1.

Lenses
A. Lenses are commonly used to form images by refraction
B. Light passing through a lens experiences refraction at two surfaces
C. The image formed by a refracting surface serves as the object for the second surface
D. Lenses are used in optical instruments
a. Cameras
b. Telescopes
c. Microscopes
- WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAN BE PROJECTED ONTO A VIEWING SCREEN? A
REAL IMAGE

2. Types of Lenses
A. Two Common Types
a. Converging (Convex) Lens (for those who cant see near)
i.
Thicker at the center than edges
ii.
Converges light
b. Diverging (Concave) Lens (for those who cant see far)
i.
Thinner at the center than the edges
ii.
Diverges light

B. Thin Lens Equation the relationship among the focal length, the object distance and
the image distance is the same as for a mirror
a. P = Object Position
b. Q = Image Position
c. F = Focal Lens
C. Focal Length of a Converging Lens
a. The parallel rays pass through the lens and converge at the focal point
b. The parallel rays can come from the left or right of the lens

- A BURNING GLASS USED TO CONCENTRATE SUNLIGHT IN A TINY SPOT IS A:

CONVERGING LENS

D. Focal Length of a Diverging Lens

a. The parallel rays diverge after passing through the diverging lens
b. The focal point is the point where the rays appear to have originated

- THE TYPE OF LENS THAT SPREADS PARALLEL LIGHT IS A: DIVERGING LENS

3. Refracting Telescope
A. The two lenses are arranged so that the objective forms a real, inverted image of a
distant object
B. The image is near the focal point of the eyepiece
4. Lens Aberrations
A. Assumptions have been
a. Rays make small angles with the principal axis
b. The lenses are thin
B. The rays from a point object do not focus at a single point
a. The result is a blurred image
C. The departures of actual images from the ideal predicted by our model are called
aberrations
D. Spherical Aberration -this results from the focal points of light rays far from the
principal axis being different from the focal points of rays passing near the axis
E. Chromatic Aberration- different wavelengths of light refracted by a lens focus at
different points
F. d

IF THE N-VALUE IS SMALL, THEN YOU REFLECT LESS

- CHROMATIC ABERRATION IS A CONSEQUENCE OF DIFFERENT COLORS IN A LENS

HAVING DIFFERENT: SPEEDS
- LIGHT TAKES THE PATH FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER THAT IS THE: SHORTEST
(NOT QUICKEST)
- WHEN LIGHT MEETS A POLISHED REFLECTING SURFACE, IT PARTLY REFLECTS
- YOUR REFLECTED IMAGE IN A PLANE MIRROR IS AS FAR BEHIND THE MIRROR AS:
YOUR DISTANCE FROM THE MIRROR
- THE IMAGE OF YOURSELF IN A MIRROR IS ACTUALLY REVERSED: FRONT TO BACK
- WHETHER A PARTICULAR SURFACE ACTS AS A POLISHED REFLECTOR OR A DIFFUSE
REFLECTOR DEPENDS ON THE: WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT
- REFRACTED LIGHT THAT BENDS AWAY FROM THE NORMAL IS LIGHT THAT HAS:
SPEEDED UP
- ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION OCCURS WITH CHANGES IN: AIR TEMPERATURE
- THE FASTEST LIGHT INSIDE CLEAR GLASS IS: RED
- A RAINBOW IS THE RESULT OF LIGHT IN RAINDROPS THAT DOES NOT UNDERGO:
REFLECTION, INTERFERENCE, AND DIFFRACTION
- THE CRITICAL ANGLE IN TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OCCURS WHEN INCIDENT
LIGHT ON A SURFACE IS: REFRACTED AT NINETY DEGREES TO THE NORMAL
- A REAL IMAGE CAN BE CAST ON A SCREEN BY A: CONVERGING LENS
THE GLASSES OF A NEARSIGHTED PERSON ARE USUALLY THICKER AT THE: EDGES

***CONCAVE LENS (CONVEX MIRROR) GIVES YOU THE REAL IMAGE***

***CONVEX LENS (CONCAVE MIRROR) GIVES YOU THE VIRTUAL IMAGE***

SUMMARY:
1. A wave front is a surface along which the wave phase is constant. Rays, perpendicular to
the wave fronts, indicate the direction of propagation
2. Snells Law
3. Light entering a medium of higher n is bent towards the normal; light entering a medium
of lower n is bent away from the normal
4. When light enters a medium of lower n, there is a critical angle beyond whch the light
will be totally reflected