0418 6

System Performance Evaluation
of Advanced Radar Systems

through Simulation and Test
Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies
Agenda
SystemVue Radar Features

Radar Design Challenges and Solutions
Platform for simulation and Testing
Radar Models
Signal Source
Environment
Transmitter / Receiver
Pulse compression / Pulse Doppler processing / CFAR
Measurement
Application Examples
Pulse Doppler (PD)
Digital Array (DAR)
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Frequency Modulation Continue Waveform (FMCW)
Radar Component Test
Instrument Links
Application examples
2
Radar Design Challenge and Solution
Advanced Radar works in complex environment with complex channel

condition, strong clutters, jamming, interference and noise. System
Platform is needed for both design and verification
Proposed solution with the following Platform capability
Integration of components for the system performance
User-friendly UI for modeling using variety of languages such as
C++, Math Lang, MATLAB code
Algorithm creation/verification environment for signal processing
Link to test equipment to verify the implemented hardware
o Test sources include radar signal generation with RCS, Clutter, Jamming,
Doppler frequency offset
o Measurements include waveforms, spectra, detection rate, false alarm rate
(FAR)
o Estimation of speed, distance and angles for the detected target
Platform for Simulation

Waveform
Generation
RF
Transmitter
Duplexer
Target Environments
Antenna
(T/R units)
Measurement
Display
Digital
Signal
Processing
Signal Sources
T/R Modules
LFM
NLFM
Barker /Frank
Coded
UWB Source
FMCW
DAC,
DUC
DDS
LNA
DDC
ADC
Digital T/R
RCS, Clutter,
Jamming
RF
Receiver
Antenna
Radar Environment
Target
Antenna Models
RCS
Antenna Array
Clutter (1D & 2D)
Antenna Propagation Jammer
Interference
Signal Processing
Measurements
Digital Pulse Compression
Moving Target Indication (MTI)
Moving Target Detection (MTD)
Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR)

Digital Beamforming
Space-Time Adaptive
Processing (STAP)
Waveform
Spectrum
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Dynamic Range
Detection Rate
False Alarm Rate
Platform for Component Test

Waveform
Generation
RF
Transmitter
Duplexer
Target Environments
Antenna
(T/R units)
Measurement
Display
PSA/MXA/VSA/PXA
LA, Scopes
Digital
Signal
Processing
RCS, Clutter,
Jamming
RF
Receiver
Signal Processor
Hardware
ESG/PSG/MXG/PXB
81180/N6030/M9330
Agenda

Radar Models
Signal Source
Environment
Measurement
Pulse Doppler (PD)
Digital Array (DAR)
Instrument Links
6
Basic Source Models
Pulse signal generator

Linear FM pulse waveform (LFM)
Nonlinear FM waveform (NLFM)
Binary phase coded waveform (Barker)
Poly phase coded waveform (Frank, P-Code, ZC)
I
RADAR
LFM
R1 {RADAR_LFM@RADAR Models}
Pulsewidth=10e-6s [PulseWidth]
PRI=1e-3s [PRI]
PRI_Combination=1 [[1]]
Bandwidth=5e+6Hz [BandWidth]
FM_Offset=0 [[0]]
BB_SamplingRate=10e+6Hz [fs]
PRI
Pulse width
Q
spectrum
PRI: pulse repeat interval

7
Source Models
UWB signals including Pulse UWB, LFM UWB, Noise UWB and
OFDM UWB
FMCW Signal
UWB Signal
FMCW Signal
Radar Cross Section (RCS)

Radar Cross Section (RCS) is a measure of the size of the
target, as seen by the radar
Use statistical distribution to model RCS fluctuation
Type: Const Value, Uniform PDF, Gaussian PDF, Rayleigh
PDF, LogNormal PDF, Exponential PDF, Weibull PDF,
ChiSquared PDF, Gamma PDF, Beta PDF, F PDF, Binomial
CDF, Poisson CDF
Target Return
Model target echo received by radar antenna

