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ABSTRACT
A method for modelling switching-converter
power stages is developed, whose starting point
is the unified state-space representation of the
switched networks and whose end result is either a
complete state-space description or its equivalent
small-signal low<-f requency linear circuit model.
A new canonical circuit model is proposed,
whose fixed topology contains all the essential
inputr-output and control properties of any dc-todc switching converter, regardless of its detailed
configuration, and by which different converters
can be characterized in the form of a table con
veniently stored in a computer data bank to pro
vide a useful tool for computer aided design and
optimization. The new canonical circuit model
predicts that, in general;switching action intro
duces both zeros and poles into the duty ratio to
output transfer function in addition to those from
the effective filter network.
1.
1.1
INTRODUCTION
18-PESC 76 RECORD
4\
tate- space
perturoed
D'A /-/?,
per
deScriptio >
statt space
Te/ :
interval
duty ratio d to I
\
line
transfer
- space
circuit
function
recoynizao/e
state - space
cuit\y
rea/izafion)
control
function
recognition
6asic dc
conversion
low - pass
filter
Td .
K
1 duty ratio d to j
output and/or to
\
circuit
equivalent
t ran if or mat ions I
\j
option
~ifb\ final
averaqii>y
""
transfer
\
averaqed circuit
Ii
stole - varioote /
\
circuit
voriqUel
transfer
equations
a circuit
i i l Lft>1
TM T . T
3 Z
state\
functions
circuit
averaging
mode/s
interval
and
C dcr+d'c?
form(
circuit
7~
s ttody stoteldcjj
urhere:
in
Td' :
x-Ax+t$+ [(A<-A*)X+f,-tjy]j
j crx+ (cT-cI)X
d'A
,d=B
A A dA< +
state
two SM'lch'ed
d' = t- d
x = -- 6t>j
7V
interval
Y*c X
AX+V O
linearization
tun
To":
k = AzX +-LiSj
stole - space
averoyiny
"
1&\
vih :
rtter r a/
final
state-space
averaatd model
steady state (dc) model :
equations
functio
model
^-^-[{D-tyfal/W+vtf
manipulations,
pe r tu root ion
and
linearisation
Fig
secorp
oitaludom
raw
nots-ren oc
iht
na
elba i v
ylevitc pser
efsnart
mode
hT
ht
etr vnoc
truis
itar
b
tniopd a s
lbaul vni
uoba
na
ey
ah
i n
ht
a4
s eriuqer
d
s
d
nil
na
d amrof
gats
e
e
l
wt
telpmoc
oitcnuf
t o dulcni
de corp
e etcar hc
colb(
t o upt o
, a s etacidni
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man er
k
e
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r
d b y
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s lba i va
etacidn
ledom
s
n o f
n o f tob
e oita r v
2 a
t efsnart
a o r 4b ) a s
l gats
e
e oitp rcsed
r b y oisulcni
, ht e nil
e gatlov
o noitalud m
.
4(
cef
e iucri
d orf
b e er ferp
, h t e caps-eta s
e i n nihcaer
e angis-l ams
c nihctiws
e inve t d)
.
e etn serp
d tiw
t o e corp
d tiw
l caps-eta s
e
h t e telpmoc
e
1 . rahcwolF
h t e tud
i n a rev
s niz sahpme
s 2
h t e ta s-ydaets
noitcnuf
kcolb
s
y itar
o
e a t
d b y kcolb
4 ( a na d
ht e nihctiws
h ned pedni
n
t oitamrofsnart
h t e acit rp
e nigareva
e aren g
itar
rofthgiar s
g ht
d 2b
ra
A t
e cd(
e daerla
d 6 b
6 a na
t o upt o
t
h t e gats-lanif
e
s 7 a n a d b7
b4 ) e h t
n vig
e
g
t cons
n a d ht e tud
y
tap
gised
n
a
tap
n
i s
mos
l noisulcno
s
l cneuq rf-wol
y ledom
s o f
g etr vnoc
r eve(
n soht
e
Wher as
, o f r tap
h b , no e
h h t e alucitrap
r iucri
t
h gnil edom
, o f r tap
h a
egareva
d noitauqe
s colb(
k
edom
l oitp rcsed
n guorht
h
g
a na
s
o f egareva
c,^-
nil edom
aren g
, na
colB(
h t e rahcwolF
ewop
r
lihw
e
deniater
gats
e
eusr p
caorp a
vita nauq
noitam x rp
ht
h
nelaviuqe
gatlov
uoires
ehcaorp a
l ecirtam
d
k la)
.
gats
nola
.
b ^ =
d i n
s - A p A2 n a
o f ht e w t o nitra s
ihT
s i s sla
o
t a alucitrap
r
tiw
h it sar p
c
tap
h a aren g
l
yl acif epS
, of
\>2 b .
ihT
s lpmaxe
iated
l nola
g tob
n
evr s
aren g
upt o
ret vnoc
o f acit rp
yl aniF
s
s oitc r se
ht
s
e
rutan
, cihw
e sap-wol
w h t e nihctiws
1 . ihT
s
elp ir
hw
lpmaxe
tcef
noitauqe
y nola
r ht
t o ht
, na
l d-ot cd
a s a isab
l iucri
t n a d ortn c
.
,
t
ht
edom
e caps-eta s
aelc
e
h
is
e nem riuqer
n
e
r
hgisn
o f ht
emoc b
s etlif
g
, rev woh
d cneh
e caps-eta s
of
l eitr po
o r oita mil
c sret vnoc
r oitav red
l aht
cneuq rf
eod
enroc
,
t
s
on
.
e nigarev
t ebircsed
s
o f
wa
s
vah
t
l
s
b
g
r
y
wohs
of
>2>
ledom
h b i n
a so b
t
nesohc
,
e eb
n
ewop
r
e etal
r
tap
tni
c nigarev
et b
r
nigarev
t
e isab
b-^
e so b
wil
e
paths
ehctiws
s
I n oit d a
h ref o
e vitcef
f
i s oleb
f / f
c
s
d rotcev
o ht
ht
e ehtruf
r
n
cneuq rf
, aht
t is
t o b e
g caorp
o f a ufes
s ht e
o f n a y d-ot cd
PESC
r lams
l upt o
t sop
e na y
n o n nil edom
r
y
t
g
tupni
h
l
c
7 6 R E C O R D - 1 9
1.3
20-PESC 76 R E C O R D
2.
STATE-SPACE AVERAGING
(i)
interval Td:
(ii) interval Td :
f
= A- + b,v
1
lg
y
= A x + b v
2
2 g
0
(D
xa r e
switch
on
off
Td
ti>y>e
y = c
(4)
A - DA + D A
b - D b + D*b
y = dy. + d'y
(dA-+d
A)x
1 2
?
= Dc^ + D c
(5)
T
2
(2)
= (dc- +d c )x
T
+(db-+db)v
y = (dcZ+d'cJ^x
0g
(3)
Y + y= c X + c x
(6)
PESC 7 6 R E C O R D - 2 1
= 0;
-c A
T
"4>
+ y c + c + (c -c )Xd + (c
A
dc
term
(7)
ac
term
ac term
- c )xd
2
nonlinear term
(8)
y - c
It is interesting to note that in (7) the
steady state (dc) vector X will in general only
depend on the dc duty ratio D and resistances
in the original model, but not on the storage
element values (L s and C s ) . This is so
because X is the solution of the linear system
of equations
f
AX + bV
(9)
4 ^
v (s)
-1
c (si-)
(13)
= Ax + bv + [ ( A - A J X + (b-b )V J d
g
1 2
1 l g
4- Ax+bv
+ [(A -A )X + (b..-b )V ]d
9
+ [ ( A ^ A ^ x + (b -b )v ]d
1
22-PESC 76 RECORD
LZ.
.I
g
duty ratio variation
line
variation
"
y = c + (c - c )Xd
Perturbation
(14)
de term
v (s)
(12)
1,
= (el-ATH
y(s)
k = AX+bV
_
V
g
(10)
b ecomes :
X = -A b V
2.2
(11)
Equations (13) and (14) represent the smallsignal low-frequency model of any two-state
switching dc-to-dc converter working in the con
tinuous conduction mode.
It is important to note that by neglect of
the nonlinear term in (11) the source of harmonics
is effectively removed. Therefore, the linear
description (14) is actually a linearized
describing function result that is the limit of
the describing^function as the amplitude of the
input signals and/or d becomes vanishingly
small. The significance of this is that the
theoretical frequency response obtained from (14)
for line to output and duty ratio to output
transfer functions can be compared with experi
mental describing function measurements as
explained in [1], [2], or [8] in which smallsignal assumption (12) is preserved. Very good
agreement up to close to half the switching
frequency has been demonstrated repeatedly
([1], [2], [3], [7]).
.2
elpmaxE
ewop
:
W e
gats
on
so B
w tar sul i
wohs
e
ewoP
r
e
i n
ht
gatS
tiw
e ohtem
. 3 .
giF
cit sar P
of
ht
e so b
R +(l-D) ( R J R )
Re
Td
giF
3 .
lpmaxE
gnil edom
cit s
Td'
of
d_
dt
ht
so b
sta espac
t
e
ewop
gats
egareva
tiw
e
d
h
ar p
w, " r ^ v ^ s m ^
R'
interval Td:
interval Td':
= c
(15)
y-R llR
c
L(R+R )
R
(R+R )C
(*+R )C,
c
(16)
Note that (15) is the special case of (1) in
which b = b - b = [1/L 0 ] .
T
LvJ
l^-^J'
V (l-D)R
Y - - R'
St
R
d
g R'
(19)
V
g
1-D
v_^_y
(1-D) R + R
+ D(1-D)(R ||R)
9L J
correction factor
Z
ideal
dc gain
R+R
Rf
+ D(l-D) ( R ||R) .
c
We now look more closely at the dc voltage
transformation ratio in (17):
(R+R )CJ
c
(18)
Rc
= _ + bv
2
g
l =
V d
_g_
R'
x,
(ii)
-*
= A-x + bv
1
g
l
(D R+R )
c
L
R+R
c
R
(R+R )C
[(l-D)(R ||
where
<R+R )Cj
*;
Fig. 4.
(l-y)R
(R+R )C
c
1
de ulcni
< \
L(R+R )
c
r
:
W h l
R,
(l-D)R
-OF-
(17)
PESC 76 RECORD-23
3 .
I n
iht
IRBYH
oitces
hT
r
ht
isab
iucri
mas
c
NIL EDOM
if ceps
c etr vnoc
o f h t e isab
c egareva
yawl
s b e dnuof
.
h t e oitabru ep
n
eir ac
d uo t o n ht
vir a
e a t ht e i u c r i
(14)
.
of
ht
so b
i t
a
wil
l
mode
,
b e
i n
n
t
ht
t
edom
r
e
egareva
pets
l anif
wil
l
e
b e
of,elpmaxe
edom
na
b e
di
31(
na
-f
Fig.
5.
d
r
3(
cihw
~
\
d'R
'(R IR)
+d
d t
L(R+
-d dtv
d R
Circuit realization of the basic statespace averaged model (20) through hybrid
modelling.
semoc b
:
Re
~di
+r~
t o
o f
etar snomed
dd'(RJR)
Re
y
wil
y
t
gats
ac
noitces
nelaviuqe
n
ewop
)
g
of
n
3(
niwol f
edom
l
oitaz l er
aht
b y
oitaz r enil
iucr
caps-eta s
wohs
iucri
evig
l
Then
oitaz l er
t
ufes
d
na
e
dd'fRM
He
"I"
+R(
) C
+R(
) C
_ .
0
J' : 1
(20)
Fig.
y = |d'(R || R)
c
6.
0
(21)
R+R
L
L
^
dt
-(R +dd'(R
%
'
R)
-d
'
i
ideal
transformer
additionally
resistance]
1
R
^
dt
(22)
2 4 - P E S C 76 R E C O R D
a)
buck
power
Re
s/o^e
averaged
model's;
4.1
Perturbation
I f the a v e r a g e d model i n F i g . 7b i s p e r t u r b e d
according to v
V +v\ , i = I+, d Df,
d = D'-a, V + v \ y Y+y
Y+y the n o n l i n e a r model
in Fig. 8 results.
6)
oost
:)
power
Re
ucr-
boost
s/oye
pou/sr
8.
Summary o f b a s i c c i r c u i t a v e r a g e d m o d e l s
f o r t h r e e common power s t a g e s :
buck,
b o o s t , and b u c k - b o o s t .
P e r t u r b a t i o n o f the b a s i c a v e r a g e d c i r c u i t
model i n F i g . 6 i n c l u d e s the d u t y r a t i o
modulation e f f e c t , but r e s u l t s i n t h i s
n o n l i n e a r c i r c u i t model.
Linearization
Under t h e s m a l l - s i g n a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n ( 1 2 ) ,
the f o l l o w i n g l i n e a r a p p r o x i m a t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d :
e% D D ( R U R ) ( I + i )
c
The two s w i t c h e d c i r c u i t s t a t e - s p a c e m o d e l s
f o r the power s t a g e s i n F i g . 7 a r e s u c h t h a t the
g e n e r a l e q u a t i o n s (1) r e d u c e to the s p e c i a l c a s e s
A
A, b i 4 b - 0 ( z e r o v e c t o r ) f o r the
buck power s t a g e , and k\ 4 A , b^ = b
b f o r the
b o o s t power s t a g e , whereas f o r tne b u c k - b o o s t
power s t a g e , f A and b-^ b = 0 so t h a t the
general case I s retained.
d)(L'-d)(HcllR)(Iu*)
>Rc
4.2
7.
'iri
Fig.
Fig.
Cn'JJ
?
(D'-d)(Y+y)
(DVd)(I+i)
+ d(D'-D)(R ||R)E
ci
D(Y+) - dY
%
D'd+i)
dl
and t h e f i n a l a v e r a g e d c i r c u i t model o f F i g . 9
results.
I n t h i s c i r c u i t model we have f i n a l l y
o b t a i n e d the c o n t r o l l i n g f u n c t i o n s e p a r a t e d i n
terms o f d u t y r a t i o dependent g e n e r a t o r s e,
and j j w h i l e the t r a n s f o r m e r t u r n s r a t i o i s
dependent on the dc d u t y r a t i o D o n l y .
The
c i r c u i t model o b t a i n e d i n F i g . 9 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o
the s t a t e - s p a c e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n by (17) and ( 1 8 ) ,
t
C I R C U I T AVERAGING
<Zf[V+(D-a(Rj/?)l]
section
the a l t e r n a t i v e p a t h b i n the F l o w c h a r t
of F i g . 1 w i l l be f o l l o w e d , and e q u i v a l e n c e
w i t h the p r e v i o u s l y d e v e l o p e d p a t h a f i r m l y
established.
The f i n a l c i r c u i t a v e r a g e d model
f o r the same example o f the b o o s t power s t a g e
w i l l be a r r i v e d a t , w h i c h i s e q u i v a l e n t t o i t s
c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t a t e - s p a c e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n by
(17) and (18) .
The a v e r a g e d c i r c u i t m o d e l s shown i n F i g .
7 c o u l d have been o b t a i n e d a s i n [2] by d i r e c t l y
a v e r a g i n g the c o r r e s p o n d i n g components o f the two
s w i t c h e d m o d e l s . However, even f o r some s i m p l e
c a s e s s u c h a s the b u c k - b o o s t o r t a p p e d i n d u c t o r
b o o s t [1] t h i s p r e s e n t s some d i f f i c u l t y owing t o
the r e q u i r e m e n t o f h a v i n g two s w i t c h e d c i r c u i t
models t o p o l o g i c a l l y e q u i v a l e n t , w h i l e t h e r e i s
no s u c h r e q u i r e m e n t i n the o u t l i n e d p r o c e d u r e .
I n t h i s s e c t i o n we p r o c e e d w i t h the p e r t u r b a
t i o n and l i n e a r i z a t i o n s t e p s a p p l i e d t o the c i r
c u i t m o d e l , c o n t i n u i n g w i t h t h e b o o s t power s t a g e
a s an example i n o r d e r t o i n c l u d e e x p l i c i t l y t h e
duty r a t i o modulation e f f e c t .
Fig.
9.
Under
model
final
stage
5.
s m a l l - s i g n a l a s s u m p t i o n ( 1 2 ) , the
i n F i g . 8 i s l i n e a r i z e d and t h i s
a v e r a g e d c i r c u i t model o f the b o o s t
in F i g . 3 i s obtained.
Even t h o u g h the g e n e r a l f i n a l s t a t e - s p a c e
a v e r a g e d model i n (13) and (14) g i v e s t h e c o m p l e t e
d e s c r i p t i o n o f the s y s t e m b e h a v i o u r , one m i g h t s t i l l
w i s h t o d e r i v e a c i r c u i t model d e s c r i b i n g i t s
i n p u t - o u t p u t and c o n t r o l p r o p e r t i e s a s i l l u s t r a t e d
i n F i g . 10.
PESC 76 RECORD-25
state - space
overayed model
vi
output
A<, A , .Ji
input
giF
10
I n
giF
niog
01
g
b
r
tub> sol
,
l
orf
mos
uoivaheb
wil
noitcud r I
control
.
oit n feD
n
iucri
t egar v
upt o
t na d
b e
ht
o f
ht
edom
l
n
mos
ht
eniag
e
e
d
,
o f
a s
d
na
ht
ehto
r
e
iht
a s
nib rcsed
seitr po
o f
uoba
giF
eta s
01
ht
s
hand
rew
wil
oitces
wil
ht
function
ct
Sosic
dc - to - dc
transformation
low - poss
network.
Re
- w
aht
otsi nart
g
esira
s
r
o f
ht
acino aC
edoM
guorht
e
m
ht
(14)
aren g
iatbo
w e
l caps-eta s
ltcerid
n
e
y
egareva
g
nisu
d
ht
edom
calp L
31(
v
1
(s)+(sI^A)"
(8)= (8)+(
Now
orf
lgnis
uo
y ( s
telpmoc
e
e
cihw
es
o f
v g
-b
g
V
G
i
( s
)V
]d(s
v (s
g
r
ht
noitcnuf
etr vnoc
v d
G
efsnart
bircsed
, leman
seitr po
soht
- )( )
ht
-A
)X+(b
1 1
(23)
w e
upt o-tupni
[(A
1
42(
G
i
s(d
d
Ztifi
i n
ht
cihw
e
h
irtam
acino aC
calb"
erht
ret vnoc
na
l
k
e
iucri
box
t
"
i n
aitnes
:
giF
l
sap-wol
contr l
mode
.
l
b01
, nil edom
s o f na y
c d c noisrev c
noitcnuf
, isab
gniretl f
oitaz l er
g
d-ot cd
o f
ht e
ht
e
c
,
rowten
ht
x
noitauqE
.
" cnatsi er
e nihctiws
ht
s(i
giF
o f
[1]
b e
s
.
effective
fitter
o f
l
y
noitaludom"
oitav reD
capS-eta S
orF
na
mrofsnart
aht
lniatrec
t egatn vda
d i n
l etar sul i
o a
a oitaludom
e mit
:
tupni
anret i
l
, natropmi
y eniltuo
lfeirb
t o
sla
m
.5
control
g evitc jbo
g
.
nil edom
mode
ortn c
oitamrofni
o f
o n
e
d
orf
garots
1 ^
ft- *
0
na
circuit model
on
>
an input-output
output
oasis
na
ra
otcev
wonk
42(
ltic lpxe
tnem le
ra
uog lan
s
o f
ht
i n
i n (23)
t o
mret
o f
.
ht
animret
e
l
rop- wt
eitr po
s
o f ht
k uptuo(
t gatlov
e s(y
) n a d upni
t
ner uc
.
hT e t p i r c s b u
s tangised
e ht e
nid opser oc
g efsnart
r snoitc uf
.
oF r lpmaxe
e
G
is the source voltage to output voltage y
transfer function, G j is tfie duty ratio to
input current i(s) transfer function, and so on.
i(
o f ht e calb"
k box
" i n giF
. b01
.
W e lac
l iht
s edom
l
h t e acino ac
l iucri
t model
, suaceb
e n a y nihctiws
g
etr vnoc
r upt o- upni
t model
, seldrage
s o f ti s
eliated
d noitarug f c
, luoc
d b e etn serp
d i n
iht
s mrof
.
ner f iD
t ret vnoc
s ra e e t n s e r p
d
lpmis
y b y a n tairpo a
e e s t o f alumrof
s o f r ht e
uof
r tnem l
s s(e
) , j(s)
, , H (s) in the general
equivalent circuit. The polarity of the ideal
:1 transformer is determined by whether or not
the power stage is polarity Inverting. Its turns
ratio is dependent on the dc duty ratio D, and
since for modelling purposes the transformer is
assumed to operate down to dc, it provides the
basic dc-to-dc level conversion. The single-sec
tion low-pass L C filter is shown in Fig. 11
only for illustration purposes, because the actual
number and configuration of the L's and C s in the
effective filter transfer function realization
depends on the number of storage elements in the
original converter.
(25)
i(s) = j + (ed+v )
Vi Z <s>
ei
(26)
26-PESC 76 RECORD
(s) +
i(s)
P Z (s)
2
e l
y z (s)J
d(s)
ei
l d
e(s)
^KsT
vg
J< > = i d
S
( 8 )
e ( S ) G
ig
( 8 )
(27)
L.
