Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia

12/15/2014
Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Persecution of Hindus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Persecution of Hindus refers to the religious persecution inflicted upon Hindus. In modern times, Hindus in the
Muslim-majority regions of Kashmir, Pakistan, Bangladesh and others have also suffered persecution.
Contents
1 Medieval
1.1 Persecution by Muslim Rulers
1.1.1 By Arabs
1.1.2 Mahmud of Ghazni
1.1.3 Timur's campaign against India
1.1.4 Delhi Sultanate
1.1.4.1 Firuz Shah Tughlaq
1.1.5 In the Mughal empire
1.1.6 Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan
1.1.7 In Kashmir
1.2 During European rule of the Indian subcontinent
1.2.1 Goa
1.2.2 British Colonial India
2 Modern
2.1 Partition of India
2.1.1 Direct Action Day
2.1.2 Naokhali Riots
2.1.3 During the era of Nizam state of Hyderabad
2.1.4 Pakistan
2.1.4.1 1971 Bangladesh genocide
2.2 Contemporary persecution
2.2.1 Persecution by Buddhists
2.2.1.1 Bhutan
2.2.2 South Asia
2.2.2.1 Republic of India
2.2.2.1.1 Jammu and Kashmir
2.2.2.1.2 Northeast India
2.2.2.1.3 Punjab
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus
2.2.2.1.4 Kerala
1/33
12/15/2014
2.2.2.1.4 Kerala
2.2.2.2 Bangladesh
2.2.2.3 Pakistan
2.2.2.3.1 Pakistan Studies curriculum issues
2.2.2.3.2 Forced conversions
2.2.2.3.3 Temple Destruction
2.2.2.3.4 Discrimination due to the rise of Taliban
2.2.2.4 Afghanistan
2.2.2.5 Sri Lanka
2.2.3 In other countries
2.2.3.1 Germany
2.2.3.2 Italy
2.2.3.3 Kazakhstan
2.2.3.4 Malaysia
2.2.3.5 Saudi Arabia
2.2.3.6 Fiji
2.2.3.7 Trinidad & Tobago
2.2.3.8 South Africa
2.2.3.9 United States
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Medieval
Persecution by Muslim Rulers
By Arabs
Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent began during the early 8th century, when the Umayyad governor of
Damascus, Hajjaj responded to a casus belli provided by the kidnapping of Muslim women and treasures by
pirates off the coast of Debal,[1] by mobilising an expedition of 6,000 cavalry under Muhammad bin-Qasim in 712
CE. Records from the campaign recorded in the Chach Nama record temple demolitions, and mass executions of
resisting Sindhi forces and the enslavement of their dependents. This action was particularly extensive in Debal, of
which Qasim is reported to have been under orders to make an example of while freeing both the captured women
and the prisoners of a previous failed expedition. Bin Qasim then enlisted the support of the local Jat, Meds and
Bhutto tribes and began the process of subduing and conquering the countryside. The capture of towns was also
2/33
12/15/2014
usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among his "enemy", who were then extended special
privileges and material rewards.[2] However, his superior Hajjaj reportedly objected to his method by saying that it
would make him look weak and advocated a more hardline military strategy, saying "Henceforth grant pardon to no
one of the enemy and spare none of them, or else all will consider you a weak-minded man."[3]
In a subsequent communication, Hajjaj reiterated that all able-bodied men were to be killed, and that their underage
sons and daughters were to be imprisoned and retained as hostages. Qasim obeyed, and on his arrival at the town
of Brahminabad massacred between 6,000 and 16,000 of the defending forces.[4] The historian, Upendra Thakur
records the persecution of Hindus and Buddhists:
When Muhammad Kasim invaded Sind in 711 AD, Buddhism had no resistance to offer to their fire
and steel. The rosary could not be a match for the sword and the terms Love and Peace had no
meaning to them. They carried fire and sword wherever they went and obliterated all that came their
way. Muhammad triumphantly marched into the country, conquering Debal, Sehwan, Nerun,
Brahmanadabad, Alor and Multan one after the other in quick succession, and in less than a year and
a half, the far-flung Hindu kingdom was crushed, the great civilization fell back and Sind entered the
darkest period of its history. There was a fearful outbreak of religious bigotry in several places and
temples were wantonly desecrated. At Debal, the Nairun and Aror temples were demolished and
converted into mosques.[Resistors] were put to death and women made captives. The Jizya was
exacted with special care.[Hindus] were required to feed Muslim travellers for three days and three
nights.[5]
Other historians and archaeologists such as J E Lohuizen-de Leeuw, take the following stance regarding events
preceding the sack of Debal:
In fact, we have clear evidence that the Arabs were very tolerant towards both Buddhists and Hindus
during the rest of the campaign and throughout the time they ruled Sind...Of course that does not mean
that no monuments were ever destroyed, for war always means a certain amount of damage to
buildings but it does prove that there was no wanton and systematic destruction of each and every
religious center of the Buddhists and Hindus in Sind.[6]
In 725 CE Junayad, the Arab governor of Sind, sent his armies to destroy the temple of Somnath.[7] The Gurjara
Pratihara king Nagabhata II rebuilt the temple in 815, a large structure of red sandstone.
Mahmud of Ghazni
Mahmud of Ghazni, Sultan of the Ghaznavid empire, invaded the Indian subcontinent during the early 11th century.
His campaigns across the gangetic plains are often cited for their iconoclast plundering and destruction of temples.
According to military historian Victoria Schofield, Sabuktagin, the Turkish ruler of Ghazni and father of Mahmud,
"set as his goal the expulsion of the Hindus from the Kabul valley and Gandhara (Khandar), as the vale of Peshwar
was still called. His son and successor, the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, continued his work, carrying the holy war
against the Hindus into India."[8] Till the year 980 CE, this area of Ghandhara was under Hindus until Sabuktagin
3/33
12/15/2014
from Ghazni invaded it and displaced its last Hindu Shahi king Jaya Pala.[9] Shahi was an important kingdom in
Northwest India at that time. According to some sources (like Ibn Batuta[10]) the name of the Hindu Kush
mountains of the region means "Hindu kill"[9][11] probably because raiders would capture Hindu slaves from the
plains and take them away but they would die of cold in the mountains.[12][13]
Mahmud of Ghazni sacked the second Somnath Temple in 1026, and looted it of gems and precious stones and the
famous Shiva lingam of the temple was destroyed .[14]
Following the defeat of the Rajput Confederacy, after
deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance,
Mahmud had then set out on regular expeditions
against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the
hands of Hindu vassals annexing only the Punjab
region.[15] By 1665, the temple, one of many, was
once again ordered destroyed by Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb.[16]
Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the
country, and performed there wonderful
exploits, by which the Hindus became like
atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and
like a tale of old in the mouth of the people.[17]
Somanatha Temple Prabhas Patan, Gujarat, from the

Archaeological Survey of India, taken by D.H. Sykes in
c.1869
Alberuni, a historian who accompanied Mahmud of