Including RCS, Doppler, delay, attenuation, propagation effects
Fluctuant RCS types: Swirling 0, I, II, III, IV
Echo: u(t 2R0/c) exp(j2(fc+fd)t) exp(-j4fcR0 /c) A k
u(t): Tx signal
R0: target distance
v: target radial velocity
c: speed of light
fc: carrier frequency
Doppler frequency fd : 2 v fc / c
k: free space propagation
: RCS fluctuation
A: attenuation besides
free space propagation
10
Clutters
Clutter: echo from unwanted objects
Use statistical approach to model clutter; combination of
Probability density functions (PDF) for clutter amplitude
Rayleigh
Log-Normal
Weibull
Clutter power spectrum density (PSD)

Gaussian
Cauchy
All Pole
11
Transmitter
Digital UpConverter
Phase
Noise
DUC
Customizable
Tx Sub-Network
Filter Synthesis
NonLinearities
12
Receiver
Digital UpConverter
Customizable
Rx Sub-Network
RF Gain w/
noise figure
BPF
DDC
13
Pulse Compression
Filtering using DFT / IDFT
Matched filter h(t) = x*(TM-t)
Y(w) = S() H()

y(t) = IDFT( Y() )
s(t): received signal

Output: y(t) = s(t) convolve h(t)
Windowing
h(t) = x*(TM-t)
x(t)
s(t)
reverse /
conjugate
DFT
Y() = S() H() W()

Control side-lobes
Main lobe broadened
H()
DFT
DFT
Y()
S()
IDFT
y(t)
W()
window
14
Pulse Doppler Processing

MTI then MTD
MTI
Reduce clutter
Indicate only the presence of moving
target
MTD
Velocity
Approaching / receding
Multiple targets
15
Radar Detections
Mean law: x[n] = | c[n] |

Square law: x[n] = | c[n] |2
Log square law: x[n] = ln( | c[n] |2 )
c[n]: complex-valued cell in the Range-Doppler matrix
x[n] : real-valued cell in the Range-Doppler matrix after detector
If x[n] threshold T target detection
c[n]
x[n]
16
Constant False Alarm Detections

False alarms are caused by: noise, clutter, interference,
Neyman-Pearson criterion set constant PFA, then maximize PD
PFA: false alarm probability
PD: detection probability
CFAR detection: Given detector type and PFA, compute a

threshold T for each cell x[n]
If x[n] function(T) target detection, return x[n];
otherwise no target, return 0
False detection happens, we want false alarm rate PFA
CA
SOCA
GOCA
Clutter map
RADAR
CFAR
CFAR
CFAR_Type=CA
CellSize=4000 [PRI_Num]
ReferenceCell=32
GuardCell=4
Detector_Type=Square
Threshold=Pf
Pf=1e-6
Alpha=1.0
Beta=1.0
17
System performance Measurements

Basic measurements
Waveform
Spectrum
Signal Noise Ratio
Advanced measurements
Estimation of Distances and Speed
Detection probability
Pd = Number of Successful detection /
Total number of Tests
False Alarm probability
Pf = Number of False Error / Total Number
of Tests
18
Radar Range and Velocity Estimation
MTD filters are digital filters, so frequency

response is periodic
Nulls at multiples of PRF Hz
Blind to targets at corresponding radial
velocity
Could fix by raising PRF
Unambiguous range is inversely proportional
to PRF
Tradeoff in PRF choice required
vblind =
PRF
2
cPRF
=
2 f0
c
Rua =
2 PRF
19
Digital Array Radar (DAR)
Why DAR?
Three main challenges to the radar designer
o Achieving high dynamic range (DR) to allow the use of a large PA
o Achieving rapid volume searches while using an aperture with an inherently
narrow beam width
o Maintaining robust wideband imaging performance, even in the presence of
strong land-based jammers.
Digital array technology with digital Beamforming can be used to address
these three challenges.
Basic structure
Waveform
Generation
Transmitter
Digital Array
T/R Modules
Measurement
Display
Digital
Signal
Processing
Array
Antenna
Receiver
20
Digital Phased Array
As an example, consider an Uniform Line Array

