equivalent of 216 batteries: 21% BM-8 light launchers, 56% BM-13, and 23% M-30 heavy launchers. By
the end of the war, the equivalent of 518 batteries were
in service.[14]

3 Post-war development

Note: There was also an experimental KV-1K Katyusha The success and economy of multiple rocket launchers
mounted on KV-1 tank which was not taken in service.
(MRL) have led them to continue to be developed. DurA list of some implementations of the Katyusha ing the Cold War, the Soviet Union elded several models of Katyusha-like MRL, notably the BM-21 launchfollows:[11][12][13]
ers somewhat inspired by the earlier weapon, and the
larger BM-27. Advances in artillery munitions have been
applied to some Katyusha-type multiple launch rocket
2.3 Rocket variants
systems, including bomblet submunitions, remotely deployed land mines, and chemical warheads.
Rockets used in the above implementations were:[12]
The M-8 and M-13 rocket could also be tted with smoke With the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russia inherited
warheads, although this was not common.
most of its military arsenal including its large comple-

5
Katyusha-like MRLs were also allegedly used by the
Rwandan Patriotic Front during its 1990 invasion of
Rwanda, through the 1994 genocide. They were eective
in battle, but translated into much anti-Tutsi sentiment in
the local media.[24]
It was reported that BM-21 launchers were used against
American forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. They
have also been used in the Afghanistan and Iraq insurgencies. In Iraq, according to Associated Press and Agence
France-Presse reports, Katyusha-like rockets were red
at the Green Zone late March 2008.[25][26]

Russian forces use BM-27 rocket launchers during the Second

Chechen War

ment of MRLs. In recent history, they have been used

by Russian forces during the First and Second Chechen
Wars and by Armenian and Azerbaijani forces during the
Nagorno-Karabakh War. Georgian government forces
are reported to indiscriminately have used BM-21 or similar rocket artillery in ghting in the 2008 South Ossetia
war.[16]
Katyusha-like launchers were exported to Afghanistan,
Angola, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, East Germany, Hungary,
Iran, Iraq, Mongolia, North Korea, Poland, Syria, and
Vietnam. They were also built in Czechoslovakia,[17] the
Peoples Republic of China, North Korea, and Iran.
Proper Katyushas (BM-13s) also saw action in the Korean
War, used by the Chinese Peoples Volunteer Army
against the South and United Nations forces. Soviet BM13s were known to have been imported to China before
the Sino-Soviet split and were operational in the Peoples
Liberation Army.
Israel captured BM-24 MRLs during the Six-Day War
(1967), used them in two battalions during the Yom Kippur War (1973) and the 1982 Lebanon War, and later
developed the MAR-240 launcher for the same rockets,
based on a Sherman tank chassis.
During the 2006 Lebanon War, Hezbollah red between
3,970 and 4,228 rockets, from light truck-mounts and
single-rail man-portable launchers. About 95% of these
were 122 mm (4.8 in) Syrian-manufactured M-21OF
type artillery rockets which carried warheads up to 30 kg
(66 lb) and had a range of 20 km, perhaps up to 30 km (19
mi).[18][18][19][20][21] Hamas has launched 122-mm Gradtype Katyusha rockets from the Gaza Strip against several
cities in Israel,[22] although they are not reported to have
truck-mounted launchers. Although Katyusha originally
referred to the mobile launcher, today the rockets are often referred to as Katyushas.
Some allege that the CIA bought Katyushas from the
Egyptian military and supplied them to the Mujahideen
(via Pakistans ISI) during the Soviet Afghan war.[23]

Katyusha rockets were reportedly used by both Gadda

Loyalists and anti-Gadda forces during the Libyan Civil
War.[27]
Also, several countries have continued to build and operate Katyusha-like systems well into the 21st century, as
for example the Teruel MRL of the Spanish Army.
In February 2013, the Defense Ministry of Yemen reported seizing an Iranian ship, and that the ships cargo
included (among its other weapons) Katyusha rockets.[28]
The Russian army has mounted some multiple rocket
launchers on turretless T-72 tanks and called the weapon
a TOS-1. These were developed in the 1980s, but have
been modernized and are in very limited service.