Ghazni, described the conquests in North Western India by stating that Mahmud impoverished the region and that
the civilisation of the scattered Hindus declined and retreated from the North West.[18]
This is the reason, too, why Hindu sciences have retired far away from those parts of the country
conquered by us, and have fled to places which our hand cannot yet reach, to Kashmir, Benares, and
other places.[17]
Holt et al. hold an opposing view, that he was "no mere robber or bloody thirsty tyrant" . Mahmud shed no blood
"except in the exigencies of war",[15] and was tolerant in dealings with his own Hindu subjects, some of whom rose
to high posts in his administration, such as his Hindu General Tilak[15]
Timur's campaign against India
Timur began a trek starting in 1397 to invade the territory of the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the
Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. He crossed the Indus River at Attock on 24 September. The
capture of towns and villages was often followed by the massacre of their inhabitants and the raping of their women,
as well as pillaging to support his massive army.
4/33
12/15/2014
Timur's invasion did not go unopposed and he did meet some resistance during his march to Delhi, most notably by
the Sarv Khap coalition in northern India, and the Governor of Meerut. Although impressed and momentarily
stalled by the valour of Ilyaas Awan, Timur was able to continue his relentless approach to Delhi, arriving in 1398
to combat the armies of Sultan Mehmud, already weakened by an internal battle for ascension within the royal
family. The Sultan's army was easily defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked,
destroyed, and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed more than 100,000 captives.
During the ransacking of Delhi, almost all inhabitants not killed were captured and enslaved. Timur left Delhi in
approximately January 1399. In April he had returned to his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Darya). Immense
quantities of spoils were taken from India. According to Ruy Gonzles de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were
employed merely to carry precious stones looted from his conquest, so as to erect a mosque at Samarkand what
historians today believe is the enormous Bibi-Khanym Mosque. Ironically, the mosque was constructed too quickly
and suffered greatly from disrepair within a few decades of its construction.
When Timur invaded India in 1398-99, collection of slaves formed an important object for his army.
100,000 Hindu slaves had been seized by his soldiers and camp followers. Even a pious saint had
gathered together fifteen slaves. Regretably, all had to be slaughtered before the attack on Delhi for
fear that they might rebel. But after the occupation of Delhi the inhabitants were brought out and
distributed as slaves among Timur's nobles, the captives including several thousand artisans and
professional people.[19]
Delhi Sultanate
Firuz Shah Tughlaq
Firuz Shah Tughluq was the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The "Tarikh-i-Firuz Shah" is a
historical record written during his reign that attests to the systematic persecution of Hindus under his rule.[20] In
particular, it records atrocities committed against Hindu Brahmin priests who refused to convert to Islam:
An order was accordingly given to the Brahman and was brought before Sultan. The true faith was
declared to the Brahman and the right course pointed out. but he refused to accept it. A pile was risen
on which the Kaffir with his hands and legs tied was thrown into and the wooden tablet on the top.
The pile was lit at two places his head and his feet. The fire first reached him in the feet and drew from
him a cry and then fire completely enveloped him. Behold Sultan for his strict adherence to law and
rectitude.[20]
Under his rule, Hindus who were forced to pay the mandatory Jizya tax were recorded as infidels, their
communities monitored and, if they violated Imperial ordinances and built temples, they were destroyed. In
particular, an incident in the village of Gohana in Haryana was recorded in the "Insha-i-Mahry" (another historical
record written by Amud Din Abdullah bin Mahru) where Hindus had erected a deity and were arrested, brought to
the palace and executed en-masse.[20]
5/33
12/15/2014
In 1230, the Hindu King of Odisha Anangabhima III consolidated his rule and proclaimed that an attack on Odisha
constituted an attack on the king's god. A sign of Anangabhima's determination to protect Hindu culture is the fact
that he named is new capital in Cuttack "Abhinava Varanasi." His anxieties about further Muslim advances in
Odisha proved to be well founded.
In the Mughal empire
The Kesava Deo temple in Mathura, marked the place that Hindus believe was the birthplace of Shri Krishna.[21]
In 1661 Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of the temple, and constructed the Katra Masjid mosque. Traces of the
ancient Hindu temple can be seen from the back of the mosque. Aurangzeb also destroyed what was the most
famous temple in Varanasi- the Vishwanath Temple.[21] The temple had changed its location over the years, but in
1585 Akbar had authorised its location at Gyan Vapi. Aurangzeb ordered its demolition in 1669 and constructed a
mosque on the site, whose minarets stand 71 metres above the Ganges. Traces of the old temple can be seen
behind the mosque. Centuries later, emotional debate about these wanton acts of cultural desecration continues.
Aurangzeb also destroyed the Somnath temple in 1706.[21]
Hindu nationalists claim that Mughals destroyed the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, located at the birthplace of Rama,
and built the Babri Masjid on the holy site, which has since been a source of tension between the Hindu and Muslim
communities. Following an archaeological survey the Allahabad High Court ruled in 2010 that the 2,400 square feet
(220 m2) disputed land in Ayodhya, on which the Babri Masjid stood before it was demolished on 6 December
1992, will be divided into three parts: the site of the Ramlala idol to Lord Ram, Sunni Wakf Board gets one third
and Nirmohi Akhara gets Sita Rasoi and Ram Chabutara.[22]
Writer Fernand Braudel wrote in A History of Civilizations (Penguin 1988/1963, p. 232236), Islamic rule in
India as a "colonial experiment" was "extremely violent", and "the Muslims could not rule the country except by
systematic terror. Cruelty was the norm burnings, summary executions, crucifixions or impalements, inventive
tortures. Hindu temples were destroyed to make way for mosques. On occasion there were forced conversions. If
ever there were an uprising, it was instantly and savagely repressed: houses were burned, the countryside was laid
waste, men were slaughtered and women were taken as slaves."
Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan
There are historians who state that Tippu Sultan was a religious persecutor of Hindus.[24][25] C. K. Kareem also
notes that Tippu Sultan issued an edict for the destruction of Hindu temples in Kerala.[26] Hindu groups revile Tipu
Sultan as a bigot who massacred Hindus.[27] He was known to carry out forced conversions of Hindus and
Christians.[28]
Tipu got Runmust Khan, the Nawab of Kurool, to launch a surprise attack upon the Kodava Hindus (also called
Coorgs or Coorgis) who were besieged by the invading Muslim army. 500 were killed and over 40,000 Kodavas
fled to the woods and concealed themselves in the mountains.[29] Thousands of Kodava Hindus were seized along
with the Raja and held captive at Seringapatam (Srirangapatna). They were also subjected to forcible conversions
to Islam, death, and torture.[30]
6/33
12/15/2014
In Seringapatam, the young men who were forcibly circumcised were incorporated into the Ahmedy Corps, and
they formed eight Risalas or regiments.[29] The actual number of Kodavas that were captured in the operation is
unclear. The British administrator Mark Wilks gives it as 70,000, Historian Lewis Rice arrives at the figure of
85,000, while Mir Kirmani's score for the Coorg campaign is 80,000 men, women and child prisoners.[29] In a
letter to Runmust Khan, Tipu himself stated:[31]
We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-seeking and
sedition-exciting Coorgis, who alarmed at the approach of our victorious army, had slunk into woods,
and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible even to birds. Then carrying them away
from their native country (the native place of sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and
incorporated them into our Ahmedy corps.
In 1788, Tipu ordered his governor in Calicut
Sher Khan to begin the process of converting
Hindus to Islam, and in July of that year, 200
Brahmins were forcibly converted and made
to eat beef.[32] Mohibbul Hasan, Prof. Sheikh
Ali, and other historians cast great doubt on
the scale of the deportations and forced
conversions in Coorg in particular, and Hasan
says that the British versions of what happened
were intended to malign Tipu Sultan, and to be
used as propaganda against him. He argues
that little reliance can be placed in Muslim
accounts such as Kirmani's Nishan-e Haidari;
in their anxiety to represent the Sultan as a
champion of Islam, they had a tendency to
exaggerate and distort the facts: Kirmani
claims that 70,000 Coorgis were converted,
when forty years later the entire population of
Coorg was still less than that number.
According to Ramchandra Rao Punganuri
the true number of converts was about
500.[33]
An 1868 photograph of the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at

Hampi, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site[23]
Tipu sent a letter on 19 January 1790 to the Governor of Bekal, Budruz Zuman Khan. It says:
Don't you know I have achieved a great victory recently in Malabar and over four lakh Hindus were
converted to Islam? I am determined to march against that cursed Raman Nair (Rajah of Travancore)
very soon. Since I am overjoyed at the prospect of converting him and his subjects to Islam, I have
happily abandoned the idea of going back to Srirangapatanam now.[34]
7/33
12/15/2014
The following is a translation of an inscription on the stone found at Seringapatam, which was situated in a
conspicuous place in the fort:[35]
Oh Almighty God! dispose the whole body of infidels! Scatter their tribe, cause their feet to stagger!
Overthrow their councils, change their state, destroy their very root! Cause death to be near them, cut
off from them the means of sustenance! Shorten their days! Be their bodies the constant object of their
cares (i.e., infest them with diseases), deprive their eyes of sight, make black their faces (i.e., bring
shame).
He also corresponded with the Sringeri Shankaracharya expressing grief and indignation at a raid by Maratha
bandit horsemen (called Pindari), which killed many and plundered the monastery of its valuable possessions,[36]
patronised the Melkote temple (which has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions indicating that they were
presented under the Sultan), for which a Kannada decree was issued that the Shrivaishnava (Hindu sectary)
invocatory verses there should be recited in the traditional form. Tipu Sultan also presented four silver cups to the
Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale[37] and probably presented the Ranganatha temple at Srirangapatana with seven
silver cups and a silver camphor burner.[38] Some historians have argued that these acts happened after the Third
Mysore war, where he had to negotiate on the terms of surrender. They claim that these acts were motivated by a
political desire to get the support of his Hindu subjects.
Historian Hayavadana C. Rao wrote about Tippu in his encyclopaedic work on the History of Mysore. He asserted
that Tippu's "religious fanaticism and the excesses committed in the name of religion, both in Mysore and in the
provinces, stand condemned for all time. His bigotry, indeed, was so great that it precluded all ideas of toleration".
He further asserts that the acts of Tippu that were constructive towards Hindus were largely political and
ostentatious rather than an indication of genuine tolerance.[39]
In Kashmir
The Hindu minority in Kashmir has also been historically persecuted by Muslim rulers.[40] While Hindus and
Muslims lived in harmony for certain periods of time, several Muslim rulers of Kashmir were intolerant of other
religions. Sultn Sikandar Butshikan of Kashmir (AD 13891413) is often considered the worst of these.
Historians have recorded many of his atrocities. The Tarikh-i-Firishta records that Sikandar persecuted the
Hindus and issued orders proscribing the residency of any other than Muslims in Kashmir. He also ordered the
breaking of all "golden and silver images". The Tarikh-i-Firishta further states: "Many of the Brahmins, rather than
abandon their religion or their country, poisoned themselves; some emigrated from their native homes, while a few
escaped the evil of banishment by becoming Mahomedans. After the emigration of the Bramins, Sikundur ordered
all the temples in Kashmir to be thrown down. Having broken all the images in Kashmeer, (Sikandar) acquired the
title of Destroyer of Idols".[40]
During European rule of the Indian subcontinent

Goa
8/33
12/15/2014
The Goa Inquisition, was established in 1560 by Portuguese missionaries in Portuguese India. Aimed primarily at
New Christian converts who were thought to have returned to their original Hindu or Islamic faith, it is recorded to
have executed 57 apostates until its abolition in 1774.[41]
According to Teotnio de Souza the Hindus faced severe
persecution with great fortitude under the Portuguese in Goa.[42]
Vicar general Miguel Vaz had written to the king of Portugal in
1543 from Goa requesting that the Inquisition be established in Goa
as well. Three years later Francis Xavier made a similar request in
view of the Muslims in the region and the Christians abandoning
their faith. On hearing of the excesses of the Inquisition in Goa,
Lourenco Pires, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, expressed his
displeasure to the crown while warning that this zeal for religion was
actually becoming a disservice to God and the kingdom. Again
according to de Souza, the Inquisition was bad for its victims and
St. Francis Xavier who requested the

Inquisition in 1545
led to the downfall of the Portuguese Empire in the East.[42]