Through signal processing as seen below, spatial filtering for interference can be
archived. Propagation can form a response pattern with higher sensitivity in
desired directions.
Electronically scanned radars eliminate the mechanical challenges and errors
associated with rotating and changing the elevation of a dish antenna. Array
elements can create simultaneous beams to increase flexibility and capability
sT (t )
x0 (t )
d
xi (t ) = sT (t i ), i = 1,2,...M
x1 (t )
w0
w1
d
= sin
c
( M 1)
y (t ) =
M 1
w x [t (M i 1)T ]
i =0
i i
xM (t )
wM
21
Digital Array T/R Modules
DAR basic structure includes T/R module, phase shifters, beam forming network
and the antenna elements
T/R modules are major components for both Passive electronically scanned
arrays (PESA) and Active electronically scanned arrays (AESA)
The dominant architecture recently is the AESA that feeds each antenna element
with a lower power solid-state T/R module. T/R module is a key for DAR
performance
22
Beamforming
Tx Beamformer
2D rectangular array transmission fixed Beamforming
Support spatial steering in azimuth and elevation
Support multiple simultaneous Tx beams
Windowing to suppress sidelobes
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
SignalPower_Cx
dB(SignalPower_Cx)
-0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
phi_deg
phi (0.000 to 3.142)
Beam pattern in dB
Beam pattern in polar

23
Beamforming Cont
Rx Beamformer
SignalPower_Cx
2D rectangular array receiver fixed beamforming

Support multiple simultaneous Rx beams
Windowing to suppress sidelobes
dB(SignalPower_Cx)
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
-130
-140
-150
-0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
phi (0.000 to 3.142)
phi_deg
Beam pattern in dB
Beam pattern in polar

24
Spatial Target
Model 2D rectangular array target returns
Including RCS, Doppler, delay, attenuation,
propagation effects
Fluctuant RCS types: Swirling 0, I, II, III, IV
RCS, Doppler,
delay, propagation
25
Ground Clutter
The clutter from a certain range patch
Nc Na
x(t) = amn s (m ,n , f m ,n )
m =1 n =1
amn, clutter in mth patch, nth range

Nc, number of azimuthal granularity
Na, number of range ambiguities
26
Combining Spatial Target and Clutter
27
STAP
Space-Time Adaptive Processing
wopt
PD utilize the Doppler domain dof(degree of

freedom) only
DBF utilize the angular domain dof
STAP utilize both Doppler and angular dof
2D filtering
Data aided optimal weight/filter coefficient
estimation
In future, will support sub-optimal, high
computational efficiency algorithms
R 1s
= H 1
s R s
28
Agenda

Radar Models
Signal Source
Environment
Measurement
Digital Array Radar (DAR)
Pulse Doppler (PD) Radar
Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radar
Frequency Modulation Continue Waveform (FMCW) Radar
Instrument Links
29
Example 1: DAR
As a template, this example can be used for DAR system components design
and evaluation
Key DAR components, working in complex environment, need to be modeled, simulated and
evaluated to create proof-of-concept results for novel radar architectures.
T/R modules constructing with different DDC, ADC, PA, System with phase/amplitude noise can be
designed and evaluated using the template.
DDC in the T/R Module
Digital T/R Module

System with DDC2
System with DDC1
30
Example 1: DAR
As a template, this example can be used for DAR system components design
and evaluation
Beamforming is used. By selecting different Theta and Phi the received signal clutter ratio can be
improved so that the the detection probability will be better.
Figure: Received waveforms with different angle setting
for beamforming
Theta=100 Phi=50
Theta=50 Phi=50
Table: Detection Probability Vs Angles
Pd
Theta=100 Phi=50
Theta=100 Phi=50
80%
100%
31
Example 2: PD Radar Ambiguity resolution
As a template, this example can be used for radar algorithm creation and
testing
PD Radar with single PRF only can estimate Radar parameters within limited
range and velocity.
Low-PRF waveforms are ambiguous in range but ambiguous in Doppler,
medium-PRF waveforms are ambiguous in both range and Doppler, and highPRF waveforms are ambiguous in range but unambiguous in Doppler.
An algorithm based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem is used to resolve the
ambiguity problem.
In the algorithm two PRF are used to resolve the ambiguity
True Value
Single PRF
Multi PRF
300
45
299
Velocity (m/s) 180
24
178
Range (KM)
32
Example 2: PD Radar Ambiguity resolution

