Aptitude Handbook

MANGALORE
APTITUDE HANDBOOK
FORMULAS WITH EXAMPLES
Prepared by:
SUSHMA SHETTY
B.E.
sushma.shetty305@gmail.com
This handbook is been circulated on self risk. Nobody can be held responsible if anything is wrong or any improper information
or insufficient information provided in it.
References: www.iutraining.com, www.myethnus.com
Visit www.vtulife.com for all placement materials,

vtu notes, syllabus and question papers
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TOPICS
HUMAN RELATIONS
NUMBER SERIES
ALPHABETIC SERIES AND LETTER CODING
SET THEORY, VENN DIAGRAMS
DIRECTION SENSE
PERCENTAGE
PROFIT AND LOSS
INTEREST
AVERAGES, MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
NUMBER GAMES
LINEAR EQUATIONS
PROPORTIONS AND VARIATIONS
PUZZLES
TIME AND WORK
SPEED, TIME AND DISTANCE
PROBABILITY
DATA SUFFICIENCY
CUBES
NON VERBAL REASONING
DATA INTEGRITY
THE ART OF FACING INTERVIEWS
Prepared By: Sushma Shetty
INDEX
PAGE NUM
2
4
6
8
11
12
15
16
17
19
22
24
27
29
31
34
36
40
42
43
44
46
50
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HUMAN RELATIONS
Mothers or Fathers son

Mothers or Fathers daughter
Mothers or Fathers brother
Mothers or Fathers sister
Mothers or Fathers father
Mothers or Fathers mother
Mothers or Fathers father
Grandsons or grand daughters daughter
Mothers mother
Mothers father
Fathers mother
Fathers father
Sons wife
Daughters husband
Husbands or wifes sister
Sisters husband
Brothers wife
Husbands or wifes brother
Brothers son
Brothers daughter
Uncle or aunts son or daughter
Husbands wife or wifes husband
Brother or sister
Brother
Sister
Uncle
Aunt
Grandfather
Grandmother
Grandfather
Great grand daughter
Maternal grandmother
Maternal grandfather
Paternal grandmother
Paternal grandfather
Daughter-in-law
Son-in-law
Sister-in-law
Brother-in-law
Sister-in-law
Brother-in-law
Nephew
Neice
Cousin
Spouse
Sibling
1. Pointing to a girl I said to Priyanka, The girl on the stage is the second daughter of the wife of
the only son of the grandmother of my younger sister. How is the girl on the stage related to
me?
Solution:
Answer: Sister
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Similar question 1: Pointing to a photograph, Arshadh said he is my fathers mothers daughters

husbands son. How is he related to the boy in the photograph?
a) Cousin
b)Uncle
c)Brother
d) Nephew
Answer: (a)
Similar question 2: Anil introduces Rohit as the son of the only brother of his fathers wife. How is
Rohit related to Anil?
Solution:
Answer: Cousin
2. A and B are brothers. C and D are sisters. As son is Ds brother. How is B related to C?
Solution:
Answer: Uncle
Similar question 1: A has 3 children. B is the brother of C and C is the sister of D, E who is the
wife of A is the mother of D. there is only one daughter of the husband of E. How is D related to
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B?
Solution:
Answer: Brother
NUMBER SERIES
To measure your ability to reason without words.

For number series:
Increase or decrease?
Patterns in every number, every second number or every third number. (Eg: 2,5,8,11. Or
1,4,7,8,13,12, or 1,2,3,3,4,6,9,6,9, )
Increase or decrease gradual (addition or subtraction), steep (multiplication or division) or
exponential (exponents).
Standard patterns.
ARITHMETIC SERIES:
The next numbers are obtained by adding or subtracting a fixed number.
Ex:
3,5,7,9,11,. (adding 2)
12,10,8,6,4, (subtracting 2)
GEOMETRIC SERIES
Successive numbers are obtained by multiplying or dividing a fixed number by the previous
number.
Ex:
4,8,16,32,. (multiplied by 2)
15,-30,60,-120,. (multiplied by -2)
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SERIES OF SQUARES, CUBES, ETC

Formed by squaring or cubing every successive number.
Ex:
2,4,16,256,..
3,9,81,6561,.
2,8,518,..
COMPLEX SERIES
Generally the mixed series.
I.
Two layer arithmetic series:

Ex:
1,2,5,10,17,26,37.
Solution:
It can be also solved as:

02+1, 12+1,22+1,32+1,..
denoted as f(x)=x2+1.
II.
Three layer arithmetic series:

Ex:
336, 210, 120, 60, 24, 6, 0,
Solution:
336 210 120 60 24
6
0
0
126
90 60
36
18 6
0
36 30
24
18 12
6
6
6
6
6
6
It can also be solved as:
13-1, 23-2, 33-3, 43-4,.
III.
Other series:
Ex:
Fibonacci series (1,1,2,3,5,8,13,.)
Prime numbers (2,3,5,7,11,13,..)
EXAMPLE QUESTIONS:
1. 9, 15, 23, 33, ?
a.44
b.36
2. 2, 5, 14, 41, ?
a.86
b.108
3. 3, 11, 8, 16, 13, ?
a.20
b.21
c.38
d.45
c.122
d.164
c.22
d.25
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4. 4, 5, 7, ?, 19
a.56
b.16
c.17
d.11
5. Find the odd one out in this series : 14, 7, 28, 21, 36
a.14
b.7
c.28
d.36
ANSWERS:
1.d
1
A
14
N
2.c
3.b
4.d
5.d
ALPHABETIC SERIES AND LETTER

CODING
2
B
15
O
3
C
16
P
4
D
17
Q
5
E
18
R
6
F
19
S
7
G
20
T
8
H
21
U
9
I
22
V
10
J
23
W
11
K
24
X
SERIES EXAMPLES:
1. Find the next term: BCA, EFD, HIG
a.JLK
b.KLJ
c.LKM
d.MLK
solution: BCA, BCA+333, EFD+333, HIG+333= KLJ
2. Find the missing term: KALC, MBND, ____, QGRF
a.NEOF
b.ODPE
c.NDOE
d.OEPF
Solution:
first letters: K, M, _, Q (difference of 2. So missing letter is O)
second letters: A, B,_, G
(difference is 1,2,_,7. Ie 5. So missing letter is D)
third letters: (difference is 2. So its P)
fourth letters: (difference is 1. So E)
answer is ODPE.
3. BOLT:TLOB::
a.POLICE:ECILOP
b.CHILL:LLHIC
c.HORSE:SEROH
Answer: (a)
4. BC:EF::
a.FG:HI
b.JK:NO
c.ST:XY
d.JK:MN
Answer: (d)
12
L
25
Y
13
M
26
Z
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CODING:
1. WITH LETTERS:
PATTERNS
Forward Sequence:
Ex: If ROBUST is coded as QNATRS, then ZXCMP will be ?
a.YWBLO
b.YYBNO
c.AWDLQ
d.AUDNQ
Answer is (d) (difference of -1)
Backward Sequence:
Ex: If LATE is coded as OZGV, what is the code for DOME ?
Solution: L is the 12th letter from forward and O is the 12th letter from backward.
Similarly A is the 1st letter from first and Z from last.
similarly other letters. ANSWER: WLUV.
Skipped Sequence:
Ex: If FACT is coded as IDFV. What is the code for CLAD?
Solution: FACT+3333=IDFV, then CLAD+3333=FODG.
REVERSING LETTERS
Ex: If DOMINOS is SONIMOD, then QWERTY is coded as YTREWQ.
2. WITH NUMBERS:
MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS
Ex: If LATE is coded as 38, then MAKE is coded as ?
Its the sum of all letters. 13+1+11+5=30.
RANDOM NUMBERING
A shopkeeper uses a code ASCVBGH=28 , where A=Rs.1, S=Rs.2 and so on. What would be the price of
CASH?
Its 3+1+2+7=13.
3. MIXED LETTER CODING:
Ex: If nso ptr kli chn stands for sharma gets marriage gift, ptr lmn wop chn for wife gives marriage
gift, tti wop nhi stands for he gives nothing, what is the code for gives ?
Answer: wop
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SET THEORY, VENN DIAGRAMS
SET: Well defined collection of objects.
TYPES
SINGLETON SET:
A set consisting of single element. Ex: {5}, {ant}.
EMPTY SET/NULL SET/VOID SET:

A set containg no element. Ex: {} or
EQUIVALENT SET:
Two sets A and B are equivalent sets if number of elements in both sets is same. Ex: {1,2,3,4,5} and
{q,w,e,r,t}.
EQUAL SET:
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element in A is in B and vice versa. Ex: {A,B,C} and
{A,B,C,B,C}
UNIVERSAL SET:
A set which contains all the sets in the given context. Ex: If A={1,3,5}, B={3,6,7,8}. Then universal set
U={1,3,5,6,7,8}
SUBSET AND SUPERSET

Two sets A and B, if all the elements in A are in B, then A is said to be the subset of B and B is the
superset of A.
If B contains atleast one element more than that of A, then A is the proper subset of B.
OPERATION ON SETS
UNION OF SETS
AB
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INTERSECTION OF SETS
AB
DIFFERENCE OF SETS
A-B is
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
A
ALGEBRAIC LAWS OF SETS

IDEMPOTENT LAW:
A A =A,
A A= A
IDENTITY LAW:
A = A,
A=
COMMUTATIVE LAW:
AB=BA,
AB=BA
ASSOCIATIVE LAW:
A(BC)=(AB)C,
A(BC)=(AB)C
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DISTRIBUTIVE LAW:
A(BC)=(AB)(AC),
A(BC)=(AB)(AC)
DE-MORGANS LAW:
(AB)=AB,
(AB)=AB
VENN DIAGRAM PROBLEMS

1) Select the diagram which best suits the relation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Animals, cows, dogs

Doctors, surgeons, musicians
Dogs, pets, rabbits
Automobile, four wheeler, car
Maruti 800, Cars, Zen
Answer: 5
Answer: 3
Answer: 4
Answer: 1
Answer: 2
2) Given diagram represents 3 classes of population. The triangle represents the school teachers.
Square represents the married persons. Circle represents persons living in joint families.
1. Married persons living ib joint families but not school teachers is represented by
a.C
b.F
c.D
d.A
2. Person who live in joint families are unmarried and who do not work as school teachers are
a.C
b.B
c.E
d.D
3. Married teachers living in joint families
a.C
b.B
c.D
d.A
4. School teachers who are married but do not live in joint families
a.C
b.F
c.A
d.D
5. School teachers who are neither married nor living in joint families
a.F
b.C
c.B
d.A
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Answers: 1.c
2.c
3.b
4.a
5.a
DIRECTION SENSE
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM:
PROBLEMS:
1) Anubha walks 12km towards south. From there she walks 8km towards north. Then, she walks
3km towards west. How far is she with reference to her starting point?
a)7km
b)5 km
c)8km
d)6km
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solution:
2) Sanoob walks 20m in south direction. He then turns left and moves 15m where he turns right.
After he walks 30m in this direction, he turns right and moves 15m. how far is he from his
starting point and which direction is he facing?
a)10m,north
b)50m,west
c)10m,west
d)50m,east
solution:
Answer: 50m,west
PERCENTAGE
Percentage is a way of expressing a number as fraction of 100.
Some Important Conversions:

=50%
1/3=33.33%
=25%
1/5=20%
1/6=16.66%
1/7=14.28%
1/8=12.5%
1/9=11.11%
1/10=10%
2/3 = 21/3 =
233.33 = 66.66
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1. If 2 values are respectively x% and y% more than a third value, then the
first is (100+x)/(100+y) 100% of the second.
Ex: Two numbers are 20% and 40% more than a third value. What % is first of the second?
Ans: 120/140 100 = 85.71%
2. If A is x% of C and B is y% of C, then A is x/y 100% of B.

Ex: Two numbers are respectively 20% and 40% of a third value. What % is first of second?
Ans: 20/40 100 =50%.
3. X% of a quantity is taken by the first. Y% of the remaining is taken by

the second and z% of the remaining by the third person. Now, if A is left
in the fund, then there was
)(
)(
in the beginning.
Ex: Farah loses 12% of her money and after spending 60% of the remainder,she is left with Rs. 210. How
much did she have at first?
Ans: = (
)(
= Rs. 596.6
4. X% of a quantity is added. Then again y% is added to that and again z%

is added. Now it becomes A. Then the initial quantity is
(
)(
)(
Ex: Vishal had 5000 in his locker 2 years ago. In the first year, he deposited 10% of the amount in his
locker. Again he deposited 20% of the increased amount in the second year. How much amount is
present in his locker now?
Ans: = (
)(
= Rs. 3787.87
5. Percentage increase =
100
100
Ex: The exam fees was Rs.560 last year. This year it became Rs. 610. Find the percentage increase.
Ans: =
100 = 8.9%
6. Percentage increase =
7. If there is a increase in % or quantity of a number.

Ex: The price of a laptop was Rs. 50,000 last year. This year it increased by 15%. What is the new price?
Ans: increase => 1+0.15=1.15. new price= 50,000 1.15 = Rs. 57,500.
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8. If there is a decrease in % or quantity of a number.

Ex: The price of a laptop was Rs. 50,000 last year. This year it decreased by 15%. What is the new price?
Ans: increase => 1-0.15=0.85. new price= 50,000 0.85 = Rs. 42,500.
9. When population P increases by x% for one year and then decreases by

y% the second year and again increases by z% the third year, then the
population after 3 years will be
)(
)(
The population of a city is 50,000. It decreased by 10% in the first year, increased by 20% in second year
and decreased by 30% In the third. What is the population after 3 years?
Ans:
10.
= 37,800.
If a number A is x% more than B, then B is (
100 ) % less
than A.
11.
If a number A is x% less than B, then B is (
100 ) % more
than A.
Ex: The length of a plot is decreased by 25%. By how much % should the breadth be increased so that
area remains the same?
Ans: 25/(100-25) 100 = 33.33%
12.
If a number is first increased by x% and then decreased by y%,
then there is (x-y- )% increase or decreases, according to the positive
or negative sign respectively.
Ex: If the price is increased by 15% and sale is decreased by 5%, then what will be the effect on income?
Ans: 15-5-155/100 = 9.25%
His income increases by 9.25%
13.
The pass marks in a exam is x%. if a student secures y% ad fails by
z%, then the maximum marks is 100(y+z)/x.
Ex: A student has to score 35% marks to get through. If he gets 35 marks and fails by 35 marks, find the
maximum marks set for the examination?
Ans: 100 (35+35)/35 = 200.
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PROFIT AND LOSS
Cost price (CP) is the price at which the good is bought.

Selling price (SP) is the price at which the good is sold.
Marked price (MP) is the price on the tag of the product.

Discount (D) is the price reduction on the MP.
For profit
For loss
P=SP-CP
L=CP-SP
%P=P/CP100
%L=L/CP100
%SP=CP(100+P)/100
%SP=CP(100-L)/100
%CP=(100SP)/(100+P)
%CP=(100SP)/(100-L)
1. SP=MP-D
2. %D=D/MP100
3. In case of successive discounts of x% and y%, the effective discount is
(x+y-xy/100)%.
4. If value of a certain quantity is first increased by x% and then decreased
by x%, then net change is a decrease of x2/100 %.
PROBLEMS:
1. Find the cost price of a mobile which is sold for Rs. 5000 at a loss of 25%.
Ans:
SP=CP(100-25)/100=0.75CP
0.75CP=5000
CP=5000/0.75 = Rs. 6,666.67
2. Find the cost price of a mobile which is sold for Rs. 5000 at a profit of 25%.
Ans:
SP=CP(100+25)/100=1.25CP
1.25CP=5000
CP=5000/1.25 = Rs. 4000
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3. Sowmya sells a good to Supreetha at a profit of 25% and Supreetha sells it to Sahana at a profit
of 20%. If Sahana pays Rs.225 for it, what was the cost price for Sowmya?
Ans:
225 (100/(100+25)) (100/(100+20)) = Rs.150
4. A 20% reduction in the price of rice enables a person to buy 10Kg more for Rs.400.what is the
reduction price per Kg? Also find the original price.
Ans:
There is saving of 20% on Rs.400 ie 4000.2= Rs.80
For this Rs.80, a person buys 10kg of rice.
Reduced price per Kg = Rs.80/10 = Rs.8
Original price = 8 (100/(100-20)) = Rs.10
5. What will be the selling price of a toy if successive discounts of 10% and 20% are given on
marked price of Rs.1000?
Ans:
10+20-
= 28%
INTEREST
Interest is a percentage of some amount of money.

The money lent or borrowed is called principal.
Amount= principal+interest.
The interest can be computed in two ways:
Interest is calculated for succeeding periods on the original sum borrowed i.e., on the original
principal only. This is simple interest.
Simple interest, I= Pnr/100
Where P is the principal, n years and r% is the rate of interest per annum.
The amount A due after n years= P+I.
Interest is calculated for each year on the amount due till that period. This is compound interest.
Compound interest, CI= A-P.
Where A=P[ 1+r/100]n
PROBLEMS
1. Find the simple interest on Rs.306.25 from march 3rd to july 27th at 3 %
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Ans:
Number of days between march 3rd to july 27th = 146
Number of days in a year = 365
3 % = 15/4 1/100
Interest= 306 146/365 15/4 1/100
= Rs. 4.59
2. What is the amount due on a loan of Rs. 1000, taken at 16% p.a. simple interest, at the end of
two years?
Ans:
P=Rs. 1000, Rate r=16%, n=2 years.
I=Pnr/100= (1000216)/100= Rs. 320.
3. The compound interest on a certain sum of money at 10% p.a. in 2 years in Rs. 2100. Find the
sum.
Ans:
Let P= Rs. 100
r= 10%, n=2
A=P[1+ r/100 ]n= 100[1+10/100]2= Rs. 121
CI=A-P = 121-100 = Rs. 21
If the CI is Rs. 21, the principal is Rs.100, then if the CI is Rs. 2100, the principal will be Rs. 100.
AVERAGES
AVERAGES, MIXTURES AND

ALLIGATIONS
Average is termed as the mean of all values.

Average=
Ex: If Namrata scores 24, 21 and 25 in her first, second and third internals respectively, then what is her
average marks?
Ans:
= 23.33
WEIGHTED AVERAGE:
This concept is used when working on two or more groups of data.
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Ex: The average weight of 3 sections A,B,C are respectively 49kg, 52kg and 55kg. number of students in
section A are 45, in B 56 and in C it is 61. What is the average?
Ans:
= 8472/162 = 52.29kg
AVERAGE RELATED TO SPEED:

1. If a person travels a distance at a speed of x km/hr and the same distance at a speed
of y km/hr, then the average speed during the whole journey is given by
For 3 equal distances it is
km/hr.
Ex: Manjunath drives his car at a speed of 20km/hr from his house to PACE, and from PACE to his house
at a speed of 30km/hr. what is the average speed of whole journey?
Ans:
= 24km/hr.
ALLIGATION AND MIXTURES

A set of values is referred to as a single group. When two or more groups are combined together, then it
is called mixture.
Rule of allegation is used to find the ratio of quantities in which the two entities are mixed.
P1<P<P2
Ex:
1. In what proportion must rice at Rs. 3.50 per Kg be mixed with rice at Rs. 3.90 per Kg so that the
mixture be worth of Rs. 3.75 per Kg. ?
Ans:
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By the allegation rule: 0.15/0.25 = 15/25 = 3/5

They must be mixed in the ratio 3:5.
2. A mixture of a certain quantity of milk with 16 litres of water is worth 90 p per litre. If pure milk
be worth Rs. 108 per litre how much milk is there in the mixture?
Ans:
90/18 = 5
Quantity of milk in the mixture = 516 = 80 litres.
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
PERMUTATION means arrangement of things. When r things are to be selected out of n things
(r<=n) such that order of selection is also considered, then the number of ways in which this can be
done is nPr.
Pr = (
)!
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Ex: How many number of 5 digits can be formed with digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 such that no digit is used
twice?
Ans:
N=8, r=5
8
P5= 8!/(8-5)! = 6720.
COMBINATION means selection of things. When r things are to be selected from n things (r<=n) and
the order of selection is not important, then the number of possible ways in which selection can be done
is nCr.
Cr = (
!
)! !
Cr= nCn-r
Pn = n!
Pr = nCrr!
RULE OF ADDITION:
If one task can be done in p ways, another task in q ways, then one of two can be performed in p+q
ways.
Ex: Nawaf wants to pick a ball from one of the two shelves, one consisting of 10 red color balls and the
other consisting of 7 green color balls. In how many ways can he pick?
Ans: 10+7=17 ways.
RULE OF MULTIPLICATION:
If one task can be done in p ways, another task in q ways, then both tasks can be performed in pq
ways.
Ex: Nawaf wants to pick a ball one from each of the two shelves, one consisting of 10 red color balls and
the other consisting of 7 green color balls. In how many ways can he pick?
Ans: 107=70 ways.
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS:
Two cases:
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If clockwise and anticlockwise directions are distinguishable. The number of clockwise

permutations of n different things in n positions is given by (n-1)!
If clockwise and anticlockwise directions are indistinguishable. The number of clockwise
permutations of n different things in n positions is given by
)!
PROBLEMS
1. Nawaf wants to pick 3 balls, one from the shelf consisting of 10 red color balls and 2 from the
shelf consisting of 7 green color balls. In how many ways can he pick?
Ans:
10
C17C2 = 210 ways.
2. There are 4 chairs and 10 people who want to sit. Each chair can be occupied by one person.
After the 1st chair is occupied by a person. Then 9 people wait to occupy the remaining 3 chairs.
Once the 3rd chair is occupied 8 people wait to occupy the 2 chairs and after that 7 people wait
to occupy the one chair. 6 people left out. Find out the number of ways to fill the 4 positions.
Ans:
10
C4 4! = 10P4 = 5040 ways.
3. In how many ways can the letters of the word ENGINEERING be arranged?
Ans:
There are 11 letters and the letter E is repeated 3 times, N also 3 times, G twice and I also twice.
Number of arrangements=
!
=
! ! ! !
554400 ways.
4. Thaha has 4 pockets and 6 coins. In how many ways can he put the coins in his pockets if each
pocket has enough space for the coins?
Ans:
444444= 46 = 4096.
5. How many words can be formed using the letters of the word VTULIFE such that
a. F and E occupy the 2nd and 3rd place?
b. The words V,L and E occupy only odd places.
Ans:
a. _ F E _ _ _ _ or _ E F _ _ _ _.
In 5! Ways other words can fill the other places and in 2 ways.
So 5! 2! Ways.
b. V,L and E can occupy 1st,3rd,5th and 7th places i.e 4P3 = 4!
Rest of the 4 words occupy 4 places in 4! Ways. Number of arrangements = 4! 4! Ways.
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FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
FACTOR of a given number is the number which can exactly divide the given number. 1 is a universal
factor. Ex: 2 is a factor of 4,6,8,10.
MULTIPLE of a number is the number that is obtained by multiplying the given number with another
integer. Ex: 24 is a multiple of 2, 9 is a multiple of 3.
DIVISIBILTY RULES:
Number is
divisible
by
Rule
Example
Last digit of number must be divisible by 2
1278, here 8 is divisible by 2
Sum of all digits must be divisible by 3
249, 2+4+9=15 is divisible by 3
Last 2 digits must be divisible by 4
5420, 20 is divisible by 4
Last digit must be either 0 or 5
5510, 5515
Must be divisible by 2 and 3
438
((number of 10s in num)-2last digit) must

be 0 or divisible by 7
8064, (806-24=798)
Number is big, so again check for 798.
(79-28=63). 63 is divisible
Last 3 digits must be divisible by 8
762920, 920 is divisible by 8
Sum of all digits must be a multiple of 9
5247, 5+2+4+7=18 is divisible by 9
11
(sum of digits in even places)-( sum of

digits in odd places) is 0 or a multiple of 11
1375, (3+5)-(1+7)=0
12
Number divisible by 3 and 4.
852, divisible by 3 and 4
FACTORIZATION: When a number is expressed as a product of its factors, then the number is said
to be factorized.
Ex: Factorization of 24
So 24= 2223
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HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) OR GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

(GCD)
The HCF of 2 or more numbers is the greatest number which exactly divides these numbers.
Ex:
HCF of 24,90. First factorize them.
24=2223= 2331
90=2335= 213251
Now, the common factors with minimum power 2131=6 is the HCF.
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)

LCM of a given set of numbers is the smallest number which is divisible by each number in the given set.
Ex:
LCM of 24,90. First factorize them.
24=2223= 2331
90=2335= 213251
Now, the all the factors with maximum power 233251=360 is the LCM.
Another method:
LCM of 24,90 is 23415=360.
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SOME PROPERTIES:
1. For any 2 given numbers, HCFLCM= Product of the two numbers.
2. HCF of fractions= HCF of numerators of all fractions/LCM of
denominators of all fractions.
3. LCM of fractions= LCM of numerators of all fractions/HCF of
denominators of all fractions.
PROBLEMS
1. Find the least 3 digit number which when divided by 24,32,48 and 72 leaves a remainder 14 in
each case.
Ans:
The LCM of 24,32,48 and 72= 2532= 288x = LCM(24,32,48,72)k+14 = 288k+14
Substituting k values=0,1,2,
For k=1, 288+14=302 is the least 3 digit number obtained.
2. Find the smallest natural number which when divided by the numbers 200,250 and 350 leaves
the remainders 140,190 and 290 respectively.
Ans:
LCM(200,250,350)k-60 = 7000k-60
For k=0, its -60.
For k=1, ans is 6940.
3. Find the largest number which on dividing 92,145 leaves remainders 2 and 1 respectively.
Ans:
HCF(92-2,145-1) = HCF(90,144) =18.
CYCLICITY
NUMBER GAMES
Ex: Consider the series 4,5,6,7,8,4,5,6,7,8,4,5,6,7,8,4,5,
Here we observe that each term is repeating after the 5 th term. So the cyclicity is 5. Now the nth term in
this series is the remainder of n/5.
The 16th term is found by 16%5=1, the first term is 4 in the cycle. So 16 th term is 4.
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Cyclicty of x:
Units digit of xn as N
takes values 1,2,3,4,
Cyclicity
Example
1,1,1,1
Always 1
2,4,8,6,2,4,
3,9,7,1,3,9,
4,6,4,6,4,
5,5,5,
Always 5
6,6,6,6,
Always 6
7,9,3,1,7,9,3,
716, 16%4=0. So last

digit in cycle. Ie 1
8,4,2,6,8,4,
813, 13%4=1, so 8
9,1,9,1,
938, 38%2=0. So 1.
SOME PROPERTIES:
1. If x1+x2 is divided by n, the remainder will be r1+r2.
2. If x1-x2 is divided by n, the remainder will be r1-r2.
3. If x1*x2 is divided by n, the remainder will be r1*r2.
Ex:
What is the remainder when 634734 is divided by 5?
Ans:
6%5=1
7%5=2
62%5=1
72%5=4
63%5=1
73%5=3
74%5=1
75%5=0
Cyclicity is 1
76%5=0
77%5=0
.
Units digit of 27. 7%4=3.

3rd digit is 8.
Units digit of 39, 9%4=1.
So 3.
410, 10%2=0, so the last
term in cycle. 6
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.
.
Rest of the values =0,
So remainder = remainder(634)remainder(734)=10=0.
TYPES OF NUMBERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
NATURAL: The numbers 1,2,3,4,5,.

WHOLE: The numbers 0,1,2,3,4,.
INTEGER: The positive and negative whole numbers and 0 : .,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,.
RATIONAL: Numbers which can be written in p/q format where p and q are interger but q is not
0.
PRIME: Divisible evenly only by 1 and themselves. Eg: 5,7,11
COMPOSITE: Numbers that are not prime. Eg: 4,6,9
EVEN: Numbers evenly divisible by 2.
ODD: Numbers not evenly divisible by 2.
SOME FORMULAES
(a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2
(a+b)2=a2+b2+2ab
(a-b)2= a2+b2-2ab
(a+b)3=a3+b3+3ab(a+b)
(a-b)3= a3-b3-3ab(a+b)
Sum of all first n natural numbers= n(n+1)/2
Ex: 1+2+3+4+..+25=2526/2=325
Sum of first n odd numbers=n2
Sum of first n even numbers=n(n+1)
Sum of squares of first n natural numbers= n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
Ex: 12+22+32++102=10(11)(21)/6 = 385
Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers= [n(n+1)/2]2
Ex: 13+23+..+63= [6(6+1)/2]2= (21)2=441
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When two numbers, after being divided by a certain number of three digits and the remainder
is the same in both the cases, then the difference between the two numbers must be perfectly
divisible by the third number.
Ex: 12345 and 21705 being divided by a certain number of three digits and the remainder is the same in
both the cases. Find the divisor and the remainder.
21705-12345=9360
(Check among the options which perfectly divides 9360 and gives the same remainder for 21705 and
12345)
Else, 9360=222233513
Combination of above divisors which give 3 digit numbers X= {720, 144, 240, 180, 360, 624, 936, 468,
234, 177,..}
We get 234 as the answer.
PROBLEMS:
1. How many numbers upto 1000 are divisible by 3 and 5 together?
Ans: LCM of 3 and 5= 15.
Now, 1000/15=66.66
The quotient 66 is the answer.
2. How many numbers between 200 and 600 are divisible(multiples of) by 12?
Ans: 600/12=50
200/12=16.66
15-16=34 numbers.
LINEAR EQUATIONS
An equation is an expression of equality of two terms.
Linear Equations are classified based on the highest power of the variables involved. If the highest
power is one, its linear equation.
Ex: 3x+9=25 (linear equation in one variable)
2x+7y=21 (linear equation in two variables, the graph will be a straight line)
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Consider two simultaneous equations: ax+by+c=0 and ux+vy+z=0.

Then 3 cases are possible:
Type of solution
Criteria to identity
Graphical Interpretation
Unique solution
Intersection of two lines
Infinite solutions
= =
Co-incident lines
No solution or Inconsistent
Parallel lines
Solving linear equation in two variables:

Ex:
2x+4y=10 and 3x+y=9
2x+4y=10 --------------------------- (1)
3x+y=9
-----------------------------(2)
To eliminate variable x:
(1)*3-(2)*2
Gives: 6x+12y=30
-6x-2y=-18
----------------------------0+10y=12
=> y=1.2
Substituting in y: 3x+1.2=9 => x=7.8/3= 2.6
PROBLEMS:
1. 10 years ago Shrees mother was 4 times older than her daughter. After 10 years, the mother
will be twice older than the daughter, what is the present age of Shree?
Ans: Let Shrees present age be x and her mothers be y.
10 years ago, Shrees age is x-10 and her mothers age= y-10.
4(x-10)=(y-10)
4x-40=y-10 => 4x=y+30-------------------- (1)
10 years hence:
2(x+10)=y+10
2x+20=y+10 => 2x=y-10----------------------(2)
(1)-(2) => 2x=20 => x=10 and y=2x+10 (from (2))
y=30.
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2. Omar bought 5 pens, 7 pencils and 4 erasers. Thaha bought 6 pens, 8 erasers and 14 pencils for
an amount which was half more than what Omar paid. What percent of the total amount paid
by Omar was paid for the pens?
Ans:
Let x denote pens, y denote pencils and z denote erasers.
5x+7y+4z=R
-----------------(1)
//by Omar
6x+14y+8z=1.5R -----------------(2)
//by Thaha
(1)*2-(2)
=> 10x-6x=2R-1.5R
=> 4x=0.5R
=> x=0.125R
For 5 pens= 5x= 0.625R i.e, 62.5%
3. The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than denominator of the fraction. If number is increased by
1, the numerator is increased by 4 while denominator remains the same. Find the number.
Ans: let numerator be x.
when increased by 1,
+ 1=
also given that numerator increases by 4. So (2x+3)-x=4
=> x+3=4
x=1
and => number is
4. Amrita Kottari buys two types of pens. One type of Rs.2 and other of Rs.5. total she spent Rs.
100. If she buys a total of 44 pens, find the number of Rs.5 pens she bought?
Ans:
Let number of Rs.2 pens Amrita bought be x
And Let number of Rs.5 pens Amrita bought be y
Given 2x+5y=100 and x+y=44.
Solving them, we get y=4 and x=40. Required answer= 4.
PROPORTIONS AND VARIATIONS
RATIO: The number of times one quantity contains another quantity of the same kind is called of the
two quantities.
Ex: Let A and B weigh 50kg and 30kg respectively. If we are to compare weights of A and B, we can say
that
The ratio of weight of A to that of B=
= 5/3
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Ratio in terms of percentage: for the above example, 5/3 100= 166.6%, for ,its 100= 50%
Compound Ratio: It is obtained by multiplying together the antecedents for a new antecedent, and the
consequents for a new consequent.
Ex: For 2:5, 6:2, 3:9 compound ratio =
= 36/90=2/5
Inverse Ratio: If 2:3 be the given ratio, then : or 3:2 is the inverse ratio.
If in x litres mixture of milk and water, the ratio of milk and water is a:b, the quantity of water to be
added in order to make this ratio c:d is
PROBLEMS:
1. Naveen can do a piece of work in 8 days. Nawaf is 60% more efficient than Naveen. Find the
number of days it takes Nawaf to do the same piece of work.
Ans: Naveen: Nawaf
Efficiency 100:160
Days:
160:100 => 8:5
Number of days taken by Nawaf= 8
= 5 days.
2. In 30 litres mixture of milk and water , the ratio of milk and water is 7:3. Find the quantity of
water to be added in the mixture in order to make this ratio 3:7.
Ans: 30 (77-33)/(3(7+3)) = 40 litres.
3. Sum of 3 numbers is 98. If the ratio between the first and second is 2:3 and that between the
second and third is 5:8, find the first number.
Ans:
a:b::2:3
c:d::5:8
then, ratio among first, second and third quantities is = ac:bc:bd
10:15:24
So the first number=
10 = 20
NOTE: Similarly in case of 4 numbers and the ratio is given as a:b, c:d, e:f. Then ace:bce:bde:bdf.
4. If Rs. 1000 is divided among A,B,C in such a way that A gets 2/3 of what B gets and B gets of
what C gets, then what is As share?
Ans:
a=2, b=3, c=1, d=4
ab:bc:bd
6:3:12
Then As share=
6 = Rs. 285.71
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5. The ages of Shaam and Balakrishna are in the ratio 3:1. If twenty years hence, the ratio will be
7:5, then what is the present age of Shaam?
Ans:
= 7/5
7 + 140 = 15 + 100
x=5
ARRANGEMENT PUZZLES:
PUZZLES
Placing persons or things in linear or circular order.
Ex: Six persons A,B,C,D,E,F are sitting in two rows, three in each. E is not at the end of any row. D is
second to the left of F. C is the neighbor of E and is sitting diagonally opposite to D. B is the neighbor of
F.
Ans:
Row 1
__
__ __
Row 2
__
__ __
E is not at the end of any row =>

Row 1 __ E __
Or
Row 2 __ E __
D is second to the left of F =>

Row 1 D E F
Or
Row 2 D E F
C is the neighbor of E (ie E cannot sit with D and F) and (E) is sitting diagonally opposite to D =>
Row 1
D __ F
Row 2
__ E C
B is the neighbor of F =>

Row 1
D B F
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Row 2
A E C
SELECTION PUZZLES:
Ex: The starting line-up for the school volleyball team is chosen from following two groups:
Group A: Manjunath, Suhaim, Fameez, Mohan.
Group B: Thaha, Omar, Jickson, Yajnesh, Vishal.
The following requirements must be met:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Three players are chosen from group A and three from group B.
Jickson plays only if Fameez plays.
Suhaim and Fameez both dont play.
If Jickson plays, then Yajnesh does not.
Exactly 3 of the four spikersManjunath, Fameez, Jickson, Vishal must be chosen.
1. If Jickson plays, which of the following must also play?

a. Yajnesh or Manjunath.
b. Suhaim or Thaha.
c. Suhaim or Manjunath.
d. Manjunath or Vishal.
e. Yajnesh or Omar.
From condition (2), Jickson-- Fameez. From condition (5), choosing Manjunath or Vishal. So
option (d)
2. All of the following pairs of players play together EXCEPT:
a. Mohan and Suhaim.
b. Jickson and Manjunath.
c. Omar and Manjunath.
d. Manjunath and Fameez.
e. Vishal and Yajnesh.
Starting with option (a),
Both are from group A, so other 3 players from group B must be chosen. Also, all 3 from group B
must be spikers. But neither option (d) nor (e), gives exactly 3 spikers. So the 3 rd spiker cannot
be selected. Answer is (a).
TASK ASSIGNMENT PUZZLE:

Ex:
Professor Viru, Head of CSE at SP university, is making the time table. Besides himself, there are four
other professors- Walia, Nayar, Dhar, Ehsan.
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Their availability is subject to the following constraints:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Walia cannot teach on Monday or Thursday.

Dhar cannot teach on Wednesday.
Ehsan cannot teach on Monday or Friday.
Nayar can teach anytime.
Viru cannot teach evening classes.
Walia can teach only evening classes.
Viru cannot teach on Wednesday if Nayar teaches on Thursday, and Nayar teaches on
Thursday if Viru cannot teach on Wednesday.
At any given time there are always three classes being taught.
Ans:
Following table indicates X on the elimation grid (at time when teacher does not work).
Walia
Dhar
Nair
Ehsan
Viru
am
pm
am
pm
am
pm
am
pm
am
pm
M
X
X
T
X
X
X
F
X
X
X
X
1. At which time can Walia, Dhar and Ehsan all be teaching?

a. Monday morning
b. Friday evening
c. Tuesday evening
d. Friday morning
e. Wednesday morning.
T
X
X
X
X
Questions will be of this form:
Ans: from table, (c)
W
X
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TIME AND WORK
If M1 number of men work do W1 works in D1 days, M2 number of men work do W2 works in

D2 days, then:
M1D1W2=M2D2W1 or
If we include working hours, then:
M1D1T1W2=M2D2T2W1
If we include efficiency, then:
M1D1T1E1W2=M2D2T2E2W1
Ex:
5 men can prepare 6 toys in 7 days working 8 hours a day. Then in how many days can 10 men prepare
11 toys working 12 hours a day?
Ans:
51178=10612D2
D2=
= 4.28
If A can do a piece of work in x days and B can do it in y days, then A and B together can do
the same work in
days.
Ex: Arvind can do a piece of work in 15 days and Ashwin can do it in 10 days. How long will they take if
they both work together?
Ans:
Method 1: (1510)/(15+10)= 6 days
//using above formula
Method 2:
Work done by Arvind in 1 day = 1/15
Work done by Arvind in 1 day = 1/10.
Work done by Arvind and Ashwin in 1 day = 1/15+1/10 = 1/6
1/6 X = 1
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X= 6 days.
If A can do a piece of work in x days, B can do it in y days,C in z days. Then A, B and C together
can do the same work in
days.
If A and B can do a piece of work in x days and A alone can do it in y days, then B alone can do
the same work in
days.
PROBLEMS:
1. If Shaheen can build a wall in 20 days, Mithesh can build the same in 30 days. Devi can destroy
the wall in 60 days. If all the 3 work together, how many days is it required to build the wall?
Ans:
1/20+1/30-1/60=1/15
1/15 X= 1
X = 15 days.
2. 36 men work 10 hours every day and can complete a work in 20 days. 8 days after they started
working, 18 more men joined them and worked for 10 hours each day. How many more days
will they take to complete the remaining work?
Ans:

=
=
+
+
7200 = 2880 + 540 D2

D2 = 8 days.
PIPES AND CISTERNS

Using method 2 from above work and time problem.
Ex:
A backyard swimming pool is being filled by 2 different hoses. One hose can fill the pool in 10 hours,
other hose needs 14 hours. How long will it take for the two hoses to fill the pool if they are turned on at
the same time?
Ans:
x/10 + x/14 = 1
7x+ 5x=70
12x=70
x= 5.833
i.e 5 hours, 60*0.833=50 mins.
//60 mins per hour.
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SPEED, TIME AND DISTANCE

Distance= SpeedTime
If the speed of a body is changed in the ratio a:b, then the ratio of the time
taken changes in the ratio b:a.
x km/hr=(x )m/sec
x metres/sec=(x )km/hr
Ex:
Yashaswini covers 50km from Udupi to Mangalore in 2 hours. How mush time will Sahana take to cover
the same distance if shes a slow driver and drivesat 3/5 times the speed of Yashaswini?
Ans:
Speed of Yashaswini = D/T = 50/2=25Km/hr.

Speed of Sahana= 3/5 Speed of Yashaswini= 3/5 25 = 15Km/hr
Time taken= D/S = 50/15 = 3.33hrs.
3hours, 60 0.33= 20 mins.
//1hour=60mins
If a certain distance is covered at x km/hr and the same distance is covered at

y km/hr then the average speed during the whole journey is
km/hr.
Ex:
1. Sanoob covers a certain distance by car driving at 70km/hr and he returns back on a scooter at
55km/hr. Find the average speed of the whole journey.
Ans:
= 61.6 km/hr.
2. Arshadh walking at a speed of 10km/hr from hostel reaches college 15 mins late. Next time he
increases his speed by 2 km/hr, but still he is late by 5 mins. Find the distance of his college from
hostel.
Ans:
Difference in time= 15-5=10mins = 10/60 = 1/6 hrs.
Speed during first journey= 10km/hr.
His speed during next journey= 10+2=12km/hr.
Distance=ST=
(1/6)=10kms.
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3. Vishal does a journey in 10hrs. if he covers his first half of his journey at 21km/hr and the second
half at 24km/hr. find the distance.
Ans:
Let distance be x km.
Then x/2 is travelled at speed of 21km/hr and remaining x/2 at 24km/hr.
Then, time taken for whole journey, T= D/S
/
= 10hrs.
=> x= 224kms.
RELATIVE DISTANCE:
Distance of one moving body with respect to another moving body at the start and at the end of the
journey is called relative speed.
TYPES:
1. When two bodies are travelling in the SAME direction.
Average speed= S1-S2
Time =
2. When two bodies are travelling in the OPPOSITE direction.

Average speed= S1+S2
Time =
Ex:
1. Car A travels at a speed of 60km/hr and car B at a speed of 80km/hr in the same direction. Car A
is 65km ahead of car B. how much time will Car B take to meet Car A.
Ans:
Speed= 80-60=20km/hr
Initial distance between car A and car B = 65km.
Final distance between car A and car B = 0km.
Time= (65)/(20)= 3.25 i.e 3 hours, 60*0.25=15 mins.
2. Car A travels at a speed of 60km/hr and car B at a speed of 80km/hr in opposite direction. Car A
is 840km apart from car B. how much time will Car B take to meet Car A.
Ans:
Speed= 80+60=140km/hr
Initial distance between car A and car B = 840km.
Final distance between car A and car B = 0km.
Time= (840)/(140)= 6 hours.
TRAINS:
RELATIVE SPEED concept is taken into consideration.
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1. Time taken for a train to cross a pole = distance/speed

= length of the train/speed of the train.
2. Time taken for a train to cross a bridge or a railway station
= (length of the train+length of the bridge)/speed of the train.
PROBLEMS:
1. What is the time taken for a train of length of 200 metres travelling at a speed of 10 m/s to
completely cross a pole?
Ans:
200/10 = 20sec.
2. What is the time taken for a train of length of 200 metres travelling at a speed of 10 m/s to
completely cross a platform of 200 metres?
Ans:
(200+200)/10 = 40sec.
3. Two trains 120 metres and 100 metres in length respectively are running in opposite directions ,
at a speed of 40km/hr and 32km/hr respectively. In what time will they completely clear of each
other from the moment they meet?
Ans:
speed= 40+32=72km/hr = 725/18 = 20m/s
time= (120+100)/20 = 11sec
4. Two trains 120 metres and 100 metres in length respectively are running in same directions , at
a speed of 40km/hr and 32km/hr respectively. In what time will they completely clear of each
other from the moment they meet?
Ans:
speed= 40-32=8km/hr = 85/18 = (20/9)m/s
time= (120+100)/(20/9) = 99sec
5. Two trains start at the same time from Bangalore and Mangalore and proceed towards each
other at the rate of 80km and 90km per hour respectively. When they meet, it is found that one
train has already travelled 160km more than the other. Find the distance between Bangalore
and Mangalore.
Ans:
Mangalore train moves 10km more in 1 hour = 10km/hr.
160km more travelled in T=D/S= 160/10 = 16hrs.
They are moving in opposite direction, so average speed , S= 80+90= 170km/hr.
In 16 hrs, D= ST= 170 16 = 2720 km.
Distance = 2720kms.
STREAMS:
Boat and swimmer problems.

Still and moving water of the stream.
Upstream and downstream.
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1. If speed of the boat is x and if speed of the boat is y then, UPSTREAM (boat is moving
against the stream) speed of boat= x-y. DOWNSTREAM (boat is moving with the
stream) speed of boat= x+y.
2. If x km/hr be the boat/swimmers rate in still water and y km/hr be the rate of the
current. Then
a) Swimmers rate with current= x+y
b) Swimmers rate against current=x-y
3. If x is the speed of the boat downstream and y is the speed of the boat upstream, then
a) Speed of the boat in still water=(x+y)/2
b) Speed of the water/stream= (x-y)/2
Ex: A man can row upstream at 10km/hr and downstream at 16km/hr. find the mans rate in still water
and the rate of the current.
Ans:
Rate in still water = (10+16)/2 = 13km/hr.

Rate of current = (16-10)/2 = 3km/hr.
RACES:
1. CIRCULAR TRACKS:
L is the length of the track.
Speed of A is x and of B
is y.
Speed of A is x, B is y
and of C is z.
Circular Tracks
Running in same
direction
Running in opposite
direction
Time taken to meet for

the first time
L/(x-y)
L/(x+y)

the first time at the
starting point
LCM of (L/x , L/y)
LCM of (L/x , L/y)

the first time
LCM(L/(x-y) , L/(y-z) ,
L/(z-x))
LCM(Relative time of
AB,BC,CA)

the first time at the
starting point
LCM of (L/x , L/y)
LCM of (L/x , L/y)
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2. LINEAR TRACKS:
1. A can give B a 200m startup and C a 300m start in a race of 1 km. How many metres startup can
B give to C in a 1km race?
Ans:
So 1km, when A completes 1000m, B completes 800m and C completes 700m.

When B completes 100m, ie 25% more, even C completes 25% more, ie 875. Then 1000875=125m.
CLOCKS:
Angle in a circle = Angle in a clock = 360
Hour space = 360/12 = 30
Minute space = 360/60 = 6
PROBABILITY:
Measurement of uncertainity.
PROBABILITY
Probability of occurance of a event = P(E) =
( )
( )
, N(E) is number of favourable outcomes of the
occurance of the event. N(S) is the total number of outcomes in the sample space.
RANDOM EXPERIMENT:
It is an experiment, trial or observation that can be repeated numerous times under the same conditions
while the outcome of the experiment cannot be predicted with certainity, before the experiment is
conducted. Eg; Tossing a coin, Rolling a dice.
SAMPLE SPACE:
Set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment.
EVENT:
Subset of a sample space.
p=1-q where p=occurance of the event, q= not occurance of that event.
Probability of occurance of 2 events E1 and E2, P(E1E2)= P(E1)+P(E2)-P(E1E2)
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CARD:
In a pack of cards, 52 cards. In which 13 spades, 13 hearts, 13 diamonds, 13 clubs. Hearts and diamonds
are red in color. The clubs and spades are black in color. In each set of these 13 cards, there are nine in
number- cards: 2 to 10 are four face cards: ace, jack, king and queen.
PROBLEMS:
1. When a dice is thrown, what is the probability that (a) number is odd? (b) number is prime or
odd?
Ans:
(a) dice: 1,2,3,4,5,6
Odd numbers: 1,3,5.
( , , )
=
( , , , , , )
Required probability =
3/6= 0.5 = 50%
(b) P((2,3,5)(1,3,5))= P(2,3,5)+P(1,3,5)-P((2,3,5)(1,3,5))