In 1620, an order was passed to prohibit the Hindus from performing their marriage rituals.[43] Charles Dellon
experienced first hand the cruelty of the Inquisition's agents.[44] He published a book in 1687 describing his
experiences in Goa. L'Inquisition de Goa (The Inquisition of Goa).[44]
British Colonial India
The British East India Company engaged in a covert and well-financed campaign of evangelical conversions in the
19th century. While officially discouraging conversions, officers of the Company routinely converted Sepoys to
Christianity, often by force. This was one of the factors that led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[45]
Modern
While the vast majority of Hindus live in Hindu-majority areas of India, Hindus in other parts of South Asia and in
the diaspora have sometimes faced persecution.
Partition of India
Before the partition, there was large scale violence against Hindus during the first Partition of Bengal. Thousands of
Hindus were killed in Muslim dominated portions of Bengal (which geographically also included the present day
states of Bihar and Orrisa). Close after that arrived Khilafat movement spearheaded by Ali brothers in which
Hindus of central India and the province of Bombay(which included the present day Gujrat and Maharashtra in it)
were killed, maimed and massacred. The Moplaah rebellion in Kerala got encouragement due to Gandhi ji's
support to Khilafat movement. Again, the victims in the so-called rebellion against the British government's inaction
against Mustafa Kamal in far away Turkey were Hindu women, men and children who were raped, killed and
orphaned in thousands.
9/33
12/15/2014
Hindus, like Muslims, Sikhs, and members of other religious groups, experienced severe dislocation and violence
during the massive population exchanges associated with the partition of India, as members of various communities
moved to what they hoped was the relative safety of an area where they would be a religious majority. Hindus were
among the between 200,000 and a million who died during the rioting and other violence associated with the
partition.[46]
Direct Action Day
In 1946 the Cabinet Mission to India was planning the transfer of power from the British Raj to the Indian
leadership. At that time, fearing Hindu domination, the Muslim League's leader Jinnah proposed to divide British
India into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. The Indian National Congress rejected this
proposal and so the Muslim League planned a hartal (general strike) on 16 August 1946 (called Direct Action
Day).[47] Upon the request of Suhrawardy, Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal, the Governor of Bengal
Frederick Burrows declared a public holiday that day.[47][48][49] The Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha in
Bengal protested to this; they didn't want to be seen as supporting the hartal. They urged the Hindus to instead
keep their shops open and to continue their business as usual on that hartal day.[50] On the afternoon of Direct
Action Day Suhrawardy and another speaker Nazimuddin addressed a Muslim rally.[47] As soon as many of the
listeners left the meeting they were reported to have started violently attacking the Hindus and looting their
shops.[47][49] Later Suhrawardy reportedly tried to get British officials to bring the army in but nothing happened
until steps towards an army intervention began in the afternoon of 17 August.[47] The Hindus, supported by Sikhs,
in the city of Calcutta retaliated.[51][52] All these events are known as the Great Calcutta killings of 1946.[51]
On 17 August the President of a Textile Workers' Union led a hooligan and his mob (all Muslims) into the
compound of a Birla owned Kesoram Cotton Mill. The Mill was looted while the workers, including 300 Oriya
speakers, (their religion is disputed) were massacred.[53][54][55] In Calcutta, within 72 hours, more than 4,000
people lost their lives and 100,000 residents in the city of Calcutta were left homeless.[49][56] Some sources claim
that between 7000-10000 people were killed, including both Hindus and Muslims.[57] On 21 August Bengal was
brought under the Viceroy's rule.[58] British troops entered the place, and the rioting was reduced by 22 August.[59]
This sparked off several riots between Muslims and Hindus in Noakhali, Bihar and Punjab that year. There also
occurred communal violence in Delhi, Bombay, Punjab and the Northwest Frontier Province.
Naokhali Riots
Around seven weeks after Direct Action Day, violence was directed against the Hindu minority in the villages of
Noakhali and Tippera in Chittagong district in East Bengal.[60][61] Rioting in the region began in the Ramganj police
station area by a mob.[62] The rioting spread to the neighbouring police station areas of Raipur, Lakshmipur,
Begumganj and Sandip in Noakhali and Faridganj, Hajiganj, Chandpur, Laksham and Chudagram in Tippera.[62]
From 2 October, there were instances of stray killings.[63]
Relief operations took place and Gandhiji visited the place on a peace mission even as threats against the Hindus
continued.[64] While claims varied, the official Muslim League Bengal Government estimates of those killed were
placed at a conservative 200.[65] According to Suhrawardy 9,895 people were forcibly converted in Tippera
10/33
12/15/2014
alone.[66] Ghulam Sarwar Hossain, a religious leader who belonged to a local political party dominated by
Muslims,[67] was the main organiser of the riot.[68] It was said that the local administration had planned the riot and
that the police helped Ghulam Sarwar escape arrest.[68] A large number of victims were Namasudra (a Bengali
Hindu Lower caste).[69] According to a source quoting from the State Government Archives, in Naokhali 178
Hindus and 42 Muslims were killed while in Tippera 39 Hindus and 26 Muslims were killed.[70] Women were
abducted and forced into marriage.[61][70] In retaliation Muslims were massacred in Bihar and in Garhmukteshwara
in the United Provinces.[62] These attacks began between 25 and 28 October in the Chhapra and Saran districts of
Bihar and then spread to Patna, Munger, Bhagalpur and a large number of scattered villages of Bihar.[62] The
official estimates of the dead at that time were 445.[62]
During the era of Nizam state of Hyderabad
Hindus were severely repressed under the autocratic dictatorial rule of the Nizam nawabs in Hyderabad state. The
Hindu majority were denied fundamental rights by the Nizams of Hyderabad state. Hindus were called gaddaar
(traitor) by Muslims in the Nizam state of Hyderabad.[71] Many Hindus were murdered, looted and thrown to jail.
Construction of temples were declared illegal and Hindu scriptures like Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana were banned.[72]
Hindus were treated as second class citizens within Hyderabad state and they were severely discriminated against,
despite the vast majority of the population being Hindu. The 1941 census estimated the population of Hyderabad to
be 16.34 million. Over 85% of the populace were Hindus with Muslims accounting for about 12%. Hyderabad was
also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and
Urdu (10.3%). Nonetheless, the number of Hindus in government positions was disproportionately small. Of 1765
officers, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 were "Others" (presumably British Christians, Parsis and
Sikhs). Of the officials drawing pay between Rs. 6001200 pm, 59 were Muslims, 38 were "Others", and a mere 5
were Hindus. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the
kingdom.[73]
In 1947; Nizam, the ruler of Hyderabad refused to merge his kingdom with India. For the independence of the
Islamic state of Hyderabad and to resist Indian integration, All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, the then
dominating political party persecuted Hindus and their 150,000 cadre strong militant wing named Razakars killed a
number of Hindus under the leadership of Qasim Rizwi.[74]
Pakistan
There were 8.8 million Hindus in Pakistan in 1951. In 1951, Hindus constituted 22% of the Pakistani population
(including present-day Bangladesh);[75][76] Today, the Hindu minority amounts to 1.7 percent of Pakistan's
population.[77] Hindu minorities living under the influence of the Taliban in Swat, Pakistan, were forced to wear red
headgear such as turbans as a symbol of dhimmi.[78] In July 2010, around 60 members of the minority Hindus in
Karachi were attacked and ethnically cleansed following an incident when a Hindu youth drank from a water tap
near an Islamic mosque.[79][80] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan came out with a report in 2010 stating
that at least 25 Hindu girls are abducted in Pakistan every month.[81] In January 2014, in an attack on a temple, the
guard was gunned down.[82]
11/33
12/15/2014
1971 Bangladesh genocide
During the 1971 Bangladesh genocide there were widespread killings and acts of ethnic cleansing of civilians in
Bangladesh (then East Pakistan, a province of Pakistan), and widespread violations of human rights were carried
out by the Pakistani Army, which was supported by political and religious militias during the Bangladesh Liberation
War. In Bangladesh, the atrocities are identified as a genocide. Time magazine reported that "The Hindus, who
account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military's
hatred."[83]
The Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates
of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the
Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. An article in Time magazine
dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the
dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."[84] Senator Edward Kennedy wrote in a report that was
part of United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit
have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically
slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned,
ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad". In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that
80% of the refugees in India were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such as
UNESCO and World Health Organization the number of East Pakistani refugees at their peak in India was close to
10 million. Given that the Hindu population in East Pakistan was around 11 million in 1971, this suggests that up to
8 million, or more than 70% of the Hindu population had fled the country.The Pulitzer Prizewinning journalist
Sydney Schanberg covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis,
including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon
Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the
Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning
the Pakistan Army, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well), (Newsday, 29 April 1994).
Contemporary persecution
Persecution by Buddhists
Bhutan
In 199192, Bhutan expelled roughly 100,000 ethnic Nepalis (Lhotshampa), most of whom have been living in
seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since. The Lhotshampa are generally classified as Hindus.[85] In March
2008, this population began a multiyear resettlement to third countries including the US, Canada, New Zealand,
Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Australia.[86] At present, the United States is working towards resettling
more than 60,000 of these refugees in the US as third country settlement programme.[87]
South Asia
Republic of India
12/33
12/15/2014
Although the Indian government allows for freedom of religion, its constitution provides special rights to minorities
and their places of worship. More over, minority institutes also receive government patronage in form of Exemption
from 2005 Amendment to the Article 15, 95% grant-in-aid, College Scholarship to pursue higher
education.[88][89][90][91] Some states like Tamil Nadu, offer reservation in education for Muslims and Christians.
The Indian government offers huge subsidies for Muslims towards Haj Pilgrimage. There have been instances where
Hindu temples have been damaged by miscreants.[92] The leaders of some political parties have spoken out against
what they see as superstitious or barbarous practices followed by certain groups of Hindus.[93]
Jammu and Kashmir
The Kashmiri Pandit population living in the Muslim majority region of Jammu and Kashmir has often come under
threat from Islamic militants in recent years, in stark contrast to centuries of peace between the two religious
communities in the State. Historians have suggested that some of these attacks have been in retaliation for the antiMuslim violence propagated by the Hindutva movement during the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and the 2002
Gujarat riots.[94] This threat has been pronounced during periods of unrest in the Kashmir valley, such as in 1989.
Along with the Hindus, large sections of the Muslim population have also been attacked, ostensibly for
"cooperating" with the Indian state. Some authors have found evidence that these militants had the support of the
Pakistani security establishment.[95][96] The incidents of violence included the Wandhama Massacre in 1998, in
which 24 Kashmiri Hindus were gunned down by Muslims disguised as Indian soldiers. Many Kashmiri NonMuslims have been killed and thousands of children orphaned over the course of the conflict in Kashmir. The 2000
Amarnath pilgrimage massacre was another such incident where 30 Hindu pilgrims were killed en route to the
Amarnath temple.[97]
Northe ast India
In Northeastern India, especially in Nagaland, Hindus are not able to celebrate Durga Puja and other religious
festivals due to harassment and killing by Christian terrorist groups. In Tripura,[98] the NLFT(National Liberation
Front of Tripura), has targeted Swamis and temples for attacks. They are known to have forcefully converted
Hindus to Christianity.[99][100]
In Assam, members of the primarily Christian Hmar ethnic group have placed bloodstained crosses in temples and
forced Hindus to convert at gunpoint.[101]
The 2012 Assam violence arose in the state of Assam between indigenous Bodos and Bengali Muslims due to the
high influx of Muslims illegally from Bangladesh.[102] Muslim illegal immigrants in Assam are regularly attacked by
indigenous people.[103] As of 8 August 2012, 77 people had died and over 400,000 people were taking shelter in
270 relief camps, after being displaced from almost 400 villages. Eleven people have been reported missing. In
retaliation, Muslims mounted attacks on students and workers from the north-east India across various places
including Mumbai, Pune, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Muslim mobs resorted to large scale violence against
media persons, bystanders, shops, vehicles and tourists in several cities including Lucknow, Kanpur and
Allahabad.[104] 30,000 people from North East India fled Bangalore after attacks on them by Muslims.[105]
Punjab
13/33
12/15/2014
The period of insurgency in Punjab around Operation Blue Star saw clashes of the Sikh militants with the police, as
well as with the Hindu-Nirankari groups resulting in many Hindu deaths. In 1987, 32 Hindus were pulled out of a
bus and shot, near Lalru in Punjab by Sikh militants.[106]
Ke rala
On 2 May 2003, eight Hindus were killed by a Muslim mob at Marad beack in Kozhikode district, Kerala. One of
the attackers was also killed. The judicial commission that probed the incident concluded that members of several
political parties were directly involved in planning and executing the killing.[107] The commission affirmed "a clear
communal conspiracy, with Muslim fundamentalist and terrorist organisations involved".[107] The courts sentenced
62 Muslims to life imprisonment for committing the massacre in 2009.[108]
Bangladesh
There have been several instances where Hindu refugees from Bangladesh have stated that they were the victims of
torture and intimidation.[109][110] A US-based human rights organisation, Refugees International, has claimed that
religious minorities, especially Hindus, still face discrimination in Bangladesh.[111]
One of the major political parties in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, openly calls for 'Talibanisation'
of the state.[112][113][114] However, the prospect of actually "Talibanizing" the state is regarded as a remote
possibility, since Bangladeshi Islamic society is generally more progressive than the extremist Taliban of
Afghanistan. Political scholars conclude that while the Islamization of Bangladesh is real, the country is not on the
brink of being Talibanized.[112] In 1971 at the time of the liberation of Bangladesh from East Pakistan, the Hindu
population accounted for 15% of the total population. Thirty years on, it is now estimated at just 10.5%.[115] The
'Vested Property Act' previously named the 'Enemy Property Act' has seen up to 40% of Hindu land snatched
away forcibly. Hindu temples in Bangladesh have also been vandalised.[116] The United States Congressional
Caucus on India has condemned these atrocities.[117]
Bangladeshi feminist Taslima Nasrin's 1993 novel Lajja deals with the anti-Hindu riots and anti-secular sentiment in
Bangladesh in the wake of the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India. The book was banned in Bangladesh, and
helped draw international attention to the situation of the Bangladeshi Hindu minority.
In October 2006, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom published a report titled
'Policy Focus on Bangladesh', which said that since its last election, 'Bangladesh has experienced growing violence
by religious extremists, intensifying concerns expressed by the countries religious minorities'. The report further
stated that Hindus are particularly vulnerable in a period of rising violence and extremism, whether motivated by
religious, political or criminal factors, or some combination. The report noted that Hindus had multiple
disadvantages against them in Bangladesh, such as perceptions of dual loyalty with respect to India and religious
beliefs that are not tolerated by the politically dominant Islamic Fundamentalists of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.
Violence against Hindus has taken place "in order to encourage them to flee in order to seize their property".The
previous reports of the Hindu American Foundation were acknowledged and confirmed by this non-partisan
report.[118]
14/33
12/15/2014
On 2 November 2006, USCIRF criticised Bangladesh for its continuing persecution of minority Hindus. It also
urged the Bush administration to get Dhaka to ensure protection of religious freedom and minority rights before
Bangladesh's next national elections in January 2007.[118]
On 6 February 2010, Sonargaon temple in Narayanganj district of Bangladesh was destroyed by Islamic fanatics.
Five people were seriously injured during the attack.[119] Temples were also attacked and destroyed in 2011[120]
In 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal indicted several Jamaat members for war crimes against Hindus during
the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. In retaliation, violence against Hindu minorities in Bangladesh was instigated by the
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami . The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of
Hindu homes, rape of Hindu women and desecration and destruction of Hindu temples.[121]
On 28 February 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal sentenced Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the Vice President of
the Jamaat-e-Islami to death for the war crimes committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Following
the sentence, activists of Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir attacked the Hindus in different
parts of the country. Hindu properties were looted, Hindu houses were burnt into ashes and Hindu temples were
desecrated and set on fire.[122][123] While the government has held the Jamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks
on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested
the attacks and appealed for justice. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has directed the law enforcement to start
suo motu investigation into the attacks. US Ambassador to Bangladesh express concern about attack of Jamaat on
Bengali Hindu community.[124][125] The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the
burning of Hindu homes, rape of Hindu women and desecration and destruction of Hindu temples.[121] According
to community leaders, more than 50 Hindu temples and 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts.[126]
Pakistan
Pakistan Studie s curriculum issue s
According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report 'Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of
Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology
of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted
as negatively as possible'[127] A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace a non-profit
organisation in Pakistan, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred
that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. 'Vituperative animosities legitimise
military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent
India as a hostile neighbour' the report stated. 'The story of Pakistans past is intentionally written to be distinct
from, and often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued
textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious.' Further the report stated 'Textbooks
reflect intentional obfuscation. Todays students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these
partial truths'.[128][129][130][131]
An editorial in Pakistan's oldest newspaper Dawn commenting on a report in The Guardian on Pakistani Textbooks
noted 'By propagating concepts such as jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, Indias ingrained enmity with
Pakistan, etc., the textbook board publications used by all government schools promote a mindset that is bigoted
and obscurantist. Since there are more children studying in these schools than in madrassahs the damage done is
15/33
12/15/2014
greater. '[132][133] According to the historian Professor Mubarak Ali, textbook reform in Pakistan began with the
introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic studies by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1971 into the national curriculum as a
compulsory subject. Former military dictator Gen Zia-ul-Haq under a general drive towards Islamization, started
the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. 'The Pakistani establishment taught their
children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion that's why they don't have
tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them.'[133][134]
According to Pervez Hoodbhoy, a physics professor at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, the "Islamizing" of
Pakistan's schools began in 1976 when an act of parliament required all government and private schools (except
those teaching the British O-levels from Grade 9) to follow a curriculum that includes learning outcomes for the
federally approved Grade 5 social studies class such as: 'Acknowledge and identify forces that may be working
against Pakistan,' 'Make speeches on Jihad,' 'Collect pictures of policemen, soldiers, and national guards,' and
'India's evil designs against Pakistan.'[135]
Force d conve rsions
Hindu women have also been known to be victims of kidnapping and forced conversion to Islam.[136] Around 20
to 25 Hindu girls are abducted every month and converted to Islam forcibly.[137] Krishan Bheel, a Hindu member
of the National Assembly of Pakistan, came into the news recently for manhandling Qari Gul Rehman after being
taunted with a religious insult.[138]
On 18 October 2005, Sanno Amra and Champa, a Hindu couple residing in the Punjab Colony, Karachi, Sindh
returned home to find that their three teenage daughters had disappeared. After inquiries to the local police, the
couple discovered that their daughters had been taken to a local madrassah, had been converted to Islam, and
were denied unsupervised contact with their parents.[139]
A Pakistan Muslim League politician has stated that abduction of Hindus and Sikhs is a business in Pakistan, along
with conversions of Hindus to Islam.[140] Forced conversion, rape, and forced marriages of Hindu women in
Pakistan (akin to Love Jihad) have recently become very controversial in Pakistan.[141][142]
Te mple De struction
In 2006, the last Hindu temple in Lahore was destroyed to pave the way for construction of a multi-storied
commercial building. When reporters from Pakistan-based newspaper Dawn tried to cover the incident, they were
accosted by the henchmen of the property developer, who denied that a Hindu temple existed at the site.[143] In
January 2014, a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down.[144]
Discrimination due to the rise of Taliban
Although Hindus were frequently soft targets in Pakistan,[145][146] the rise of Taliban forces in the political arena has
particularly unsettled the already fragile situation for the minority community. Increasing persecution, ostracism from
locals and lack of a social support system is forcing more and more Hindus to flee to India.[147][148] This has been
observed in the past whenever the conflicts between the two nations escalated[149] but this has been a notable trend
16/33
12/15/2014
in view of the fact the recent developments are due to internal factors almost exclusively. The Taliban have used
false methods of luring, as well as the co-operation of zealots within local authorities to perpetrate religious
cleansing.[150]
Afghanistan
During the Taliban regime, Sumptuary laws were passed in 2001 which forced Hindus to wear yellow badges in
public to identify themselves as such. This has been similar to Adolf Hitler's treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany
during World War II.[151][152] Hindu women were forced to dress according to Islamic hijab, ostensibly a measure
to "protect" them from harassment. This was part of the Taliban's plan to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous"
communities from Islamic ones.[153] In addition, Hindus were forced to mark their places of residence identifying
them as Hindu homes.
The decree was condemned by the Indian and United States governments as a violation of religious freedom.[154]
Widespread protests against the Taliban regime broke out in Bhopal, India. In the United States, chairman of the
Anti-Defamation League Abraham Foxman compared the decree to the practices of Nazi Germany, where Jews
were required to wear labels identifying them as such.[155] The comparison was also drawn by California Democrat
and holocaust survivor Tom Lantos, and New York Democrat and author of the bipartisan 'Sense of the Congress'
non-binding resolution against the anti-Hindu decree Eliot L Engel.[156] In the United States, congressmen and
several lawmakers.[156] wore yellow badges on the floor of the Senate during the debate as a demonstration of their
solidarity with the Hindu minority in Afghanistan.[157]
Indian analyst Rahul Banerjee said that this was not the first time that Hindus have been singled out for statesponsored oppression in Afghanistan. Violence against Hindus has caused a rapid depletion in the Hindu population
over the years.[157] Since the 1990s many Afghan Hindus have fled the country, seeking asylum in countries such as
Germany.[158]
Sri Lanka
Most of the LTTE leaders were captured and gunned down at blank range in May, 2009, after which a genocide of
Sri Lankan Tamils in the Northern Province, Sri Lanka has started.[159][160][161] Even a book, The Tamil Genocide
by Sri Lanka has been written on this genocide. Tamils Against Genocide hired US attorney Bruce Fein[162] to file
human rights violation charges against two Sri Lankan officials associated with the civil war in Sri Lanka which has
reportedly claimed the lives of thousands of civilians.[163]
In other countries
Germany
In Bonn, a Hindu student was beaten up and had his tongue slashed by suspected Islamists after refusing to convert
to Islam.[164]
Italy
17/33
12/15/2014
In Italy, Hinduism was previously not recognised as a religion, and during Durga Puja celebrations, the Italian police
shut down a previously approved Durga Puja celebration in Rome. The affront was seen by some as a statement
against alleged persecution of Christians in India.[165]
However, on 14 December 2012, Hinduism, along with Buddhism, was recognised and given freedom as a religion
not conflicting with the Italian Law, as per Article 8 of the Italian constitution. The move has been hailed as a new
milestone for religious freedom and equality between religions.[166]
Kazakhstan
In 2005 and 2006 Kazakh officials persistently and repeatedly tried to close down the Hare Krishna farming
community near Almaty.
On 20 November 2006, three buses full of riot police, two ambulances, two empty lorries, and executors of the
Karasai district arrived at the community in sub-zero weather and evicted the Hare Krishna followers from thirteen
homes, which the police proceeded to demolish.
The Forum 18 News Service reported, "Riot police who took part in the destruction threw the personal belongings
of the Hare Krishna devotees into the snow, and many devotees were left without clothes. Power for lighting and
heating systems had been cut off before the demolition began. Furniture and larger household belongings were
loaded onto trucks. Officials said these possessions would be destroyed. Two men who tried to prevent the bailiffs
from entering a house to destroy it were seized by 15 police officers who twisted their hands and took them away
to the police car."[167]
The Hare Krishna community had been promised that no action would be taken before the report of a state
commission supposedly set up to resolve the dispute was made public. On the day the demolition began, the
commission's chairman, Amanbek Mukhashev, told Forum 18, "I know nothing about the demolition of the Hare
Krishna homes I'm on holiday." He added, "As soon as I return to work at the beginning of December we will
officially announce the results of the Commission's investigation." Other officials also refused to comment.
The United States urged Kazakhstan's authorities to end what it called an "aggressive" campaign against the
country's tiny Hare Krishna community.[168]
Malaysia
Approximately nine percent of the population of Malaysia are Tamil Indians, of whom nearly 90 percent are
practising Hindus. Indian settlers came to Malaysia from Tamil Nadu in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Between April to May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country,
accompanied by violence against Hindus.[169] On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in
Kuala Lumpur was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.[170]
The president of the Consumers Association of Subang and Shah Alam in Selangor State has been helping to
organise efforts to stop the local authorities in the Muslim dominated city of Shah Alam from demolishing a 107year-old Hindu temple. The growing Islamization in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many Malaysians who follow
minority religions such as Hinduism.[171] On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from Kuala Lumpur forcefully
demolished part of a 60-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 1,000 Hindus. The "Hindu Rights Action
Force", a coalition of several NGO's, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the Malaysian
18/33
12/15/2014
Prime Minister.[172] Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple
cleansing in Malaysia. The official reason given by the Malaysian government has been that the temples were built
"illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old.[172] According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights
Action Task Force, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.[173]
Malaysian Muslims have also grown more anti-Hindu over the years. In response to the proposed construction of a
temple in Selangor, Muslims chopped off the head of a cow to protest, with leaders saying there would be blood if
a temple was constructed in Shah Alam.[174]
Laws in the country, especially those concerning religious identity, are generally slanted towards compulsion into
converting to Islam.[175]
Saudi Arabia
On 24 March 2005, Saudi authorities destroyed religious items found in a raid on a makeshift Hindu shrine found in
an apartment in Riyadh.[176]
Fiji
Hindus in Fiji constitute approximately 38% of the population. During the

late 1990s there were several riots against Hindus by radical elements in
Fiji. In the Spring of 2000, the democratically elected Fijian government
led by Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry was held hostage by a
guerilla group, headed by George Speight. They were demanding a
segregated state exclusively for the native Fijians, thereby legally
abolishing any rights the Hindu inhabitants have now. The majority of
Fijian land is reserved for the ethnically Fijian community.[177] Since the
practitioners of Hindu faith are predominantly Indians, racist attacks by
The burnt out remains of Govinda's
the extremist Fijian Nationalists too often culminated into violence against
Restaurant in Suva: over 100 shops
the institutions of Hinduism. According to official reports, attacks on
and businesses were ransacked in
Hindu institutions increased by 14% compared to 2004. Hindus and
Suva's central business district on 19
Hinduism, being labelled the "outside others," especially in the aftermath
May
of the May 2000 coup, have been victimised by Fijian fundamentalist and
nationalists who wish to create a theocratic Christian state in Fiji. This
intolerance of Hindus has found expression in anti-Hindu speeches and destruction of temples, the two most
common forms of immediate and direct violence against Hindus. Between 2001 and April 2005, one hundred cases
of temple attacks have been registered with the police. The alarming increase of temple destruction has spread fear
and intimidation among the Hindu minorities and has hastened immigration to neighbouring Australia and New
Zealand. Organised religious institutions, such as the Methodist Church of Fiji, have repeatedly called for the
creation of a theocratic Christian State and have propagated anti-Hindu sentiment.[178]
The Methodist church of Fiji repeatedly calls for the creation of a Christian State since a coup d'tat in
1987[177][179] and has stated that those who are not Christian should be "tolerated as long as they obey Christian
law".
19/33
12/15/2014
The Methodist Church of Fiji specifically objects to the constitutional protection of minority religious communities
such as Hindus and Muslims. State favouritism of Christianity, and systematic attacks on temples, are some of the
greatest threats faced by Fijian Hindus. Despite the creation of a human rights commission, the plight of Hindus in
Fiji continues to be precarious.[178]
Trinidad & Tobago
During the initial decades of Indian indenture, Indian cultural forms were met with either contempt or indifference by
the Christian majority.[180] Hindus have made many contributions to Trinidad history and culture even though the
state historically regarded Hindus as second class citizens. Hindus in Trinidad struggled over the granting of adult
franchise, the Hindu marriage bill, the divorce bill, cremation ordinance, and others.[180] After Trinidad's
independence from colonial rule, Hindus were marginalised by the African based People's National Movement. The
opposing party, the People's Democratic party, was portrayed as a "Hindu group", and Hindus were castigated as
a "recalcitrant and hostile minority".[180] The displacement of PNM from power in 1985 would improve the
situation.
Intensified protests over the course of the 1980s led to an improvement in the state's attitudes towards Hindus.[180]
The divergence of some of the fundamental aspects of local Hindu culture, the segregation of the Hindu community
from Trinidad, and the disinclination to risk erasing the more fundamental aspects of what had been constructed as
"Trinidad Hinduism" in which the identity of the group had been rooted, would often generate dissension when
certain dimensions of Hindu culture came into contact with the State. While the incongruences continue to generate
debate, and often conflict, it is now tempered with growing awareness and consideration on the part of the state to
the Hindu minority.[180] Hindus have been also been subjected to persistent proselytisation by Christian
missionaries.[181] Specifically the evangelical and Pentecostal Christians. Such activities reflect racial tensions that at
times arise between the Christianized Afro-Trinidadian and Hindu Indo-Trinidadian communities.[181]
South Africa
South Africa is home to a small Hindu minority. In 2006, the son of an Islamic cleric named Ahmed Deedat,
circulated a DVD that denounced South African Hindus. The elder Deedat, former head of the Arab funded
"Islamic Propagation Centre International" (IPCI), had previously circulated an anti-Hindu video in the 1980s
where he said that Indian Muslims were 'fortunate' that their Hindu forefathers 'saw the light' and converted to Islam
when Muslim rulers dominated some areas of India. His video was widely criticised. While Hindus in South Africa
have largely ignored the new anti-Hindu DVD circulated by Deedat Junior, he has been severely criticised by local
Muslims, including other members of the IPCI.The IPCI said in a statement that Yusuf Deedat did not represent the
organisation in any way. Deedat Junior, undeterred by the opposition from his own brethren, continues to circulate
the material.He has placed advertisements in newspapers inviting anyone to collect a free copy from his residence
to see for themselves "what the controversy is about".[182]
United States
Hindu immigrants constitute approximately 0.5% of the total population of the United States. They are also the
second most affluent religious group after the Jews. Hindus in the US enjoy both de jure and de facto legal
equality. However, a series of attacks were made on people Indian origin by a street gang called the "Dotbusters" in
New Jersey in 1987, the dot signifying the Bindi dot sticker worn on the forehead by Indian women.[183] The
20/33
12/15/2014
lackadaisical attitude of the local police prompted the South Asian community to arrange small groups all across the
state to fight back against the street gang. The perpetrators have been put to trial. On 2 January 2012, a Hindu
worship center in New York City was firebombed.[184]
The Dotbusters was a hate group in Jersey City, New Jersey, that attacked and threatened South Asians in the fall
of 1987. The name originated from the fact that traditional Hindu women and girls wear a bindi on their forehead. In
July 1987, they had a letter published in the Jersey Journal[185] stating that they would take any means necessary to
drive the Indians out of Jersey City:
I'm writing about your article during July about the abuse of Indian People. Well I'm here to state the
other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them you would also. We are an organization called dot
busters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of
Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or
her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks such as breaking windows, breaking car windows,
and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how
many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central avenue and
experience what its like to be near them: we have and we just don't want it anymore. You said that
they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will
never do anything. They are a week [sic] race Physically and mentally. We are going to continue our
way. We will never be stopped.[186]
Later that month, a group of youths attacked Navroze Mody, an Indian man of Parsi (Persian) origin, who was
mistaken for a Hindu, after he had left the Gold Coast Cafe with his friend who fell into a coma. Mody died four
days later. The four convicted of the attack were Luis Acevedo, Ralph Gonzalez and Luis Padilla - who were
convicted of aggravated assault; and William Acevedo - who was convicted of simple assault. The attack was with
fists and feet and with an unknown object that was described as either a baseball bat or a brick, and occurred after
members of the group, which was estimated as being between ten and twelve youths, had surrounded Mr. Mody
and taunted him for his baldness as either "Kojak" or "baldie". Mody's father, Jamshid Mody, later brought charges
against the city and police force of Hoboken, New Jersey, claiming that "the Hoboken police's indifference to acts
of violence perpetrated against Asian Indians violated Navroze Mody's equal protection rights" under the
Fourteenth Amendment.[187] Mody lost the case; the court ruled that the attack had not been proven a hate crime,
nor had there been proven any malfeasance by the police or prosecutors of the city.[187]
A few days after the attack on Mody, another Indian was beaten into a coma; this time on a busy street corner in
Jersey City Heights. The victim, Kaushal Saran, was found unconscious at Central and Ferry Avenues, near a city
park and firehouse, according to police reports. Saran, a licensed physician in India who was awaiting licensing in
the United States, was discharged later from University Hospital in Newark.[188] The unprovoked attack left Saran
in a partial coma for over a week with severe damage to his skull and brain. In September 1992, Thomas Kozak,
Martin Ricciardi, and Mark Evangelista were brought to trial on federal civil rights charges in connection with the
attack on Saran. However, the three were acquitted of the charges in two separate trials in 1993. Saran testified at
both trials that he could not remember the incident.[189]
The Dotbusters were primarily based in New York and New Jersey and committed most of their crimes in Jersey
City. A number of perpetrators have been brought to trial for these assaults. Although tougher anti-hate crime laws
were passed by the New Jersey legislature in 1990, the attacks continued, with 58 cases of hate crimes against
21/33
12/15/2014
Indians in New Jersey reported in 1991.[186]
See also
Anti-Hinduism
Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Book)
Negationism in India - Concealing the Record of Islam
Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them
Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques
Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947
Expulsion of Indians from Burma in 1962
Multan Sun Temple
Hinduism in Iran
2007 HINDRAF rally
Love Jihad
Forced conversion
Notes
1. ^ Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the
Arab Conquest. [1] (http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12701030&ct=18)
2. ^ Wink, Andre, "Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill Academic Publishers, 1 August 2002, ISBN
0-391-04173-8 pg. 204
3. ^ Trifkovic, Serge (11 September 2002). The Sword of the Prophet: History, Theology, Impact on the World.
Regina Orthodox Press. ISBN 1-928653-11-1.
4. ^ Trifkovic, Serge. "Islams Other Victims: India" (http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?
ID=4649). FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
5. ^ Sindhi Culture by U.T. Thakkur, Univ. of Bombay Publications, 1959
6. ^ J E Lohuizen-de Leeuw, South Asian Archaeology 1975, pg 152153, January 1, 1979, Brill Academic
Publishers, ISBN 90-04-05996-2
7. ^ "Somnath - The Symbol of National Pride"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20101028102913/http://www.indiafirstfoundation.org/Glimpses%20of%20Indian%20
History/Articles/Leaves%20From%20The%20Past/Somnath%20thesymbolofNtionalpride_m.htm). Leaves from the
Past. Archived from the original
(http://www.indiafirstfoundation.org/Glimpses%20of%20Indian%20History/Articles/Leaves%20From%20The%20
Past/Somnath%20thesymbolofNtionalpride_m.htm) on October 28, 2010.
8. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2010). Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict (http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=2CXfd1johOAC&pg=PA25&dq=hindus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aqPnUvLxIYH8rAf2ICICg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=hindus&f=false). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 25. Retrieved
22/33
12/15/2014
ICICg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=hindus&f=false). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 25. Retrieved

28 January 2014.
9. ^ a b Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Ancient Hindu society (http://books.google.co.in/books?

id=q8cCespTlNEC&pg=PA364&dq=ghazni+Hindus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SmnnUo_5KMKGrgfu4H4BQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ghazni%20Hindus&f=false). Genesis. p. 365. Retrieved 28 January
2014.
10. ^ Encyclopdia Britannica 14 (15 ed.). July 1987. pp. 238240.
11. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia 19. 1990. p. 237.
12. ^ Douglas, W.O., (July 1958). "West of Khyber Pass". National Geographic Magazine. 114,1: 1323.
13. ^ Encyclopedia Americana 14. 1993. p. 206.
14. ^ Kakar, Sudhir. The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict. University of Chicago Press
P 50. ISBN 0-226-42284-4.
15. ^ a b c P. M. (Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge University Press,
21 April 1977, ISBN 0-521-29137-2 pg 34.
16. ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, (Har-Anand, 2009), 278.
17. ^ a b Sachau, Edward (1910). Alberuni's India, Vol. 1
(http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_0000
0078.html?toggle=image&menu=maximize&top=&left=). Kegan Paul, Trench, Trbner & Co. p. 22.
18. ^ Duiker and Spielvogel (2008). World History, Volume 1 (http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=arxyJC05vScC&pg=PT283&dq=ghazni+Hindus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SmnnUo_5KMKGrgfu4H4BQ&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=ghazni%20Hindus&f=false). Cengage Learning. p. 251.
19. ^ Raychaudhuri and Habib (2004). Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1 (http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=PsyatLixPsUC&pg=PA91&dq=hindu+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=THLnUoTeG4aLrQedloDQCg&ved=0CFYQ6A
EwC). Orient Blackswan. p. 91. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
20. ^ a b c Banerjee, Jamini (1967). History of Firuz Shah Tughluq. Munshiram Manoharlal.
21. ^ a b c Rajiv Varma (http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/temple_aurangzeb.html) Destruction of Hindu
Temples by Aurangzeb
22. ^ "Disputed Ayodhya site to be divided into 3 parts- TIMESNOW.tv Latest Breaking News, Big News Stories,
News Videos" (http://www.timesnow.tv/Disputed-Ayodhya-site-to-be-divided-into-3parts/articleshow/4355050.cms). Timesnow.Tv. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
23. ^ "The austere, grandiose site of Hampi was the last capital of the last great Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its
fabulously rich princes built Dravidian temples and palaces which won the admiration of travellers between the
14th and 16th centuries. Conquered by the Deccan Muslim confederacy in 1565, the city was pillaged over a
period of six months before being abandoned." From the brief description UNESCO World Heritage List
(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241).
24. ^ Bowring, Lewin (1893). Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south
(http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm) (1974 ed.). Delhi: ADABIYAT-I DELLI.
ISBN 81-206-1299-X.
25. ^ Valath, V. v. k. (1981). Keralathile Sthacharithrangal Thrissur Jilla (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahithya Academy.
pp. 7479.
26. ^ Kareem, C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association: distributors, Paico
Pub. House. p. 322.
23/33
12/15/2014
Pub. House. p. 322.
27. ^ Brittlebank Tipu Sultan pp. 1-3; Phillip B. Wagoner "Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a
Hindu Domain by Kate Brittlebank (Review) The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 58, No. 2 (May 1999) pp. 541543
28. ^ "The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947", p. 62, by T.
A. Heathcote, 1995
29. ^ a b c Prabhu 1999, p. 223
30. ^ Cariappa 1981, p. 48
31. ^ Sen 1930, p. 157
32. ^ Mappila Muslims of Kerala: a study in Islamic trends (1992), Roland E. Miller, Orient Longman, p. 93
33. ^ Hasan, The History of Tipu Sultan, pp. 362363
34. ^ K.M. Panicker, Bhasha Poshini, August 1923
35. ^ Conjeeveram Hayavadana Rao (rao sahib), Benjamin Lewis Rice, (1930). Mysore gazetteer, Volume 2, Issue 4,.
Government Press. p. 2697.
36. ^ Mohibbul Hasan The History of Tipu Sultan (Delhi) 1971 pp 359
37. ^ B.A. Saletare "Tipu Sultan as Defender of the Hindu Dharma" in Habib (Ed.) Confronting Colonialism, pp. 1168
38. ^ Ali, Sheikh. "Persian script of Tipu Sultan on the gateway to Krishnaraja Sagar Dam (KRS)". Biography of Tipu
Sultan. Cal-Info. http://www.tipusultan.org/script1.htm. Retrieved 17 October 2006
39. ^ Rao, Hayavadana C.. History of Mysore 13991799: Incorporating the latest Epigraphical, Literary and
Historical Researches Vol. 3 pgs 104753. Bangalore Government Press.
40. ^ a b Firishta, Muhammad Qsim Hind Shh; John Briggs (translator) (1829 1981 Reprint). Trkh-i-Firishta
(History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India). New Delhi. Check date values in: |date=(help)
41. ^ Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese
Inquisition and Its New Christians, 15361765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 3457.
42. ^ a b de Souza, Teotonio (1994). Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures
(http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=vtf1eRE8FC8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Discoveries,+Missionary+Expansion,+and+Asian+Cultures&hl=en&s
a=X&ei=dPDpUv3PIsmVrgfP8ID4BA&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=persecution&f=false). Concept
Publishing Company. p. 80. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
43. ^ "Recall the Goa Inquisition to stop the Church from crying foul"
(http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/16gupta.htm). Rediff (India). 16 March 1999.
44. ^ a b L'Inquisition de Goa: la relation de Charles Dellon (1687) (http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=twawcm37sUkC&pg=PP1&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false)
45. ^ Stokes, Eric (1973). The First Century of British Colonial Rule in India: Social Revolution or Social
Stagnation?" Past and Present.
46. ^ Death toll in the partition (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm#India)
47. ^ a b c d e Tsugitaka, Sato (2 Oct 2012). Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects
(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HvqUOb-iUsUC&pg=PT155&dq=Programme+for+the+Day+
(Direct+Action+Day)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PFbrUqTFMMnsrAfSj4GwBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Pr
ogramme%20for%20the%20Day%20(Direct%20Action%20Day)&f=false). Routledge. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
48. ^ Tyson, John D. IOR: Tyson Papers, Eur E341/41, Tyson's note on Calcutta disturbances, 29 September 1946.
49. ^ a b c Burrows, Frederick (1946). Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95,
96107.
24/33
12/15/2014
96107.
50. ^ Batabyal, Rakesh (1 May 2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47
(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=96_LRi9O06oC&pg=PA267&dq=Programme+for+the+Day+
(Direct+Action+Day)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PFbrUqTFMMnsrAfSj4GwBA&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Pro
gramme%20for%20the%20Day%20(Direct%20Action%20Day)&f=false). SAGE. p. 263. Retrieved 31 January
2014.
51. ^ a b Fort, Adrian (31 Dec 2011). Archibald Wavell: The Life and Times of an Imperial Servant
(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Y6SJptbhBTAC&pg=PA398&dq=Programme+for+the+Day+
(Direct+Action+Day)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PFbrUqTFMMnsrAfSj4GwBA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Pr
ogramme%20for%20the%20Day%20(Direct%20Action%20Day)&f=false). Random House. p. 398.
52. ^ Fraser, Bashabi (2008). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter (http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=zW30rV_UAskC&pg=PA44&dq=Programme+for+the+Day+
(Direct+Action+Day)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PFbrUqTFMMnsrAfSj4GwBA&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Su
hrawardy&f=false). Anthem Press. p. 21. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=96_LRi9O06oC&pg=PA267&dq=Programme+for+the+Day+
(Direct+Action+Day)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PFbrUqTFMMnsrAfSj4GwBA&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCQ#v=snippet&q=oriy
a&f=false). 246: SAGE. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
54. ^ Sanyal, Sunanda; Basu, Soumya (2011). The Sickle & the Crescent: Communists, Muslim League and India's
Partition. London: Frontpage Publications. pp. 149151. ISBN 978-81-908841-6-7.
55. ^ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra (2001). Shyamaprasad: Bangabhanga O Paschimbanga ( : ).
Kolkata: Akhil Bharatiya Itihash Sankalan Samiti. p. 127.
56. ^ Das, Suranjan (May 2000). "The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'?".
Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press) 34 (2): 281306. doi:10.1017/S0026749X0000336X
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X0000336X). JSTOR 313064 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/313064).
57. ^ Sengupta, Debjani (2006). A City Feeding on Itself: Testimonies and Histories of Direct Action Day. Sarai
Reader.
58. ^ Wavell, Archibald P. (1946). Report to Lord Pethick-Lawrence. British Library Archives: IOR.
59. ^ Rashid, Harun-or (1987). The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics,
19361947,. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
60. ^ Chatterji, Joya (6 Jun 2002). Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947
id=iDNAQcoVqoMC&pg=PA115&dq=Noakhali+zamindar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kMvrUp6lB4XMrQeF24Ag&ved=0C
DAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Noakhali%20riot&f=false). Cambridge University Press. p. 239. Retrieved
31 January 2014.
61. ^ a b Fraser, Bashabi (2008). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter (http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=zW30rV_UAskC&pg=PA44&dq=Programme+for+the+Day+
(Direct+Action+Day)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PFbrUqTFMMnsrAfSj4GwBA&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=noa
khali%20riots&f=false). Anthem Press. p. 19. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
62. ^ a b c d e Batabyal, Rakesh (1 May 2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47
id=96_LRi9O06oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=noakhali+riots&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pU7rUq6LO4WVrAfdyYFI&ved=0
25/33
12/15/2014
CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=noakhali%20riots&f=false). SAGE. p. 272. Retrieved 31 January 2014.

63. ^ Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 194347. New Delhi: Sage
Publications. p. 280. ISBN 8178294710.
64. ^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (27 May 2004). Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947
id=YRyAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105&dq=noakhali+riots&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pU7rUq6LO4WVrAfdyYFI&ved=0CFYQ
6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=noakhali%20riots&f=false). Routledge. p. 104.
65. ^ Batabyal, Rakesh (2005). Communalism in Bengal: From Famine to Noakhali, 194347. New Delhi: Sage
Publications. p. 273. ISBN 8178294710.
id=96_LRi9O06oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=noakhali+riots&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pU7rUq6LO4WVrAfdyYFI&ved=0
CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=noakhali%20riots&f=false). SAGE. p. 282. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
DAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Noakhali%20zamindar&f=false). Cambridge University Press. p. 114. Retrieved
31 January 2014.
68. ^ a b Chakrabarty, Bidyut (27 May 2004). Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947
6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=noakhali%20riots&f=false). Routledge. p. 107. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
DAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Noakhali%20riot&f=false). Cambridge University Press. p. 202. Retrieved
31 January 2014.
70. ^ a b Chakrabarty, Bidyut (27 May 2004). Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947
6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=noakhali%20riots&f=false). Routledge. p. 106. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
71. ^ Telangana Liberation A People's Struggle (http://www.telangana.org/Papers/article11.asp)
72. ^ Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (An Important Revolutionary of India) Bhawan Singh Rana Google Books
(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Uc9lLS2dqbUC&pg=PA71). Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
73. ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=K94wQ9MF2JsC) By James
Minahan
74. ^ HYDERABAD: The Holdout (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799076-2,00.html) TIME
Magazine, Monday, 30 August 1948
75. ^ Census of Pakistan, 1951
76. ^ Hindu Masjids (http://books.google.com/books?id=7zNuAAAAMAAJ) by Prafull Goradia, 2002 "In 1951,
Muslims were 77 percent and Hindus were 22 percent."
77. ^ Census of Pakistan (http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html)
26/33
12/15/2014
77. ^ Census of Pakistan (http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html)

78. ^ "rediff.com: No more safe at home, Pak Hindus flee" (http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/18sld1-hindufamilies-face-the-heat.htm). Specials.rediff.com. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
79. ^ Press Trust of India (12 July 2010). "Hindus attacked, evicted from their homes in Paks Sindh"
(http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article512346.ece). Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 14 July
2010.
80. ^ "Hindus attacked in Pakistan" (http://news.oneindia.in/2010/07/13/hindus-in-sindh-attacked-pakistan.html).
Oneindia.in. 13 July 2010.
81. ^ "At least 25 Hindu Girls Abducted Every Month in Pakistan" (http://www.chakranews.com/at-least-25-hindugirls-abducted-every-month-in-pakistan/655). The Chakra. April 2010.
82. ^ "Hindu temple guard gunned down in Peshawar" (http://newsweekpakistan.com/hindu-temple-guard-gunneddown-in-peshawar). http://newsweekpakistan.com/hindu-temple-guard-gunned-down-in-peshawar. AG
Publications (Private) Limited. Jan 26, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
83. ^ "Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal" (http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html). Time.
2 August 1971.
84. ^ "World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout"
(http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html). TIME. 2 August 1971. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
85. ^ UNHCR | Refworld | Chronology for Lhotshampas in Bhutan
(http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2cba2,469f386a1e,0.html)
86. ^ NEPAL-BHUTAN: Bhutan questions identity of 107,000 refugees in Nepal
(http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=77513)
87. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (7 November 2007). "Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated' "
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm). BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
88. ^ "Structural asymmetric secularism" (http://acorn.nationalinterest.in/2007/12/26/structural-asymmetricsecularism/).
89. ^ "National Minority Status For Jain Community in India" (http://www.theindiapost.com/2008/07/11/nationalminority-status-for-jain-community-in-india/).
90. ^ "Supreme Court's judgement" (http://prayatna.typepad.com/education/2005/08/summary_of_the_.html).
91. ^ "University Today" (http://www.universitytoday.net/1mar06.pdf).
92. ^ "Places of worship attacked" (http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/09/stories/2006120906950400.htm). The Hindu
(Chennai, India). 9 December 2006.
93. ^ "Anti-Hindu rhetoric nothing new for atheist DMK chief" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/antihindurhetoric-nothing-new-for-atheist-dmk-chief/219610/0).
94. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2007). India After Gandhi. MacMillan. pp. 640680.
95. ^ Gill, Kanwar Pal Singh. "The Kashmiri Pandits: An Ethnic Cleansing the World Forgot"
(http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/2003/chapter9.htm). South Asian Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 26 August
2006.
96. ^ "Under renewed threats, pandits may flee the Valley" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Under-renewed-threatspandits-may-flee-the-Valley/H1-Article1-477268.aspx). Hindustan Times. 17 November 2009. Retrieved 13 August
2012.
97. ^ KASHMIR SENTINEL 16 August 15 September 2000-Terrorists massacre Amarnath yatris
(http://www.kashmirsentinel.com/augsept2000/2000.9.3.html)
27/33
12/15/2014
98. ^ Tripura Society's Website, Independent, and Authentic Information & Views About Tripura
(http://tripurasociety.org/religion.htm)
99. ^ "Constitution of National Liberation Front of Tripura"
(http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/documents/papers/nlft_const.htm). South Asia
Terrorism Portal.
100. ^ "National Liberation Front of Tripura, India"
(http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/terrorist_outfits/nlft.htm). South Asia Terrorism
Portal.
101. ^ Christianity threat looms over Bhuvan Pahar (http://www.assamtimes.org/social/3112.html) Assam Times 23
June 2009
102. ^ Harris, Gardiner (28 July 2012). "As Tensions in India Turn Deadly, Some Say Officials Ignored Warning Signs"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/world/asia/after-tensions-in-indias-east-turn-deadly-claims-officials-turneda-blind-eye.html?_r=1). The New York Times.
103. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (26 July 2012). "What lies behind Assam violence?" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asiaindia-18993905). BBC News. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
104. ^ Atiq Khan (2012-08-18). "Mob goes berserk in Lucknow, targets media"
(http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3786202.ece). Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved
2014-01-26.
105. ^ Das, Nairita (2012-08-29). "Northeast people indeed assaulted, threatened in Bangalore"
(http://news.oneindia.in/2012/08/18/northeast-people-assaulted-threatened-in-bangalore-kar-1055896.html). News
Oneindia. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
106. ^ Gunment Slaughter 38 on Bus in India in Bloodiest Attack of Sikh Campaign. 7 July 1987. Page A03. The
Philadelphia Inquirer.
107. ^ a b Marad report slams Muslim League (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/marad-report-slams-muslimleague/13497/) The Indian Express, 27 September 2006
108. ^ 62 get life term for Marad killings (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/62-get-life-term-for-maradkillings/411268/) The Indian Express, 16 January 2009
109. ^ Mujtaba, Syed Ali (2005). Soundings on South Asia (http://books.google.com/?id=AFDVcx7BCMC&pg=PA100). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-932705-40-9.
110. ^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhushan Das (2007). Science, technology, imperialism, and war History of science, philosophy,
and culture in Indian civilization. Volume XV. Science, technology, and philosophy ; pt. 1
(http://books.google.com/?id=EJuM4FylchwC&pg=PA733). Pearson Education India. p. 733. ISBN 978-81-3170851-4.
111. ^ "Discrimination against Bangladeshi Hindus: Refugees International"
(http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/09bang.htm). Rediff.com. 9 August 2003. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
112. ^ a b Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan? by Hiranmay Karlekar. New Delhi: Sage, January 2006. ISBN 0-76193401-4
113. ^ "The 'Talibanization' of Bangladesh" (http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020527/baldwin20020517). The Nation.
18 May 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
114. ^ "The Talibanization of Bangladesh"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20061120214554/http://www.metransparent.com/texts/abdullah_elmadani/abdullah_el
madani_talibanization_of_bengladesh_english.htm). metransparent.com. 9 August 2003. Archived from the original
28/33
12/15/2014
madani_talibanization_of_bengladesh_english.htm). metransparent.com. 9 August 2003. Archived from the original

(http://www.metransparent.com/texts/abdullah_elmadani/abdullah_elmadani_talibanization_of_bengladesh_english.h
tm) on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
115. ^ U.S. Department of State: 2006 Census Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs
(http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm)
116. ^ Frank Pallone (17 May 2004). "Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh (article mirrored from the US Library of
Congress)" (http://www.hvk.org/articles/0504/110.html). Retrieved 26 August 2006.
117. ^ "Congressman Pallone Condemns Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh Following Meetings with Hindu American
Foundation" (http://www.hinduamericanfoundation.org/media_press_release_pallone-bangladesh.htm). Hindu
American Foundation. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
118. ^ a b Bangladesh slammed for persecution of Hindus
(http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/02aziz.htm),Rediff.com
119. ^ "Hindu temple attacked, idols destroyed in B'desh: Official" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/southasia/Hindu-temple-attacked-idols-destroyed-in-Bdesh-Official-/articleshow/5543091.cms). The Times of India. 6
February 2010.
120. ^ Fresh atrocities on Hindu families in Bangladesh (http://www.weeklyblitz.net/1755/fresh-atrocities-on-hindufamilies-in-bangladesh) Weekly Blitz 4 September 2011
121. ^ a b "Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority" (http://amnesty.org/en/for-media/pressreleases/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority-2013-03-06#.UTeKDSrYyD8.twitter). Press
releases. Amnesty International. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
122. ^ "Hindus Under Attack in Bangladesh" (http://en.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2013/3/3/Hindus-under-attack-inBangladesh.aspx). News Bharati. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
123. ^ "Bagerhat Hindu Temple Set on Fire" (http://dev-bd.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=241410&cid=2).
bdnews24.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
124. ^ "US worried at violence" (http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/us-worried-at-violence/). The Daily Star
(Bangladesh). 12 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
125. ^ "Mozena: Violence is not the way to resolution" (http://www.clickittefaq.com/featured-area/mozena-violence-isnot-the-way-to-resolution/). The Daily Ittefaq. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
126. ^ Ethirajan, Anbarasan (9 March 2013). "Bangladesh minorities 'terrorised' after mob violence"
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21712655). BBC News (London). Retrieved 17 March 2013.
127. ^ Nayyar, A.H. and Salim, A. (eds.)(2003). The subtle Subversion: A report on Curricula and Textbooks in
Pakistan (http://www.sdpi.org/whats_new/reporton/State%20of%20Curr&TextBooks.pdf). Report of the project
A Civil Society Initiative in Curricula and Textbooks Reform. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad.
128. ^ Hate mongering worries minorities (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?
page=2006%5C04%5C25%5Cstory_25-4-2006_pg7_26), Daily Times (Pakistan), 25 April 2006
129. ^ In Pakistan's Public Schools, Jihad Still Part of Lesson Plan The Muslim nation's public school texts still
promote hatred and jihad, reformers say. (http://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/18/world/fg-schools18) By Paul
Watson, Times Staff Writer; 18 August 2005; Los Angeles Times. 4 Page article online Retrieved on 2 January
2010
130. ^ Primers Of Hate History or biology, Pakistani students get anti-India lessons in all their textbooks; 'Hindu,
Enemy Of Islam' These are extracts from government-sponsored textbooks approved by the National Curriculum
Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education. (http://www.outlookindia.com/fullprint.asp?
29/33
12/15/2014

Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education.
(http://www.outlookindia.com/fullprint.asp?
choice=2&fodname=20051010&fname=Pakistan+%28F%29&sid=1) By AMIR MIR; 10 October 2005; Outlook

India Magazine Retrieved on 2 January 2010
131. ^ Noor's cure: A contrast in views (http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/16guest.htm); by Arindam Banerji; 16
July 2003; Rediff India Abroad Retrieved on 2 January 2010
132. ^ Curriculum of hatred (http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/11curriculum-of-hatred--03), Dawn (newspaper), 20 May 2009
133. ^ a b School texts spreading more extremism than seminaries (http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawncontent-library/dawn/the-newspaper/national/school-texts-spreading-more-extremism-than-seminaries-959) By Our
Special Correspondent; Tuesday, 19 May 2009; Dawn Newspaper. Retrieved 1 January 2010
134. ^ The threat of Pakistan's revisionist texts
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2009/may/18/pakistan-textbooks-religious-extremism), The
Guardian, 18 May 2009
135. ^ Pakistan: Do school texts fuel bias? (http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0121/p04s03-wosc.html?page=1),
Christian Science Monitor, 21 January 2009
136. ^ Anwar, Syed. "State of minorities" (http://www.dawn.com/2006/06/18/op.htm). Retrieved 18 August 2006.
137. ^ 25 Hindu girls abducted every month, claims HRCP official (http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?
id=231616) The News, Tuesday, 30 March 2010
138. ^ "Opp MNAs fight in PMs presence" (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?
page=2005%5C12%5C09%5Cstory_9-12-2005_pg1_7). Retrieved 23 August 2006.
139. ^ US Department of State International Religious Freedom Report 2006
(http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71443.htm)
140. ^ Abduction of Hindus, Sikhs have become a business in Pak: PML MP
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Abduction-of-Hindus-Sikhs-have-become-a-business-in-PakPML-MP/articleshow/9763515.cms) Times of India 28 August 2011
141. ^ Pak Hindus not treated equally under law (http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/pak-hindus-not-treatedequally-under-law_770873.html) Zee News 20 April 2012
142. ^ Hounded in Pakistan (http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/item/51269-hounded-in-pakistan.html?
tmpl=component&print=1) Daily Pioneer 20 March 2012
143. ^ Another temple is no more (http://www.dawn.com/2006/05/28/nat23.htm),Dawn
144. ^ "Hindu temple guard gunned down in Peshawar" (http://newsweekpakistan.com/hindu-temple-guard-gunneddown-in-peshawar). Newsweek Pakistan. AG Publications (Private) Limited. Jan 26, 2014. Retrieved 31 January
2014.
145. ^ Sohail, Riaz (2 March 2007). "Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan"
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm). BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
146. ^ "Pakistani Hindu Youth Murdered in Sindh" (http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?655723).
news.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
147. ^ [2] (http://www.indiatvnews.com/Common.aspx?path=19/209)
148. ^ "rediff.com: No more safe at home, Pak Hindus flee" (http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/18sld1-hindufamilies-face-the-heat.htm). Specials.rediff.com. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
149. ^ "Hindus fleeing persecution in Pak" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/614386142.cms). The Times
of India. 5 September 2001.
150. ^ Goodbye To The Hindu Ghettos (http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?
30/33
12/15/2014
150. ^ Goodbye To The Hindu Ghettos (http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?

filename=Ne171009goodbye_to.asp) Tehelka 17 October 2009 issue
151. ^ US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus (http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPrint.asp?
Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200106%5CFor20010615b.html), T.C. Malhotra
152. ^ US lawmakers say: We are Hindus Aziz Haniffa (http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/jun/14us1.htm)
153. ^ Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus (http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/news/05/22/taleban.hindus/index.html),CNN
154. ^ India deplores Taleban decree against Hindus (http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/21tale1.htm)
155. ^ Taliban: Hindus Must Wear Identity Labels
(http://english.people.com.cn/english/200105/23/eng20010523_70812.html),People's Daily
156. ^ a b US lawmakers say: We are Hindus (http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/jun/14us1.htm),Rediff.com
157. ^ a b US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus (http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPrint.asp?
Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200106%5CFor20010615b.html),CNSnews.com
158. ^ Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples
(http://www.pluralism.org/resources/slideshow/hindgerm/index.php),pluralism.org
159. ^ Bruce Haigh (January 2, 2014). "Tribunal delivers Sri Lanka's guilty verdict"
(http://www.canberratimes.com.au/comment/tribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html).
http://www.canberratimes.com.au/comment/tribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html.
Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
160. ^ "Contacts" (http://www.tamilsagainstgenocide.org/Contacts.aspx). Tamils Against Genocide. April 29, 2011.
Retrieved May 3, 2011.
161. ^ Rosie DiManno (February 6, 2014). "Sri Lankas hidden genocide"
(http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/04/sri_lankas_hidden_genocide.html).
http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/04/sri_lankas_hidden_genocide.html (Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd.).
Retrieved 6 February 2014.
162. ^ "Tamil group files lawsuit against Rajapaksa in US - Indian Express" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tamilgroup-files-lawsuit-against-rajapaksa-in-us/743516/). The Indian Express. 29 January 2011. Retrieved
29 November 2012.
163. ^ "TGTE Launches Signature Campaign for Sri Lanka Genocide Investigation" (http://www.tgte.org/usa).
Transitional Government of Tamil Eelam. April 24, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
164. ^ Suspected Islamists slash Indian student's tongue with knife in Bonn (http://www.hindustantimes.com/worldnews/Europe/Suspected-Islamists-slash-Indian-student-s-tongue/Article1-981467.aspx) Hindustan Times 27
December 2012
165. ^ In Rome, Durga is not welcome (http://dailypioneer.com/205141/In-Rome-Durga-is-not-welcome.html) Daily
Pioneer 27 September 2009
166. ^ Italy is no longer (only) Christian (http://www.articolotre.com/2012/12/litalia-non-e-piu-soltantocristiana/124973) Articolo Tre 14 December 2012
167. ^ "KAZAKHSTAN: State bulldozes Hare Krishna commune, bids to chair OSCE"
(http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=873). Forum 18 News Service. Retrieved 24 January 2007.
168. ^ "U.S. Embassy urges Kazakh authorities to end harassment of Hare Krishna"
(http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/07/asia/AS_GEN_Kazakhstan_Hare_Krishna.php). International Herald
Tribune. Retrieved 24 January 2007.
169. ^ Temple row a dab of sensibility please
31/33
12/15/2014
169. ^ Temple row a dab of sensibility please
(http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/52600),malaysiakini.com
170. ^ Muslims Destroy Century-Old Hindu Temple,gatago.com
(http://www.gatago.com/talk/politics/mideast/12428067.html)
171. ^ Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4965580.stm),BBC
172. ^ a b Hindu group protests 'temple cleansing' in Malaysia (http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?
content_id=128069),Financial Express
173. ^ Malaysia ethnic Indians in uphill fight on religion (http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia30397720071108?pageNumber=1) Reuters India 8 November 2007
174. ^ Malaysia Muslims protest proposed Hindu temple
(http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5RWG2ScAdC9V7eo-B6-KfUL3QjgD9ABV6U81)
Associated Press 28 August 2009
175. ^ Malaysia strips Hindus of rights (http://dailypioneer.com/230183/Malaysia-strips-Hindus-of-rights.html) Daily
Pioneer 19 January 2010
176. ^ Marshall, Paul. Saudi Arabia's Religious Police Crack Down
(https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223359/http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/news/bn2005/bn-2005-0016.htm) at the Wayback Machine (archived May 22, 2006). Freedom House
177. ^ a b Jonathan Fraenkel, Stewart Firth (2007). From Election to Coup in Fiji: The 2006 Campaign and Its
Aftermath. ANU E Press. p. 306.
178. ^ a b "Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora. A Survey of Human Rights 2005"
(http://hafsite.org/pdf/hhr_2005_html/fijiislands.htm). Hindu American Foundation (HAF). 2006. Retrieved 21 July
2014.
179. ^ Roots of Land and Church: the Christian State Debate in Fiji International journal for the Study of the Christian
Church (http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/link.asp?id=u250pmj6q7047403)
180. ^ a b c d e Singh, Sherry-Ann, Hinduism and the State in Trinidad,Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Volume 6, Number 3,
September 2005, pp. 353365(13)
181. ^ a b International Religious Freedom Report 2002: Trinidad and Tobago
(http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/14060.htm)
182. ^ South African Muslims reject anti-Hindu DVD (http://www.indiaenews.com/africa/20060312/230.htm),India
Enews
183. ^ "In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence" (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9B0DE0DB173FF931A25753C1A961948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2). The New York Times.
184. ^ "New York firebomb attacks hit mosque, Hindu site" (http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre8010ie-us-crimenewyork/). News Daily. 2 January 2012
185. ^ Marriott, Michel; Special To The New York Times (12 October 1987). "In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence"
(http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/in-jersey-city-indians-protest-violence.html). The New York Times.
p. 1. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
186. ^ a b Dot Busters in New Jersey. (http://www.pluralism.org/ocg/CDROM_files/hinduism/dot_busters.php)
187. ^ a b Verdict (http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/959/959.F2d.461.91-5407.html) of the Third Circuit Court of
Appeals in Mody v. City of Hoboken (959 F.2d 461)
188. ^ In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence. (http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/in-jersey-city-indiansprotest-violence.html?&pagewanted=2) The New York Times, p. 2
32/33
12/15/2014
protest-violence.html?&pagewanted=2) The New York Times, p. 2
189. ^ "DotBusters victim looks back" (http://hudsonreporter.com/printer_friendly/2488227), Ricardo Kaulessar,

Hudson (N.J.) Reporter, 2 May 2009.
References
Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications.
ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8..
External links
Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities (http://www.hrcbm.org)
The Hindu Minority in Bangladesh (http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF13.htm)
Attacks on the Hindu Minority in Bangladesh (http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130062001?
open&of=ENG-BGD) Amnesty International
Atrocities on Hindus catch US Congressmen's attention
(http://www.uscirf.gov/mediaroom/news/news_archive/2005/july/07142005_atrocities.html) United States
Commission on Religious Freedom
Row over Krishna temple in Moscow (http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/mar/24russia.htm)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Hindus&oldid=637866279"
Categories: Persecution of Hindus Anti-Hinduism History of Hinduism Religious persecution
Violence against Hindus
This page was last modified on 13 December 2014 at 04:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark
of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
33/33

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

12/15/2014

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Somanatha Temple Prabhas Patan, Gujarat, from the

Alberuni, a historian who accompanied Mahmud of

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An 1868 photograph of the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

During European rule of the Indian subcontinent

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

St. Francis Xavier who requested the

led to the downfall of the Portuguese Empire in the East.[42]

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1971 Bangladesh genocide

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hindus in Fiji constitute approximately 38% of the population. During the

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Indians in New Jersey reported in 1991.[186]

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ICICg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=hindus&f=false). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 25. Retrieved

9. ^ a b Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Ancient Hindu society (http://books.google.co.in/books?

Pub. House. p. 322.

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=noakhali%20riots&f=false). SAGE. p. 272. Retrieved 31 January 2014.

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

77. ^ Census of Pakistan (http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html)

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

madani_talibanization_of_bengladesh_english.htm). metransparent.com. 9 August 2003. Archived from the original

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

choice=2&fodname=20051010&fname=Pakistan+%28F%29&sid=1) By AMIR MIR; 10 October 2005; Outlook

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

150. ^ Goodbye To The Hindu Ghettos (http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp?

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

169. ^ Temple row a dab of sensibility please

Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

protest-violence.html?&pagewanted=2) The New York Times, p. 2

189. ^ "DotBusters victim looks back" (http://hudsonreporter.com/printer_friendly/2488227), Ricardo Kaulessar,

Potrebbero piacerti anche