Put your algorithm
model with M code
or C++ code or HDL
code here to
evaluated.
33
Example 3: UWB Radar
This example can be used for different UWB radar signal generation ,
processing and measurement
Ultra wide band
Bandwidth great than 0.5 GHz or
Bandwidth great than 25% of central frequency
Four types: Pulse UWB, LFM UWB, Noise UWB, OFDM UWB
Advantages
Through walls and obstacles capability for Geo- location and Positioning
High accuracy for target detection
Ease of signal generation and processing architectures
Multipath immunity
Low Cost
33
LFM UWB Radar
1. SV workspace for UWB Radar signal generation

2. Transmitter signal can be generated for LFM, NLFM and coded signals
3. Radar target return signals with RCS, Clutters, Jamming and interferences
also can be generated
35
Agilent EEsof EDA,
SV Workspace for Pulse UWB Radar
1. SV workspace for Pulse UWB Radar signal generation

2. Transmitter signal can be generated for Sort Pulse Signal with Gaussian Window
36
Agilent EEsof EDA,
SV Workspace for Noise UWB Radar
1. SV workspace for Noise UWB Radar signal generation

2. Transmitter signal can be generated for Noise UWB Radar
37
Agilent EEsof EDA,
Example 4: FMCW Radar
Math Lang Model
1. FMCW Radar simulation example is provided for system evaluation

2. Transmitter signal can be generated. Radar target return signals
with RCS, Clutters, Jamming and interferences also can be generated
3. Signal processing subnet model is created to processing the FMCW signal
4. Rage Estimation algorithm is created by using Math Lang model . Easy to use
5. Simulation results show the algorithm working properly.
38
Agilent EEsof EDA,
Agenda

Radar Models
Signal Source
Environment
Measurement
Pulse Doppler (PD)
Digital Array (DAR)
Instrument Links
39
Interface to Agilent Instruments UWB ARB
Link to UWB Signal Generator

SignalDownloader_81180: can be
used for linking to 81180
Parameter settings listed in the
following table
40
Interface to Agilent Instruments

Link to Signal Analyzer
VSA_89600_Source can be
used for capturing data from
MXA, PSA, PXA
Parameter settings listed in the
following table. We assume you
have known the following signal
parameters
SamplingRate
SignalRange
In SV examples, we will provide

a VSA setup file (in this case
test.set). User can use it as a
template and modify it for your
test case.
41
Integrated Test Solutions for Radar Test

Test System Configuration using SystemVue as the Integration Core Software
Integration Core Software
Test Schedule Control
Instruments Configuration
Signal Generator
DUT
Signal Analyzer
Advanced Waveforms Generation

DUT Configuration
DUT Output Capture
Golden Reference Receiver
Advanced Measurements
42
Basic Waveform Generation Target Return signals

Radar
Models
DOWNLOAD
FROM
SystemVue
SystemVue
Clutter, noise,
and Interference
LFM Transmission Signal
BB Pattern Generator
BB Arb. Waveform Gen
RF Signal Generator
Received Target Return Signal
Target Return Signal with Clutters

43
Advanced Measurements Receiver Test
PSA/MXA/VSA/PXA
LA, Scope
Signal Processor
Hardware
ESG/PSG/MXG/PXB
44
UWB Signal Generation and Measurement

M9330/
SystemVue/VSA 81180A
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wideband PSG
DUT
Infiniium Scope 90K/

