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Let's look at how this circuit works. If the output is not connected to a power voltage, then the voltages
applied to the inverting () and non-inverting (+) inputs are equal; the two inputs act as if shorted together;
we can envision an imaginary short. Since the voltage difference between this imaginary short and the
non-inverting input is 0 V, point A will also be at 0 V. By Ohm's Law, then, we have I 1 = Vin/R1.
Because op-amps have extremely high input impedance, there is virtually no current flow into the
inverting input (). Accordingly, I1 flows through point A and R2; this means that I1 and I2 are virtually equal.
Then, by Ohm's Law, we have Vout = I1 R2, where I1 is negative because I2flows from point A, where
the voltage is 0. Looking at this in another way: any attempt to raise the input voltage at the inverting input
() produces inverted and highly amplified output voltage that flows backward, passing through R 2 and
connecting to the inverted input terminal (), thereby suppressing the voltage rise at this terminal. The
system stabilizes at the output voltage that brings the voltage at the inverting input () to 0 V, equivalent
to the voltage at the non-inverting input.
Next, let's see how we can use the relationship between input and output to find the op-amp's gain.
Specifically, Vout/Vin = (I1 R2) / (I1 R1) = R2/R1. The gain is negative because the output waveform
phase is opposite that of the input waveform.
An important thing to note about the above equation is that the gain is entirely determined by the ratio of
resistances R2 and R1. Accordingly, you can change the gain simply by changing the resistances. So
while the op-amp itself has a high gain, appropriate use of negative feedback can reduce the actual
amplification to the desired level.
follows that I1 = I2. And as Vout is the sum of voltages at R1 and R2, we know that Vout= R2 I2 + R1 I1.
We can rearrange these expressions to find the gain G, like this: G = Vout/Vin = (1 + R 2/R1)
Because this amplifier preserves the phase, it is often found in applications where phase considerations
are an issue.
Note also that if R1 is removed from the circuit and R2 is set to 0 ohm (or shorted), the circuit becomes a
voltage follower with a gain of 1. This type of circuit is often used in buffering circuitry and impedance
conversion circuits.
Comparator Circuit
the R3 integrator circuit (R3 and C) gradually drives up the voltage on the inverting input terminal (), until
after a certain time this voltage becomes higher than the voltage at the non-inverting input terminal (+).
When this occurs, a negative voltage gets input into the differential input, rapidly pushing Vout down to its
negative-side maximum (VL).
With Vout now on the negative side, however, the R3 integrator circuit begins to gradually drive up a
negative voltage on the inverting terminal (). And again, after a certain time, this negative voltage
becomes greater than the voltage at the non-inverting terminal (+), causing the input of a positive voltage
into the differential input, which rapidly pushes Vout back up to its positive side maximum (V L). This
sequence continues to repeat, causing Vout to oscillate up and down between V L and VL.