UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA

Faculty of Engineering
Non-GPA Module 399: Industrial Training
TRAINING REPORT

Presented By
Hasanga Udesh Gunawardhana

Index No

: 060147J

Field of Study

: Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering

Training Establishment : Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd

Training Period

: 13.10.2008 27.03.2009

Date of Submission

: 08.04.2009

Preface
This is the training report which includes the experiences and details about the
training that I underwent in Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd. The industrial training is a great experience for
an engineering undergraduate to improve his knowledge and learn the engineering practices.
This report contains three chapters namely, Introduction to Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd,
Training Experiences and Conclusion. Some of the chapters are divided into sub divisions
according to the guidelines.
The first chapter describes the Mobitel Company profile. It contains the details about
its history, present status, strengths and weaknesses of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd. This also includes
about the profitability and the usefulness of the company towards the society.
In the second chapter, I describe the experience that I have gathered during the
training period. This chapter is divided into sub divisions to describe the theoretical and
practical knowledge that I have gathered in different divisions of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd.
Sometimes it is difficult to explain some practical work that I did during the training period.
Third chapter is the conclusion of the report. This chapter summarizes the training
that I underwent in Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd. It also contains some feedback regarding the training
program conducted as a collaboration of NAITA and the Training Division, University of
Moratuwa.

Acknowledgement
First, I would like to thank the Training Division of University of Moratuwa for
organizing and coordinating this kind of a training program to give the industrial exposure.
Not only organizing the event, Training Division gave a good introduction and pointed out
the objectives of the Industrial training before we participate in the training program. I would
like to specially thank Eng. N.A. Wijeyewickrama, Director, P. Gunawardena and S.A.S.
Punchihewa, Senior Lecturers of Training Division for their great support within the training
period to make it a success.
I would also like to thank NAITA for their cooperation towards Training Division to
organize a good Industrial Training Program for us.
Then I would like to convey my sincere thank to Eng. A.T.L.K Samarasinghe, Head,
Dept of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, and Eng. N. Abeysinghe, Lecturer,
who coordinated and guided us in our training program and helped us to earn a great
experience in the industry. I would also like to thank to Ms. Chamanthi Karunasekara,
Lecturer, for visiting us during the training and advising us to gain a good Industrial Training.
I would like extend my thank to all the staff in Mobitel starting from Mr. Rasantha
Hettithanthrige, Senior General Manager in Mobitel Engineering Division. Special thank
should go to Mr Rasika, Supervisory Engineer Service Quality, for coordinating the
training program in Mobitel.
Thanks for all of my training colleagues who were at Mobitel for making my training
period a successful and enjoyable training period with full of joy.

Thank You.
Hasanga Udesh Gunawardhana
08/04/2009

ii

Table of Contents
1.

Introduction to Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd .................................................................................. 1

1.1.

Overview of the Company .......................................................................................... 1

1.2.

Vision and Mission of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd .................................................................... 2

1.3.

History of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd ....................................................................................... 2

1.4.

Organizational Structure ............................................................................................. 3

1.5.

Hierarchical Levels ..................................................................................................... 4

1.6.

Present Performance of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd .................................................................. 5

1.7.

Strengths and Weaknesses .......................................................................................... 6

1.8.

Profitability.................................................................................................................. 7

1.9.

Usefulness to Sri Lankan Society................................................................................ 7

1.10.
2.

Suggestions to Improve the Performance ................................................................ 7

Training Experiences ....................................................................................................... 9

2.1.

Transmission Operations Division ............................................................................ 10

2.1.1.

Brief Description about the Division ................................................................. 10

2.1.2.

Experience in this Division ................................................................................ 10

2.2.

Value Added Services (VAS) Division ..................................................................... 12

2.2.1.

Brief Description about the Division ................................................................. 12

2.2.2.

Experience in the Division ................................................................................. 12

2.3.

Radio Network Design (RND) Division ................................................................... 14

2.3.1.

Brief Description about the Division ................................................................. 14

2.3.2.

Network Planning .............................................................................................. 14

2.3.3.

Cell Planning...................................................................................................... 16

2.3.4.

Frequency Planning ........................................................................................... 21

2.3.4.1. Frequency Reuse ............................................................................................. 21

2.3.4.2

Interference in Mobile Networks ............................................................... 22

2.3.4.3

Frequency Hopping ................................................................................... 22

2.3.5.

Installations ........................................................................................................ 27

2.3.6.

Optimization and Tuning ................................................................................... 29

2.3.6.1

Drive Tests .................................................................................................. 29

2.3.6.2

Defining Handovers and Measurement Frequencies .................................. 30

2.3.6.3

System Upgrades and Expansions .............................................................. 30

iii

2.3.6.4
2.3.7.
3.

Customer Complaints ................................................................................. 31

Other practical experiences within the stay at RND Division ........................... 38

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 40

List of Figures..v
List of Tablesv
Annex 1vi
Annex 2...vii
Abbreviationsviii

iv

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Organizational Structure in Mobitel..