M9392A
SV generates Radar Baseband I/Q data and download to 81180A/M9330/N6030

Wideband Radar test signal formed in 81180A and send to PSG wideband I,Q inputs
RF wideband signals send to DUT to test the RF Radar components
The output DUT is captured by using Infiniium scope and send back to the PC
for either direct analysis using VSA or further analysis using SV
45
Agilent EEsof EDA,
UWB Radar Test Platform Setup
46
Test Results
LFM UWB signal is generated using SV, downloaded to 81180 and PSG, then measured
by using 90000X Infiniium Scope. Spectrum, Time waveform, Phase and Group delay
are measured for the LFM UWB Signal with1 GHz BW and 1usc RPI
47
Agilent EEsof EDA,
Test Results
LFM UWB signal is generated using SV, downloaded to 81180 and PSG, then measured
by using 90000X Infiniium Scope. Spectrum, Time waveform, Phase and Group delay
are measured for the LFM UWB Signal with2 GHz BW and 1usc RPI
48
Agilent EEsof EDA,
Test Results
Pulse UWB signal is generated using SV, downloaded to 81180 and PSG, then
measured by using 90000X Infiniium Scope. Spectrum, Time waveform, Phase and
Group delay are measured for the LFM UWB Signal with0.5 GHz BW and 1usc RPI
49
Agilent EEsof EDA,
Wideband Signal Generation
Radar Received LFM signal with RCS generated using SV, N6030, PSG and
90000X Infiniium Scope.
50
Agilent EEsof EDA,
Summary
As seen from examples, SV Radar library can be used for PD, DAR,
UWB and FMCW radar design and testing
SystemVue can increase competitive advantages to System Design
and HW Tests
SystemVue has strong integration capability to integrate all SW models in C++,
MATLAB code, Math Lang, HDL code, together as a system. Without the
integration, each model in different format and very hard to be verified in the
system level for its performance
SV also can integrate all instruments together as a system test tool. Without the
integration each HW instrument just provide single functionality. With SystemVue
integration powerful system level solutions can be provided.
From functionality point of view Agilent Integrated Solutions can do more than any
competitors in the following areas
Generate custom waveforms
Advanced measurements
Embedded reference transmitters and receivers
51
Agilent EEsof EDA,
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill,Inc. 1990

D. Curtis Schleher, MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar, Artech
House, Inc. 1991
Dingqing Lu and Kong Yao "Importance Sampling Simulation
Techniques Applied to Estimating False Alarm Probabilities,"
Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 1989, pp.598-601
Dingqing Lu, Quasi-Analytical Method For Estimating low
False Alarm Rate, EuRAD2010, 2010.
52
Additional Resources
1. Agilent SystemVue W1905 Radar Model Library,
http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-6347EN.pdf
2. McClearnon, D. (2010), Defining a New Methodology for Radar System
Design, Microwave Product Digest,
http://www.mpdigest.com/issue/Articles/2010/oct/Agilent/Default.asp
3. http://www.agilent.com/find/eesof-systemvue-radar-library
4. Ditore, Frank, Radar Glossary
53
Agilent EEsof EDA,

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System Performance Evaluation

of Advanced Radar Systems

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

SystemVue Radar Features

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Radar Design Challenge and Solution

Advanced Radar works in complex environment with complex channel

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Platform for Simulation

Digital Pulse Compression

Moving Target Indication (MTI)

Moving Target Detection (MTD)

Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR)

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Platform for Component Test

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

SystemVue Radar Features

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Basic Source Models

Pulse signal generator

PRI: pulse repeat interval

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Radar Cross Section (RCS)

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Model target echo received by radar antenna

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Clutter power spectrum density (PSD)

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Matched filter h(t) = x*(TM-t)

Y(w) = S() H()

s(t): received signal

Y() = S() H() W()

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Pulse Doppler Processing

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Mean law: x[n] = | c[n] |

If x[n] threshold T target detection

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Constant False Alarm Detections

CFAR detection: Given detector type and PFA, compute a

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

System performance Measurements

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Radar Range and Velocity Estimation

MTD filters are digital filters, so frequency

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Digital Array Radar (DAR)

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Digital Phased Array

As an example, consider an Uniform Line Array

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Digital Array T/R Modules

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

phi (0.000 to 3.142)

Beam pattern in polar

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

2D rectangular array receiver fixed beamforming

phi (0.000 to 3.142)

Beam pattern in polar

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies