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Abstract:
This experiment shows how cold mixtures work and explains what
has happened chemically.
Theory
Pure ice (snow) melts when it becomes 0 C. At the melting point is the equilibrium
H2O (s) H2O (l). This is because there are hydrogen bonds between
water molecules and these are strong.
When a solid is added to water energy is consumed from the environment to break the
existing bondings and form new bonds between water molecules and ions/molecules. This
energy is taken from material (ice) and therefore decreases the temperature. The new solution
formed has a lower
melting point than pure water, because the new bondings are weaker.
The problem with slippery roads disappeared since the ice melted.
At the melting point we have the equilibrium:
H2O (s) + NaCl (s) H2O (l) + Na+ + ClThe freezing point is an example of a colligative property. This means that
it is not important what chemical it is, but the decisive factor in this case, is the concentration
of the dissolved substance.
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Corrosion
One problem that may occur when you salt the roads is that the cars rust
easier. For the metal on the car to rust, an oxidation and a
reduction have to take place. The salt enhances
conductivity, and helps to retain moisture on the metal which
makes the corrosion is facilitated. Metals rust more quickly when
is hot, so we can say that the reaction is temperature dependent.
The salt on the road is made up of chloride ions, forming complexes
triggered by metals, so that rusting occurs more rapidly. To
prevent rusting cars, you can paint the metal and to protect the underframe, so you can put on
a thick and tough
mass, underseal it. A new thought isto put sugar on the roads. Sugar does not contain
ions and hence do not contribute to corrosion.
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more glycerol, the worse the water molecules are packed around each other
and the lower the freezing point.
.
Water freezes at 0.0 C and pure glycol at -13 C. The mixture
between them bring about a freezing point reduction according
to Raoult's law. This law says that a solutions freezing point is
lower than the solvents. The reverse applies to boiling point
elevation.
Glycerol
Glycerol
Insects that live in the arctic zones produce large amounts of glycerol (CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH),
which is a substance similar to ethylene glycol. This includes our common housefly. The effect
is that the freezing point of blood drops and the insects can survive at very low temperatures
Technical information
This activity uses two or more temperature sensors. Is there more than two inputs, one can
measure the temperature change at additives of different substances or different amounts of
an additive, otherwise you can share the results between groups.
Equipment
Equipment
Data logger with 2 temperature sensors
Beaker
Different salts, eg NaCl, CaCl2, sugar, ethanol, glycol, glycerol
Ice and likely an Ice-slush, in order to disperse the ice.
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Results
1. NaCl Ice
2. CaCl2 Ice
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3. Ethanol Ice
4. Sugar Ice
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Variations
In addition to the above tests, students can themselves propose topics, but also glycol and
glycerol can be investigated.
We can explore what happens when you add different quantities of a single substance eg
glycols of different concentration: pure water, pure glycol, 50% of each, 30% glycol-70% water
and 10% glycol-90% water . Then you need for a freezer that is at least -25 C.
Ice heaving-Add a cotton thread on an ice cube, and try to lift the ice cubes with the thread.
(Tip: Pour salt on the thread) Explanation: When the salt sprinkled on the ice dissolves some
salt in the water layer on top. This solution process, a spontaneous endothermic process,
stealing the heat from the environment, ie it allows for the heat to dissolve the salt in the
water. The heat is taken including the water layer on top of ice cubes, which then freezes into
ice. In this way the thread freezes solid and you can lift up ice cubes with the thread.
How did they make ice cream before the freezer? (Ice was available) Pour a little juice in a
plastic bag for ice cubes and immerse it in a cold mixture.
Comments to the graphs: The activities were started when the contaminant was added.
Temperature increases at the beginning of the experiments due to the agitation of the solid icemass, due to that the temperature sensor was placed in air pockets under some/a few seconds,
and this can be easily seen on the graphs. At the end of the activities the temperature
increases in all the graphs. At that time the new solution will no longer take energy from their
surroundings, and simultaneously begins to adopt to the ambient temperature.
Risk analysis
Glycols (ethylene glycol) is toxic! Glycol should certainly not be ingested because it is highly
poisonous! Life-threatening poisoning can occur. It is very harmful to the nervous system and
kidneys. Avoid even the inhalation of glycol fumes in closed spaces.
Unused glycol is collected in plastic bottles or cans and is submitted to environmental deposit
sites.
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Environment
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