1
= -c A D X (correction factor)
s
(28)
~2
- * - ^ ),
1
-V
j(s)
(1-D) R
2
(30)
g
by setting all parasitics to zero and reducing
the correction factor to 1.
id is
(27) the frequency dependent generators ets)
and j(s) as well as the low-pass filter transfer
function H (s) are obtained,
e
The two generators could be further put
into the form
1-D
D
H (s)
1 + s/RC + s L C
-V
-y ,
D
, _
DL
f-(s) = 1 - s
D' R
N
(31)
f (s) 1
2
(l-D)V
e(s) = E f ^ s )
j(s) - Jf (s)
5.2
Example:
- f(29)
1
RG
PESC 76 RECORD-27
buck
oost
it
V
R
buckSoost
Table
D
1
- V
(/-Dj'R
-V
It may be noted in Table I that, for the buckboost power stage, parameters and J have negative
signs, namely = -V/D and J - -V/(D* R).
However, as seen from the polarity of the ideal
D :D transformer in Fig. 12c this stage is an
inverting one. Hence, for positive input dc
voltage V , the output dc voltage V is negative
(V < 0) since V/V -D/D'. Therefore > 0,
J > 0 and consequently the polarity of the voltage
and current duty-ratio dependent generators is
not changed but is as shown in Fig. 12c. More^
over, this is true in general: regardless of
any inversion property of the power stage, the
polarity of two generators stays the same as
in Fig. 11.
2
5.3
28-PESC 76 RECORD
6.
- c
<
regulated
input
output
odu la tor
I dc
Fig. 15.
Fig. 14.
reference
PESC 76RECORD-29
- unregulated
input
converter
and modulator
model
regulated
output
11
d =
(32)
Fig. 16.
General small-signal ac
reference
equivalent
30-PESC 76 RECORD
dc
7.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
G. W. Wester and R. D. Middlebrook, "LowFrequency Characterization of Switched dcdc Converters," IEEE Trans, on Aerospace
and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-9, No. 3,
May 1973, pp. 376-385.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
PESC 76 RECORD31
(38)
= (dA +d A )x
t
APPENDICES
(40)
APPENDIX A
where
AT
' V
V
(41)
e
= e
e
Hence, when two matrices are commutative, that is
AjA-2 = A^A^, then A = dA^ + ^*^2 * ^
becomes
an exact result.
D
an(
- A x
= A^x
(33)
x(0),
t [0,t ]
(34)
A,(t-t )
x(t) = e
x(t ) , t e [t ,T]
i) interval TD,(0<t<t ):
x- = A-x + bv
1 1
g
X +
b V
( 4 2
A (T-Td)
d A T dA
x(T) = e
x(t ) = e
e
x(0)
(35)
At
x.(t) - e ,() + V B-(t)b
1
1
gl
1
(36)
(43)
At
x (t) = e
x ( t ) + V B (t^t )b
2
where
(t) =
F
J
dx = A
-
(e
V
1
-I)
(37)
32-PESC 76 RECORD
exist.
(45)
x (t )
2
(0) = x (T)
capacitor vottaye
(Volts)
inductor current
(A mparas)
^ capacitor vottacje 'o(t)
- <,0
'
DT
30
230
3-
^.inductor
- 20
current lit)
2 -
i(T{
l(O)
- 10
Fig. 18.
Hz
switching
frequency ft
IOKHZ
* -
/c-
nXT)
| / |
0.2ST
0.25
Fig. 17.
(47)
I XjdOdx + J
x (T)dx
(48)
X(T) = g ( A A , D , T )
r
X -(DA +D'A )^ b V
(50)
As
inductor
found by
general,
(49)
PESC 76 RECORD-33
(
-
inductor
Current
( A mptrts)
Volts)
A DT
e
y I + A, DT
^
1
50
^capacitor
voltaje
V(t)
A D T
e
y I + A D'T
f
(54)
h-
fc = 230
30
Hz
3-
ducior
iff)
current
88
2-
-
!
1 0.25
1/' \
D-0.25
1
c
APPENDIX C
On the linear .approximation of the fundamental
matrix
We now demonstrate the linear approximations
(39) for the boost circuit example (16), in which
for simplicity of presentation R^ 0 and R = 0
is assumed. The two exponential (fundamental)
matrices are:
s
A^DT
-2aDT
(51)
sink) D T
A DT -aD'
e
=e
2
sin) D T
where
1
2RC
'
A
/c "
o
o
and
oD'T 1
(52)
fyl-aD'T,
cosu) D T ^ 1 , sinu) D T ^ D T
(53)
equations (51) reduce to:
34-PESC 76 RECORD
(55)
f
s
D/^Ec is the
f
(56)
effective filter