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Cada uno de los seis msculos extraoculares participa para posicionar el ojo sobre
tres ejes de rotacin. La accin principal de un msculo es su efecto sobre la
rotacin del ojo.
Los efectos menores son llamados acciones secundarias y terciarias. La accin
precisa de cada msculo depende de la orientacin del ojo en la rbita y la
influencia de los tejidos conjuntivos orbitales, que regulan la direccin de accin de
los msculos extraoculares al actuar como sus orgenes mecnicos funcionales (la
hiptesis de la polea activa).
Los msculos rectos lateral y central aducen y abducen el ojo, respectivamente,
con poco efecto sobre la elevacin y la torsin. Los msculos oblicuo y recto
verticales tiene ambas funciones (de torsin y vertical). En trminos generales, los
msculos rectos verticales son los elevadores y depresores principales del ojo, y
los oblicuos estn involucrados sobre todo con el posicionamiento torsional. El
efecto vertical de los msculos rectos superior e inferior es mayor cuando el ojo es
abducido. El efecto vertical de los oblicuos es mayor cuando el ojo es aducido.
(Baker JD: Twenty-year follow-up of surgery for intermittent exotropia.J AAPOS 2008; 12;227.)
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