Figure 1.2 Engineering Divisional Structure......................

Figure 1.3 Mobitel 2G and 3G coverage distribution as at 20.03.2009..

Figure 2.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)...................

13

Figure 2.2 Block Diagram for Radio Network Planning....................

15

Figure 2.3 Directional and Sector Cell Arrangement.............. 17

Figure 2.4 Site database of the TEMS cell planner.................

18

Figure 2.5 Coverage Predictions of Chunnkam Site in Jaffna........................

19

Figure 2.6 Height Profile can be used check the line of sight. 19
Figure 2.7 Mobitel Sites in Katunayaka area in MapInfo GUI...............................

23

Figure 2.8 - Distribution of Channels............................

25

Figure 2.9 Frequency plan using 6 site clusters on MapInfo GUI..

26

Figure 2.10 Diplexer arrangement used in the Pussellawa 3G installation................. 27

Figure 2.11 Wall-mounted RRU and 2 Diplexers fixed to the cable rack..........

28

Figure 2.12 Equipment connections in a Standard Drive Tool Kit.

29

Figure 2.13 - The GUI of the TEMS drive test tool kit which describes GSM parameters.......

32

Figure 2.14 - Map of the TEMS drive test tool which is dynamically drawn 32
Figure 2.15 WinFIOL GUI.

34

Figure 2.16 Customer Complaint Management Prompt.

35

Figure 2.17 Test phone of the TEMS tool kit.........................

36

Figure 2.18 Handover performance of the cells using BUSINESS OBJECTS software 37
Figure 2.19 The GUI of the Web base document which gives details of equipment.

39

Figure A 1.1 Organizational Structure of the Engineering Division..

iv

Figure A 2.1 4/12 cell pattern.

Figure A 2.2 3/9 cell pattern..

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Training Schedule...

Table 2.2 Frequency Bands used in GSM..

21

CHAPTER 1
1. Introduction to Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd

1.1.

Overview of the Company

Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd is Sri Lankas National Mobile Service Provider which is embedded

with worlds best technology and a wider coverage which covers 70% of Sri Lanka. Starting
as the second mobile service provider, Mobitel has continuously introduced new services and
trends to the Sri Lankan community.
Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd was launched as a collaboration between Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT)
and Telstar Australia in 1993. In 2002, Sri Lanka Telecom acquired Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd and
since then it is a fully owned subsidiary of Sri Lanka Telecom.
Starting with the Analog Base systems, Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd was grown rapidly and
upgraded the network with GSM (Global System for Mobile) technology in 2004. Mobitel
(Pvt) Ltd continued this improvement further and launched the first 3.5G (3.5 Generation)
network in South Asian region by 2007. Mobitel envisaged and introduced Mobile
Broadband Service to Sri Lanka. By doing that, Mobitel spanned its solutions into Voice,
Data and Entertainment.
Mobitel has done a great service to Sri Lankan community with postpaid and prepaid
packages along with a variety of value added services. With the introduction of revolutionary
packages like SMART 5 for prepaid users and UPAHARA for Government staff, Mobitel
won the hearts of Sri Lankan people and improved its customer base up to 2.7 million by the
end of 2008. Mobitel recorded a net profit of Rs. 1.17 billion in 2008, compared to the net
profit of Rs. 0.25 billion in 2007.
As the National Mobile Service Provider, Mobitel is viewing the entire county as one
family under the new tagline We Care Always and it will take Sri Lanka towards the ICT
world with best technological leadership.

1.2.

Vision and Mission of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd

According to its vision To Lead Sri Lanka towards an info-com and knowledge rich

society through our service offerings, Mobitel has practically become the leader in mobile
communication in Sri Lanka with the best of technology, coverage and support.
Care, Share and Deliver is the mission that Mobitel is carrying out as the National
Mobile Service Provider. Mobitel can achieve this with its technology and the dynamic,
proactive staff who are working under the slogan of We Care Always.

1.3.

History of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd

Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd was initially started as a collaboration between SLT and Telstra

Australia in 1993 where SLT had 40% of its shares. In 2002, SLT acquired Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd
and since then it is a 100% owned profitable subsidiary of Sri Lanka Telecom.
Mobitel started its service by an AMPS/ TDMA network and provided a stable
network with full of reliability. As the technology improves, Mobitel introduced this new
technology to its network. As a result, GSM 1800 network was introduced in 2004 with
GPRS and EDGE technologies enabled. In 2005, Mobitel started to use GSM 900 band for
mobile communication. Mobitel was not limited to voice communication. They tested and
introduced new value added services such as SMS, MMS along with the GSM launch. Other
than these services, Mobitel is well known for its reliability, quality of service and customer
support. As a result, Mobitel became very popular in Sri Lanka and named as the fastest
growing mobile network in South Asia.
In 2006, Mobitel introduced 3G technology to its network. In 2007, following the new
trends in fast changing technology, Mobitel introduced the first 3.5G network in South Asia
by making a turning point in Sri Lankan Mobile Communication Market. Mobitel introduced
the first 3.5G network in South Asia with an investment of over US$ 300 million. With the
introduction of 3.5G network, Mobitel started a new era in Sri Lankan Mobile
Communication market. With this technology, many value added services were introduced
and Mobitel started to provide Mobile Broadband connections using this network.

1.4.

Organizational Structure

Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd

Engineering

Information
Syatems

Sales &
Distribution

Human
Resources

Cooperate
Planning

Marketing

Leagal

Finance

Customer Care

Service Quality

Figure 1.1 Organizational Structure in Mobitel

According to Fig 1.1, Mobitel is composed of with several divisions with well defined
tasks. From these divisions, Engineering, Marketing and Sales Divisions are spanned to
regional levels.
Engineering Division

Network Planning &

Implementation

Core System
Planning

Projects

Radio
Network
Planning &
Optimization

Core Systems

Service Quality

Transmission
Network
Planning

Network Operations

Switching
Operations

Product Development
& Customer Solutions

Field
Network
Operations

BTS
Operations

Transmission
Operations

Figure 1.2 Engineering Divisional Structure

In Figure 1.2, the Engineering Divisional Structure is mentioned. In the Engineering

Division, Network Planning & Implementation Division and Network Operation Division are
the major sub divisions. Other sub divisions are responsible for improving the services and
adding values to the services. A detailed organizational structure is included in Annex 1.

1.5.

Hierarchical Levels
Here is the List of Hierarchical Levels that is related with Mobitel Engineering

Divisional Structure.

Chief Executive Officer

Senior General Manager

General Manager

Manager

Assistant Manager

Supervisory Engineer

Senior Engineer

Engineer

Senior Technical Officer

Technical Officer

Technician

Technical Assistant

Senior Rigger

Rigger

Some new hierarchical levels are also introduced recently. But these are the levels that
the staff in the Mobitel is still used to.

1.6.

Present Performance of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd

Today, Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd is in a commanding position in the Sri Lankan Mobile

Telecommunication Market. These days most of the Mobile Service Providers are suffering
as a result of the worlds economic crisis. But for Mobitel it is different. If we compare the
net profit of Mobitel in 2008 and 2007, it has improved its net profit by 4 times. This is
because Mobitel has understood the requirement of the customers.
These days Mobitel is well known for providing Mobile Broadband Services. These
broadband connections are supplied under High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technology
which is embedded in the 3.5G network. Using these connections we are capable of achieving
14.4Mbps on downlink and up to 1.98Mbps on uplink. With the future upgrades, these speeds
will be improved more. Today, video calls have become a normal thing to Mobitel users as
the rates are affordable although the technology is advanced.
Other than providing voice and data services, today Mobitel works as a solution
provider for most of the companies. Mobitel has a special division called Product
Development and Customer Solutions which is responsible for this work. Small Office Home
Office (SOHO) networks and Mobile Eye are some of the new solutions that they have
introduced to the market.

2G Coverage Distribution

3G Coverage Distribution

Fig 1.3 Mobitel 2G and 3G coverage distribution as at 20.03.2009

5

Mobitel is also well known for its wider coverage. With the introduction of 3G and
3.5G technologies, Mobitel didnt stop the expansion of the GSM network. They also
expanded the 2G coverage parallel to the 3G coverage. Today, Mobitel covers more than
70% of Sri Lanka and 95% of the population exhibiting its role as the National Mobile
Service Provider.
Mobitel is always innovative in introducing new packages. UPAHARA, a post paid
package which is dedicated for government staff has become a major topic in the society. The
army forces, government servants and pensioners experience the facilities of this package.
Most of them appreciate the service that is offered by Mobitel.

1.7.

Strengths and Weaknesses

When we consider the strengths of Mobitel, the presence of a dynamic, proactive staff

is a big asset for Mobitel. Bulk of the staff is willing to work without any time restrictions.
Especially the regional officers are doing a great service to maintain a stable and reliable
network. Engineers and Technical officers are given an international training before they are
assigned to a certain job. This will make the staff aware about the new technology and the
new trends in the world which is good for the company.
Being a subsidiary of SLT, it has a great amount of strengths. Mobitel is capable of
sharing the resources of SLT such as towers, buildings, transmission links and other network
equipment. SLT has some influence in the management of Mobitel. This can be a big asset
when Mobitel faces some kind of a crisis.
The major weakness that I have seen in the Mobitel Engineering Division is the lack
of staff. Most of the engineers and technical officers are busy with their work and
assignments. Sometimes they have no time to explain something to a trainee or a new comer
like us. The absence of a party to supervise the sub-contractors is a big weakness in Mobitel.
Another weakness that I have noticed is, Mobitel needs to get permission from SLT for most
of its work. Sometimes the work is getting delayed because of that. If these things can be
eliminated, it will help Mobitel to develop more.

1.8.

Profitability
Most of the Telecom companies and Mobile Service Providers like to forget the

situation of the company during the last year. They have perceived a decline in profitability in
2008. But for Mobitel that year was a year to stand up with success. With the introduction of
UPAHARA package, Mobitel was able to increase its customer base up to 2.5 million.
Mobitel recorded a net profit of Rs. 1.17 billion in the end of 2008, compared to the net profit
of Rs. 0.25 billion in 2007.

1.9.

Usefulness to Sri Lankan Society

Being the National Mobile Service Provider, Mobitel offers a bunch of services to Sri

Lankan community at a very convenient rate with a variety of packages. Other than providing
the requirement of mobile communication in Sri Lanka, Mobitel engaged with a lot of
community projects in Sri Lanka.
Mobitel engaged with University of Colombo and launched M- Learning to address
the shortcomings in learning through technology. Also Mobitel provides mobile broadband
connections to E-NANASALA in rural areas and connect the people to the global village.
Not only that, Mobitel also engages with lot of charity work. Mobitel has done a donation to
Cancer Society Sri Lanka recently.
Mobitel is also well known for giving sponsorship to good community work such as
exhibitions and sports competitions. Mobitel was the principle sponsor of EXPOSE 2008,
engineering exhibition, which was conducted by Dept of Electronic & Telecommunication
Engineering, University of Moratuwa.

1.10. Suggestions to Improve the Performance

As I mentioned in the weaknesses, the lack of staff is a major issue in Mobitel.
Especially the Engineering Division staff is not adequate. If they recruit qualified people for
these vacancies, it will improve the performance of Mobitel.

Sub- Contractors appearance is another weakness that I have noticed. If the work of
sub-contractors can be done using Mobitel staff, it would be beneficial in the networks point
of view.
Another thing that Mobitel should think is the number of regions that they have. They
have divided the operations in Sri Lanka into 5 regions which are not adequate. Since the
network is expanding rapidly, the no of sites under a one region increases. Then the regional
officers will be busy with lot of sites and some of their work may get missed. Therefore
number of regions should be increased along with the network expansion.

CHAPTER 2
2. Training Experiences
Under the Industrial Training at Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd, I was able to explore three major
sections of the company. They are as follows,

Transmission Operations Division

Value Added Services (VAS) Division

Radio Network Design (RND) Division

At the beginning of the training, we were given a schedule that covers almost all the

divisions in the Engineering Division of Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd. But that was continued for only
three weeks. Then each of our trainees was asked to choose a one division to continue the
training. Under that criterion, I had to choose Radio Network Design Division to continue the
training. The final training schedule that I underwent is as follows,
Table 2.1 Training Schedule
Division
Transmission

Reporting to (Mr.)
Chrisantha Silva

Designation

From

To

Duration

Senior

13.10.08

19.10.08

1 weeks

20.10.08

26.10.08

1 weeks

27.10.08

27.03.09

22 weeks

Engineer

Value Added

Mohamed Fawaz

Services (VAS)

Senior
Engineer

Radio Network

Dhananjaya

Design (RND)

Ponnamperuma

Manager

According to this training schedule, the bulk of my training period was spent in the
Radio Network Planning Division. In the other two divisions, I was only able to explore the
division in a very abstract level.

2.1.

Transmission Operations Division

2.1.1. Brief Description about the Division

This division is responsible of providing error free connections between the network
nodes such as MSCs, BSCs and Base Stations. Installation and maintenance of the core
network is the major work under their scope.
This division has day work as well as night work as the installations and upgrades are
done in the night to minimize its effect to the subscribers. I was in this division for a one
week. Within that period, I was not able to work with the network nodes. But I was able to
learn the tasks of this division in a very abstract level.
Transmission Operation Division Staff

Manager

Senior Engineer

Engineer

Technical Officers

Riggers

2.1.2. Experience in this Division

When I first went to this division, Mr. Bhathiya, an engineer of this Division
explained about the Mobitel Network and described the major work carried out by this
division. Then he showed us the MUX (Multiplexer/De multiplexer) network that they are
maintaining and how to analyze the alarms generated by this network. He also explained us
how to react depending on the alarms. Here are some of the experiences that I got from this
division.

Feeder Replacement in Koratota Mobitel Site

In this short training period at Transmission operations division, I was able to

participate in a feeder replacement in Koratota Mobitel Site. The feeders of this site were
10

damaged and we replaced the feeder cables. This is my first site visit. Mr. Suresh, a technical
officer explained the equipment inside the cabin and the cabling used in the cabin. He also
explained the details about obsolete TDMA equipment which was present inside the cabin.
After replacing the feeders, earthing was done by Mr. Kelum, a rigger in Mobitel. Finally, the
alarm was cleared ensuring the successful installation.

Performed a Preliminary Acceptance Test (PAT) in MSC 4

I was also able to participate in a PAT with Mr. Bhathiya. He explained the

importance of performing the PAT. Since the installations are done by third party companies
it is important to check all the hardware and software before the handover take place. In the
PAT, we checked whether the equipments are correctly connected in the cabinet. Also we
were interested in the power supply, grounding and wiring in the cabinet. We tested the
voltages from the power supply and the earthing using a millimeter.
Apart from these hardware issues, we also tested the software related alarms of the
equipment which is generated in case of an emergency. We checked these alarms by
detaching cables and switching off the main power supply.
Finally, a document related with the PAT was filled by Mr. Bhathiya by commenting
about the installations. If the comments are not positive from the engineer, they have to redo
the installation part under the comment.

Optimization of Transmission links

Mr. Bhathiya explained us how to optimize a transmission network. Transmission in a

mobile service network is done by E1s. E1 is PCM link which is composed with 32 time
slots. Each has a capacity of 64 kb/s. As an optimizing work, we were asked to find out
available free continuous time slots in an E1 path. Mr. Bhathiya helped us to complete that
optimizing work successfully.

11

2.2.

Value Added Services (VAS) Division

2.2.1. Brief Description about the Division

This division is responsible for Value Added Services that are offered by Mobitel to
its subscribers. SMS, MMS, GPRS, International Roaming, Video Calls, TV on Mobile and
E-channeling are some of the value added services. Other than that, this division has a sub
division called Product Development and Customer Solutions. Handling the cooperate
customers and developing new services to the network is done by this division. I was trained
in this division for one week and got an overview of this division. That period was not
enough to explore the division in detail.
VAS Division Staff

Head

Senior Manager

Manager Core Systems

Manager - Product Development & Customer Solutions

Senior Engineers

Engineers VAS Operations

Engineers - Network Systems

Engineers Product Development & Customer Solutions

Technical Officers

2.2.2. Experience in the Division

As I first came to the division, Mr. Shavin an engineer in this division explained the
services and the major tasks of this division. First, he explained the elements in the network
and described their features. Then he explained how SMS and MMS work. He also explained
about the transactions that are made between the Nodes while a customer gets these services.
Ms. Chamanthi, an engineer in this division explained us about the Intelligent Node
(IN). She described the importance of IN and how it is used in the network. IN is a network
node that is responsible for keeping the details of pre-paid users and allowing them to access
12

the network. The details about pre-paid cards (pin numbers) are also inserted in the databases
of IN. She also explained how call forwarding and other network related services are
provided from the network.

BTS

MSC
BSC

GMSC

/VLR

PSTN
Network

BTS
HLR
SS7

APM

SGSN

GGSN

Internet

BSC

APM
UMTS
UTRAN

GPRS
Backbone

Figure 2.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

Mr. Gihan, an engineer in this division explained about the Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS). He also described about the General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) and the protocols used in this system to do perform transactions. Mr. Gihan
explained us about mobility, resource and session management that are required to maintain a
stable GPRS connection with good quality.
Within the training period at VAS division, I also learned about the international
roaming. An engineer explained how Mobitel makes roaming agreements with operators in
other countries. He also explained about the documents that are transferred between the two
parties who involve in the roaming agreement. He described how the transactions are made in
the network to successfully work international roaming.

13

2.3.

Radio Network Design (RND) Division

2.3.1. Brief Description about the Division

Radio Network Design Division is responsible for supplying a good access layer to
the customers to access the network without any difficulties. To maintain a good and stable
radio network, RND division performs network related work such as planning, monitoring
and analyzing. Apart from that, the customer complaints are also handled and claimed by
RND division. The bulk of my training period was spent in this division and earned a good
knowledge and experience related to Radio Networks.
RND Division Staff

General Manager

Manager Radio Network Planning

Manager Transmission Planning

Supervisory Engineers Radio Network Planning

Senior Engineers VAS Planning, Power Planning, Civil Planning

Technical Officers

2.3.2. Network Planning

Radio network is the access layer of a mobile network. This is the layer which is
accessed by the subscribers to get the services from the mobile service provider. In radio
network planning, there are two major factors that the designer has to consider. They are as
follows,
Capacity
Coverage
We can understand that it is not practical to setup one huge tower in a mountain and
provide the radio network with a wider coverage. If we setup the network like that,
subscribers will not be able to take calls as the network will be congested due to limitations in
hardware. Also, since there is a single tower, the mobile devices of far-away subscribers

14

should be very powerful to transmit the signals to reach the tower. This could be harmful to
the subscribers. Now we can see that Capacity and Coverage cannot be achieved at the same
time. We should address these two factors separately.
If we are interested in setting up a radio network in an urban area, capacity is the
major concern, because the density of subscribers is higher in these areas. But if we want to
provide the services in a rural area, coverage is the major concern as the subscriber density in
that area is smaller.
The first stage of network planning is nominal planning. At this stage, we select the
appropriate areas for sites by looking at maps and height contours. We can also use a
software tool to choose these locations. Then we have to perform a site survey to get the
exact location to set up the base station. In a site survey, we have to go to the nominal
locations that we have obtained and check whether is there a need of radio network in that
area. In the site survey, we are interested in providing coverage to populated areas such as
companies, banks & etc. If we can find a good place based on our requirements, we can
implement the site there. Otherwise, nominal planning and resurveying have to be done until
we meet the requirement. Finally optimizing and tuning of the implemented sites have to be
done to supply a good quality of service.

Nominal Plan

Site Surveying

Capacity/
Coverage
Requirements

No Location/ Problem
in the nominal plan

Final Plan

Implementation

Optimization
Figure 2.2 Block Diagram for Radio Network Planning

15

Practical Experience gained in Network Planning

In my training period at this division, I was lucky enough to engage in the Network
Planning area. I was given 6 sites to be planned in Colombo and Greater Colombo Areas to
fill the coverage gaps in these areas. In preparing the nominal plan Mr. Nalinda, a supervisory
engineer and Mrs. Madhuka helped me. We prepared the nominal plan using the Google
Earth as the Colombo area can be clearly seen by that tool. Then I got the nominal
coordinates from the Google Earth and insert them to my GPS (Global Positioning System)
module. I also inserted the nearby on-air site locations to the GPS module to find a proper
location to fill the coverage gaps. Then I started the surveying process along with a site
acquisition officer who is responsible for acquiring the locations and negotiating with site
owners.
In the site survey, we were interested in finding roof-top buildings because it is
difficult to construct a tower in Colombo area. We went to the nominal planned locations
with the help of the GPS module and started finding locations around the nominal coordinate.
When we survey these sites, we looked at several factors of the building such as height, floor
space for cabin and poles, availability of obstacles to block the beam of signal, availability of
nearby Mobitel sites to get the point to point transmission links and etc. We had to repeatedly
look these aspects until we get the best location. We also looked several optional locations for
a site. After selecting the correct location, I recorded the GPS coordinates, height of the
building and other important details of the location. Finally I showed these details to Mr.
Nalinda/ Mrs. Madhuka to check whether there is any issue regarding the locations. With
their approval implementation of the site takes place after getting the TRC permission. I
completed 6 new site surveys and updated their status in TEMS cell planner database. Before
I went to site surveys in my own, I was trained by Mr. Kanchana and Mr. Chaminda to find
appropriate site locations in the most effective manner.

2.3.3. Cell Planning

Cell planning plays a major role in radio network planning. Cell is normally
referred to the region that can get the coverage from an antenna. There are two types of cells.
They are,

16

 Directional Cell
Sector Cell
In a Directional cell, the main concern is the coverage. The radio frequency generated
by the base station is equally distributed in all directions using an antenna. Normally these
cells are implemented to supply in-building coverage.
In the Sector Cell arrangement, the capacity is also addressed along with coverage.
Also the coverage in these cells is not equal in all directions from the Base Station. We can
create maximum of three Sector cells from a BTS which are operating in three different radio
frequencies.

Cell A
Base Station
Cell C
Directional Cell

Cell B

Sector Cells

Figure 2.3 Directional and Sector Cell Arrangement

These cells are theoretically said to be hexagonal and operates with a one Broadcast
Control Channel (BCCH). But they are not hexagonal in practice. Cell planning is done to
optimize the radio interface in a cell. A software tool can be used to verify cell planning of a
cell.
Cell planning is done with the information of the site surveys and the feedbacks from
drive tests and customer complaints. There are several parameters which are involved in cell
planning. They are as follows,
Antenna Type and beam width of the antenna
Azimuth
Down tilt (Electrical / Mechanical)
Height of the Antenna
Transmitting power of the antenna
17

We can change these parameters of an antenna to get an optimal cell. For an example,
we can change tilt of the antennas to change the size of the cell. When the tilt is 0 degrees,
theoretically the sector cell size is infinite but practically it is nearly 35 km. Also, we can
change the azimuth (Direction) of the antenna such that it is serving to a populated area rather
than directing it to a marsh or a forest. Antenna power can be also used to change the size of
the cell.
We can test these parameters and the values using a cell planning software tool.
Mobitel uses TEMS (TEst Mobile Systems) cell planner which is proprietary software of
Ericsson. In this software we can perform coverage predictions and other cell-related work.
Final results from these software related simulations can be implemented to achieve an
optimized cell.
Within my training at the RND division, we were allowed to use the TEMS cell
planner software without doing any changes to its database. Mr. Lasitha and Ms. Harshani
helped us in using this software. We added new sites and set their flags and performed
coverage predictions by changing the antenna types and other properties. We can also obtain
height profiles to check the line of sight using this software.

Figure 2.4 Site database of the TEMS cell planner

18

Figure 2.5 Coverage Predictions of Chunnkam Site in Jaffna

We can also obtain the height profile in any direction using the height contour
database that is included in this software.

Figure 2.6 Height Profile can be used check the line of sight

19

Practical Experience gained in Cell Planning

While I was in training at RND division, I got the opportunity to engage with a work
related to cell planning. Before we came to the training in this division, they have performed
a drive test and found out that cell planning in the Colombo and Greater Colombo region was
not optimal. Due to that reason, frequency overshooting occurs. This is occurred when the
antenna tilt is not set to the correct value and creates interference and leads to call drops. Mr.
Tharaka, an engineer explained this situation and asked us to perform a tilt and azimuth check
and adjust them to the planned values.
In Colombo region, the sites are planned in a much closed manner with higher tilt
angles, because the major concern in Colombo is the capacity as the density of subscribers in
this area is high. But as we move to the greater Colombo area, sites are separated with
reasonable distance with lesser tilt angle, because the intension is to provide the coverage in
these areas.
We started this work with two riggers who helped us by measuring and adjusting the
antenna tilts. Signal Beam from the antenna can be either tilted by physically tilting the
antenna (Mechanical Tilt) or by turning knob in the antenna (Electrical Tilt). The total tilt of
the beam will be the addition of Mechanical tilt and Electrical tilt. But sometimes the pole in
which the antenna is fixed may also have a tilt. In such a case, the tilt of the pole is also
added to addition of the electrical and mechanical tilt. The addition of Mechanical tilt and tilt
of the pole can be measured by putting the tilt meter on the antenna. Electrical tilt can be
measured from the position of electrical tilt knob.
We also documented the details about the site such as cabin layout, site layout, cable
ladder space and tower space available. These details would be beneficial when performing a
capacity upgrade to these sites. We also got an opportunity to see the equipment and cabling
inside the cabin, while working in this down-tilting project. This work was continued for
about 10 weeks to cover 125-130 Mobitel sites in Colombo and Greater Colombo Areas and
gained a good experience about equipment and cell planning in a network.

20

2.3.4. Frequency Planning

In cell planning, we are interested in changing the parameters of hardware equipment
until we meet the best results. But installing all equipment with correct parameters will not
create a stable network with reliability. As the access layer of the network which is open for
subscribers operates with radio frequencies, correct frequency plan should be implemented to
minimize the interferences and improve the call quality.
In GSM technology, there are two major frequency bands used. They are 900 MHz
band and 1800 MHz band. The frequency band allocation is as follows,
Table 2.2 Frequency Bands used in GSM
Frequency Band

Uplink Band

Downlink Band

Duplex Distance

(MHz)

(MHz)

(MHz)

(MHz)

900

890 915

935 960

45

1800

1710 1785

1805 - 1880

95

In GSM, these bands are divided into parts of 200 kHz blocks which are called the
carrier spacings. One block from Uplink Band and another from Downlink Band create a
Duplex channel. The separation between these two blocks is called Duplex Distance. For
the convenience, in frequency planning we do not refer to frequencies. Instead, we refer to
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) which is corresponding to a Duplex
channel.
2.3.4.1. Frequency Reuse
Global System for Mobile (GSM) operates as a combination of Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Each mobile
service operator gets a very limited frequency band from TRC. For a small network we can
use these frequencies without any interference. But as the network grows, there is no option
other than reusing the limited frequency band. There are standard ways to reuse frequencies.
Some of them are included in Annex 2. But sometimes we have to make some modifications
due to limitations in frequency resource and Geographical aspects of the network.

21

2.3.4.2 Interference in Mobile Networks

In general, mobile networks will have to face two types of interferences. They are as
follows,
Co-Channel Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference
Co- Channel Interference is occurred with the appearance of the same frequency from
two sectors as a result of frequency reusing. When this happens the Mobile Equipment of the
subscriber will be in an ambiguous mode and cannot identify the serving cell. This will leads
to increase in call drops and bad call quality. Co-Channel interference is indicated by a
parameter called Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) and recommends that to be above 9 dB.
Adjacent Channel Interference is occurred with the presence of a frequency along
with its adjacent frequency. Since the electronic filters used in radio equipment are not ideal,
some adjacent frequency components can be also filtered into the equipment and will create
ambiguity. This interference is measured by Carrier to Adjacent ratio and recommends that to
be greater than -9 dB.

2.3.4.3 Frequency Hopping

As a mobile network grows and the capacity of the network is expanded, the cell size
would be small and frequencies are reused at a very short distance. In this kind of a tightly
frequency reused network, the interference is also very high. The concept of frequency
hopping was introduced to minimize the effect of frequency collision. In frequency hopping,
the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Mobile Equipment change the frequency that
they are using according to a pattern number called Hopping Sequence Number (HSN). By
doing this, we cannot stop the interference but we can reduce the effect of interference. Since
the devices hop the frequency, although there is an interference that would be only for a short
time which is insignificant.

22

Practical Experience gained in Frequency Planning

Frequency Plan for GSM 900 sites in Katunayaka

After learning the above mentioned basic fundamentals about frequency planning, the

first task assigned for us was to prepare a frequency plan for GSM 900 band sites in
Katunayaka area. In this area, frequency hopping was not implemented before. Under the
new frequency plan we were asked plan frequencies along with frequency hopping. Mr.
Tharaka, an engineer defined the cluster where the frequency plan is going to implement.
We used a software package called MapInfo to graphically visualize the frequency
plan by loading the site database.