4 See also
Hwacha, Korean gunpowder-based aming arrow
launcher from the 1500s
Congreve rocket, British military weapon designed
by Sir William Congreve in 1804
Nebelwerfer, the most common barrage rocket series employed by the Wehrmacht in World War II
Panzerwerfer, German rocket launcher mounted on
a half-track
Wurfrahmen 40, another German rocket launcher
mounted on a half-track
Land Mattress, employed by Allied forces in World
War II
T34 Calliope, rocket launcher mounted on M-4
Sherman tank chassis
List of rocket artillery

5 Notes
[1] Zaloga, p 150.
[2] Zaloga, p 154.

EXTERNAL LINKS

[3] Viktor Suvorov (1982), Inside the Soviet Army, p 207.

Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-02-615500-1.

[26] Front Row for Green Zone Mortar Salvos. Associated

Press. 2008-03-25. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

[4] Zaloga, p 153.

[27] Libyan rebels 'receive foreign training'". aljazeera.net.

[5] Gordon L. Rottman (2007), FUBAR (F***ed Up Beyond

All Recognition): Soldier Slang of World War II, p 279,
Osprey, ISBN 1-84603-175-3.

[28] The World: Yemen says seized Iranian ship had

weapons. The Monterey County Herald. Retrieved 7
February 2013.

[6] Carell, Paul (1964). Hitlers war on Russia: the story of

the German defeat in the East. Harrap. p. 98.
[7] Zaloga, pp 15455.
[8] Zaloga, pp 15354.
[9] Rachel Bayvel, "Tales of 'Tank City'. Rachel Bayvel Celebrates the Soviet Jews Who Produced Weapons for Allied
Victory". Jewish Quarterly no. 198, summer 2005. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.
[10] Yosif Kremenetsky (1999), "Inzhenerno-tekhnicheskaya
deyatelnost yevreyev v SSSR (Engineering-technical activities of Jews in the USSR)", Yevrey pri bolshevistskom
stroye (Jews in the Bolshevist order), Minneapolis. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.

6 References
Zaloga, Steven J.; James Grandsen (1984). Soviet
Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two.
London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 15054.
ISBN 0-85368-606-8.
Porter, David (2009). The Essential Vehicle Identication Guide: Soviet Tanks Units 193945. London:
Amber Books. pp. 158165. ISBN 978-1-90662621-1.

7 External links

[11] Porter, pp 15865.

[12] Chris Bishop (2002). The encyclopedia of weapons of
World War II. Sterling Publishing Company. pp. 173
174. ISBN 1-58663-762-2.

BM-13 (Studebaker) walk-around photos

[13] Soviet military review.

House. 1974. p. 13.

Creation and Development of Rocket Artillery in

the First Phase of the War, translation of a 1976 article published by the USSR Defence Ministry (broken link, see archive)

Krasnaya Zvezda Publishing

[14] Zaloga, p 155.

[15] Zaloga, p 147.
[16] Georgia pounds breakaway capital. Reuters. 2008-0808. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
[17] The RM-51 and RM-70 models.
[18] Hizballahs Rocket Campaign Against Northern Israel: A
Preliminary Report. Jerusalem Center for Public Aairs.
2006-08-31. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
[19] Hezbollahs rocket force. BBC News Online. 2006-0718. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
[20] Mideast War, by the numbers. Guardian. Associated
Press. 2006-08-18. Archived from the original on December 18, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
[21] The war in numbers. Janes Defence Weekly. August 23,
2006.
[22] Iranian made rocket strikes Ashkelon Ashkelon.
Jeruselum Post. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
[23] Charlie Wilsons
Grove/Atlantic.
[24] RTLM Tape 0084.
2009-06-20.

War,

George

Crile,

SurplusKnowledge.

2003,

Retrieved

[25] Baghdad Green Zone hit by rockets. Agence FrancePresse. 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

Photos of various mounts of Katyushas

Photo of a Cuban BM-21 in Angola

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Katyusha rocket launcher Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher?oldid=665941965 Contributors: Bryan

Derksen, William Avery, Nairobiny, Patrick, Zocky, Ellywa, Habj, Nikola Smolenski, Mulad, PaulinSaudi, Reddi, WhisperToMe, Finlay
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Zfr, Karl-Henner, Cynical, Irpen, N328KF, Wesha, KNewman, Rich Farmbrough, YUL89YYZ, Pavel Vozenilek, Indrian, Bender235,
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