= 3/6 + 3/6 2/6 = 2/3
2. When 2 dice are thrown, what is the probability that (a) sum of numbers appeared is 6 or 7? (b)
sum of numbers appeared is >1 and <=6?
Ans:
(a) Total number of events in sample space= 6 6 = 36
(numbers in dice 1 numbers in dice 2)
Sum as 6, E1: {(1,5),(2,4),(3,3),(5,1),(4,2)} and sum as 7,|
E2: {(1,6), (2,5), (3,4),(6,1),(5,2),(4,3)}
P(E1E2) = P(E1)+P(E2)-P(E1E2)
= 5/36 + 6/36 + 0 = 11/36 = 0.3055 = 30.55%
(b) Desired sum of numbers = 2,3,4,5,6
For 2: {(1,1)},
3:{(1,2),(2,1)}
5:{(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1)}
4:{(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}
6:{( 1,5),(2,4),(3,3),(5,1),(4,2)}
N(2)+N(3)++N(6) = 1+2+3+4+5=15
Required Probability = 15/36 = 0.41667 = 41.667%
3. A card is drawn from a pack of cards. What is the probability that it is (a) a card of black suit? (b)
an honours card of red suit? (c) a card having a number less than 7 (d) a king or a queen?
Ans:
52 cards from which 1 card is selected = 52C2 = 52.
(a) 26C1/52 = 26/52 = 0.5
(b) (42)/52 = 2/13
(c) (54)/52 = 5/13
(d) P(K Q) = P(K)+P(Q)-P(KQ) = 4/52+4/42-0 = 1/13+1/13 = 2/13
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DATA SUFFICIENCY
Data sufficiency problem consists of a question and two statements, labeled (1) and (2). Each statement
has some data. You must decide whether the data given in the statements is sufficient for answering the
questions. The options will be given as follows:
(a) Statement (1) alone is sufficient to answer to the given question, but (2) alone is not sufficient.
(b) Statement (2) alone is sufficient to answer to the given question, but (1) alone is not sufficient.
(c) Both (1) and (2) together are suffiecient to answer the question, but neither of them alone are
not sufficient.
(d) Each statement (1) and (2) alone are sufficient to answer to the given question.
(e) Both (1) and (2) together are not suffiecient to answer the question, additional data required.
Example:
1. How many people are there at the party?
(1) The party has between 20 and 30 people.
(2) The number of people at the party is a prime number between 24 and 30.
Given options:
a) Statement (1) alone is sufficient to answer to the given question, but (2) alone is not
sufficient.
b) Statement (2) alone is sufficient to answer to the given question, but (1) alone is not
sufficient.
c) Both (1) and (2) together are suffiecient to answer the question, but neither of them alone
are not sufficient.
d) Each statement (1) and (2) alone are sufficient to answer to the given question.
e) Both (1) and (2) together are not suffiecient to answer the question, additional data
required.
Ans: First check option (1). This is not enough to guess the answer. Now check option (2). Prime
numbers between 24 and 30 = 29.
So, option (b) is the answer.
2. How many students in a class play football ?
(1) Only boys play football.
(2) There are forty boys and thirty girls in the class.
Ans: option (e). It is not mentioned whether all the boys or a proportion of them play football.
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CUBES
6 square faces, 12 edges and 8 corners.

1. If a cube is cut into (p+q+r) cuts such that p cuts on x-axis, q cuts on y-axis and r
cuts on z-axis, then the total of cubes/cuboids (identical/non-identical) the cube can
be divided into is (p+1)(q+1)(r+1).
2. A cube can be cut in x,y,z axis to get maximum number of identical pieces, we need to
cut the cube in all the three axis such that the difference between one axis cut and the
other axis cut is minimum ie cuts should be as uniformly distributed as possible
among the three axes such that number of cuts made in atleast two of the axes is
equal.
3. When a cube is dipped in paint and cut into identical smaller cubes. If n is the
number of pieces on each side.
Total number of cubes
n3
One face painted cubes
6(n-2)2
Two face painted cubes
12(n-2)
Three face painted cubes
None of the faces coloured
(n-2)3
PROBLEMS:
1. What is the maximum number of identical pieces we obtain if a large cube is cut 13 times?
Ans:
we have to divide the cube in x,y and z axis. Now 13/3=4.33. so cut into 3 axis through
4,4,5 cuts.
// (4+4+5=13)
Hence number of pieces = (5+1)(4+1)(4+1)=150
2. A large cube is painted green and then cut to obtain 216 small identical cubes.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The number of small cubes that have one face painted?

The number of small cubes that have 3 faces painted?
The number of cubes with atmost 2 faces painted?
The number of small cubes has 0 faces painted?
Ans:
finding n.
(n)(n)(n)=216
(n)3=216
n=6
(a) One face painted = 6(n-2)2= 6(6-2)2= 96
(b) Three faces painted = 8
(c) At most 2 faces painted = 0 faces painted+1 faces painted+2 faces painted=
(n-2)3+96+12(n-2) = 64+96+48 = 208
(d) 64
NON VERBAL REASONING
Problems based on continuation of figures, analytical reasoning.
PROBLEMS:
1.
Ans: option (2)
2.
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Ans: option (4)
3. Find the number of triangles in the figure below.
Ans: label the figure
The simplest triangles are AHG, AIG, AIB, JFE, CJE and CED i.e. 6 in number. The triangles
composed of two components each are ABG, CFE, ACJ and EGI i.e. 4 in number. The triangles
composed of three components each are ACE, AGE and CFD i.e. 3 in number. There is only one
triangle i.e. AHE composed of four components. Therefore, There are 6 + 4 + 3 + 1 = 14 triangles
in the given figure.
4.
Select a figure from amongst the Answer Figures which will continue the same series as
established by the five Problem Figures.
Ans: (3)
5.
Ans: (2)
6. Choose the alternative which is closely resembles the mirror image of the given combination.
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Ans: (4)
TABLE CHART
DATA INTERPRETATION
Study the following table and answer the questions based on it. The following table gives the percentage
of marks obtained by seven students in six different subjects in an examination.
Subject (max marks)

Student
Ayush
Aman
Sajal
Rohit
Muskan
Tanvi
Tarun
Maths
Chemistry
Physics
Geography
History
Computer
150
130
120
100
60
40
90
100
90
80
80
70
65
50
80
60
65
65
75
35
90
80
70
80
85
65
50
60
40
70
80
95
85
77
70
80
90
60
50
40
80
80
70
70
60
90
60
80
1. What are the average marks obtained by all the seven students in Physics?
Ans: Average marks obtained in Physics by all the seven students
= 1/7 [ (90% of 120) + (80% of 120) + (70% of 120) + (80% of 120) + (85% of 120) + (65% of 120)
+ (50% of 120) ]
= 1/7 [ (90 + 80 + 70 + 80 + 85 + 65 + 50)% of 120 ]
= 1/7 [ 520% of 120 ]
= 89.14
2. The number of students who obtained 60% and above marks in all subjects is?
Ans: 2
From the table it is clear that Sajal and Rohit have 60% or more marks in each of the six subjects.
3. What was the aggregate of marks obtained by Sajal in all the six subjects?
Ans: Aggregate marks obtained by Sajal
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= [(90% of 150)+(60% of 130)+(70% of 120)+(70% of 100)+(90% of 60)+(70% of 40) ]

= [ 135 + 78 + 84 + 70 + 54 + 28 ] = 449
4. What is the overall percentage of Tarun?
Ans: 60%
Aggregate marks obtained by Tarun = [(65% of 150)+(35% of 130)+(50% of 120)+((77% of
100)+(80% of 60)+(80% of 40) ]
= [ 97.5 + 45.5 + 60 + 77 + 48 + 32 ] = 360.
The maximum marks (of all the six subjects) = (150 + 130 + 120 + 100 + 60 + 40) = 600.
Overall percentage of Tarun = (360/600 100)% = 60%
BAR CHART
The bar graph given below shows the data of the production of paper (in lakh tonnes) by three different
companies X, Y and Z over the years.
1. For which of the following years, the percentage rise/fall in production from the previous year is
the maximum for Company Y?
Ans: Percengate change (rise/fall) in the production of Company Y in comparison to the previous
year, for different years are:
For 1997: ((35-25)/25 100) % = 40%
For 1998: ((35-35)/25 100) % = 0
For 1999: ((40-35)/35 100) % = 14.29%
For 2000: ((50-40)/40 100) % = 25%
Hence, the maximum percentage rise/fall in the production of Company Y is for 1997.
2. What is the ratio of the average production of Company X in the period 1998-2000 to the
average production of Company Y in the same period?
Ans: Average production of Company X in the period 1998-2000
= [1/3 (25+50+40) ] 115/3 lakh tons.
Average production of Company Y in the period 1998-2000
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= [1/3 (35+40+50) ] 125/3 lakh tons.

Required ratio = (115/3) / (125/3) = 115/125 = 23/25.
3. The average production for five years was maximum for which company?
Ans: Average production (in lakh tons) in five years for the three companies are:
For Company X = [1/5 x (30 + 45 + 25 + 50 + 40)] = 190/5 = 38.
For Company Y = [1/5 x (25 + 35 + 35 + 40 + 50)] = 185/5 = 37.
For Company Z = [1/5 x (35 + 40 + 45 + 35 + 35)] = 190/5 = 38.
Average production of five years is maximum for both the Companies X and Z.
4. In which year was the percentage of production of Company Z to the production of Company Y
the maximum?
Ans: The percentages of production of Company Z to the production of Company Z for various
years are:
For 1996: (35/25 100) = 140%
For 1997: (40/35 100) = 114.29%
For 1997: (45/35 100) = 128.57%
For 1997: (35/40 100) = 87.5%
For 1997: (35/50 100) = 70%
Clearly, this percentage is highest for 1996.
5. What is the percentage increase in the production of Company Y from 1996 to 1999?
Ans: Percentage increase in the production of Company Y from 1996 to 1999
[ (40-25)/25 100 ] % = 60%
PIE CHART
The following pie-chart shows the percentage distribution of the expenditure incurred in publishing a
book. Study the pie-chart and the answer the questions based on it.
1. If for a certain quantity of books, the publisher has to pay Rs. 30,600 as printing cost, then what
will be amount of royalty to be paid for these books?
Ans: Let the amount of Royalty to be paid for these books be Rs. r.
Then, 20 : 15 = 30600 : r
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r = Rs. (3060015 / 20) = Rs. 22,950.

2. What is the central angle of the sector corresponding to the expenditure incurred on Royalty?
Ans: Central angle corresponding to Royalty = (15% of 360) = 54
3. Royalty on the book is less than the printing cost by?
Ans: Printing Cost of book = 20% of C.P.
Royalty on book = 15% of C.P.
Difference = (20% of C.P.) - (15% of C.P) = 5% of C.P.
Percentage difference = [ difference/printing cost 100 ] %
= [ 5% of C.P/printing cost 100 ] % = 25%
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THE ART OF FACING INTERVIEWS
Do what you love and Love what you do. A

small and cute saying which you should always
keep in mind. Because you can enjoy and grow
only if you do a work which you like or you
have interest on.
I have seen many of my friends crying because
they were eliminated for Placement drives and
interviews. Actually they are all lucky because
at least they got a chance to attend interviews
and its an experience. Till the 7th Semester my
aggregate was 59.8%. I did not even have the
minimum eligibility to attend interviews.

But after completing Engineering in Computer Science with first class. I have attended more than 10
interviews till date. Not just in software domain but also for marketing, HR, Sales, management and the
list goes! Because I like attending interviews. The basic thing which you need to attend interview is
confidence and for that you should know English. I know many of them who dont have a good language
but are street smart and knows the work. But Im very sorry to say that 99% of the interviewers checks
your language. Even if you have strong technical knowledge without language they are not going to hire
you. To improve your English the most effective way is to talk. I also recommend to read THE HINDU
newspaper daily. By reading newspaper you can improve your vocabulary by using the new words you
find in the newspaper in your daily conversation.
Many of you all can clear the aptitude test if you prepare. But when you get into next level, it may be
Group Discussion or interview you may get eliminated as you are not used to it or have experienced it.
For tackling this problem many colleges have placement training in which they teach how to ace this.
And whenever you get a chance to speak in front of an audience. Go ahead By doing this slowly you can
completely eliminate your stage fear.
For any face to face interview. There are 5 golden rules that you have to keep in mind
Here it goes
Know Yourself
Know your academics
Research the position you seek
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Positive Impression
Be Honest
KNOW YOURSELF
The first thing which every interviewer sees is whether we have the skills that are considered to be
crucial to the position which we have applied for. So in order to convince the interviewer that you do
meet the requirements that they have in mind, you have to be able to communicate your skills well. And
for that you should know about your abilities. Your strengths and Weaknesses.
KNOW YOUR ACADEMICS
Brush your technical knowledge. The more you know says your ability to gain knowledge. Apart from the
knowledge on your core stream. You should know what is happening in the world. Current affairs is very
important and for that you have to read newspaper daily. Apart from technical knowledge. Make sure
you have a firm grip on whatever you have written in your resume.
RESEARCH THE POSITION YOU SEEK
Know about the position you are seeking for. Its roles duties etc and also about the company. Go
through the companies Wikipedia page.
CREATE A POSITIVE IMPRESSION
The most important of all is to create a positive impression and this happens within few minutes of the
interview. Most selection decisions are made within five minutes of an interview. The interviewer checks
on your body language, appearance and attitude in the face of stress. So dress appropriately, smile, be
calm, act mature even if you are not!! And dont lose your control
BE HONEST
Never lie during an interview. Be honest Be natural and above all be yourself. If you dont know
something say you dont know, dont try to act smart and conceal your ignorance. Always know that
interviewers are smarter than you. You may not know all the answers but what the interviewer sees is
how you tackle a problem or your approach to it
FEW GENERAL TIPS
Make sure you know the time the interview will be held. Confirm that you will be attending
Arrive at least 15 minutes before the time
Always carry a file to carry your required documents
Be calm look at everyone and relax
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Be a good listener If you did not understand a question request the interviewer to repeat. You
wont lose your job because of that
Dont always speak about the salary
Keeping all this in mind. Do your homework, be positive and give it your very best shot. Above all that
learn from your experience and never give up hope.
BECAUSE YOU ARE THE BEST
Best of Luck for your Future
Sanoob Sidiq
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Image Courtesy The Economic Times
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References: www.iutraining.com, www.myethnus.com

Visit www.vtulife.com for all placement materials,

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Mothers or Fathers son

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Similar question 1: Pointing to a photograph, Arshadh said he is my fathers mothers daughters

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To measure your ability to reason without words.

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SERIES OF SQUARES, CUBES, ETC

Two layer arithmetic series:

It can be also solved as:

Three layer arithmetic series:

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ALPHABETIC SERIES AND LETTER

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SET THEORY, VENN DIAGRAMS

SET: Well defined collection of objects.

EMPTY SET/NULL SET/VOID SET:

SUBSET AND SUPERSET

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ALGEBRAIC LAWS OF SETS

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VENN DIAGRAM PROBLEMS

Animals, cows, dogs

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Percentage is a way of expressing a number as fraction of 100.

Some Important Conversions:

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2. If A is x% of C and B is y% of C, then A is x/y 100% of B.

3. X% of a quantity is taken by the first. Y% of the remaining is taken by

4. X% of a quantity is added. Then again y% is added to that and again z%

7. If there is a increase in % or quantity of a number.

Prepared By: Sushma Shetty

8. If there is a decrease in % or quantity of a number.

9. When population P increases by x% for one year and then decreases by

If a number A is x% more than B, then B is (

If a number A is x% less than B, then B is (

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PROFIT AND LOSS

Cost price (CP) is the price at which the good is bought.

Marked price (MP) is the price on the tag of the product.

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Interest is a percentage of some amount of money.

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AVERAGES, MIXTURES AND

Average is termed as the mean of all values.

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AVERAGE RELATED TO SPEED:

ALLIGATION AND MIXTURES

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By the allegation rule: 0.15/0.25 = 15/25 = 3/5

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

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P5= 8!/(8-5)! = 6720.

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If clockwise and anticlockwise directions are distinguishable. The number of clockwise

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FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Last digit of number must be divisible by 2