Figure 2.7 Mobitel Sites in Katunayaka area in MapInfo GUI

Making a frequency plan with frequency hopping can be divided into several stages.
They are as follows,
1. Prepare the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Frequency plan
2. Prepare the Base Station Identification Code (BSIC) plan for the sites
3. Assignment of Hopping Sequence Numbers (HSNs) and Mobile Allocation
Index Offsets (MAIOs) to the sites and sectors
23

4. Assignment of frequency band for hopping

First, we started the plan with BCCH planning. BCCH is the frequency broadcasted
by a cell and Mobile equipments measure these frequencies to initiate the services with the
network. Mobitel uses BCCH frequencies starting from ARFCN 1006 ARFCN 1023 for
GSM 900 band. Therefore we had to use these 18 channel numbers in the most effective way
by considering Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel Interference. Co-Channels and Adjacent
Channels should be separated by a reasonable distance such that a Mobile Equipment should
not receive these frequencies at the same time.
The next stage of the plan was to prepare the BSIC plan. BSIC is another parameter
which is used to identify the Base Stations which are operating on the same frequency.
Therefore with the combination of BCCH value and BSIC, we can identify the exact cell.
Normally all three sectors of a BTS are assigned with the same BSIC value. But they can be
different. In Mobitel, they use two value sets for BSIC. They are 11-17 & 61-67. Therefore
we got 14 BSIC values to be used in the network. For sites which have the same BCCH
values, the BSIC values should be planned with maximum distance of separation. Finally, the
neighboring cells in an area should not have the same BCCH and BSIC combination.
Then as the third stage, we assigned HSNs to these sites. HSN is a number related to a
pattern. HSN number has a range of 1-63 indicating that there are 63 different patterns for the
frequencies to hop. Normally a single HSN value is assigned to a single site. Then the same
pattern is operating in the 3 of its sectors. MAIO is also another parameter defined in sector
wise manner. MAIO defines an offset to the start frequency hopping and ensures that
minimal interference is occurred in nearby cells although they are operating in the same
hopping frequency band.
As the final part of the plan we had to define a frequency hopping band which does
not create any interference with BCCH frequencies. For that we used the default GSM 900
hopping band which is operating in GSM 900 hopping enabled sites.
Mr. Tharaka and Mr. Kanchana helped us to make this frequency plan in a very
effective manner. Finalized plan was implemented and worked successfully.

24

Frequency plan for Colombo GSM 1800 sites

As a result of the successful work in the Katunayaka frequency plan, we were asked

to design a frequency plan for GSM 1800 sites in the Colombo area (CBD region). This task
was very complicated compared to the previous frequency plan. In this design, we thought of
a different approach as the site density in Colombo region is very high.
As the first step of the design, we have separated out 18 available frequency channels
from ARFCN 512 to ARFCN 529 to be used in BCCH planning. Then we divided these 18
channels into groups of three channels as follows,

Group No >>

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

Figure 2.8 - Distribution of Channels

Each group of these channels was assigned to a site and the three channels were used
in three sectors. This method ensured that there are no Co- Channels or Adjacent Channels in
the same site. Then we took a plot of the Colombo region and marked the GSM 1800 sites. In
that map, we drew clusters where each of these clusters contains 6 GSM 1800 sites. After
that, group numbers were assigned to the 6 sites in the cluster. As the Group 1 & 6 along with
all the adjacent groups creates adjacent frequency channel pairs, we had to be careful when
assigning these group numbers. Finally we exported what we have designed to a MapInfo
database.
Using the MapInfo GUI, we were able to observe the Co Channels and Adjacent
Channels that may cause interference. We optimized the BCCH plan using the software tool.
Then we performed the BSIC planning, HSN planning and MAIO planning as we did for
Katunayaka frequency plan. HSN and MAIO planning were easily done as frequency
hopping was previously implemented in some of these areas. We used the previously
25

designed HSN and MAIO plans and add some modifications to them to obtain an optimal
plan. Then we selected the hopping frequency band starting from ARFCN 531 such that the
hopping band does not create any interference with the BCCH frequencies.
Mr. Tharaka and Mr. Kanchana helped us to design the frequency plan successfully.
They also appreciated our ideas and encouraged us to complete it successfully.

Figure 2.9 Frequency plan using 6 site clusters on MapInfo GUI

The finalized plan was inspected by Mr. Kanchana and implemented on the network.
It is still working successfully and the call drop rates were reduced with the execution of this
frequency plan.

26

2.3.5. Installations
In Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd, the equipments are supplied by two major equipment providers
namely HUAWEI and ERICSSON. Most of the times, the installations are done by their subcontractors. But Mobitel is engaged with its own installations.
Practical Experience gained in Installation
Within the 22 weeks of my training at RND division, I got an opportunity to take part
in a 3G installation in Pussellawa site. Two 3G sectors of this site were installed at that time
and we were asked to install the third sector of that site with the help of some technical
officers.
The installation was not similar to an ordinary 3G installation. This site had already
installed GSM antennas. Two antennas were placed in the tower and the other antenna was
placed in top of a mountain with buried feeder cables. The new 3G antenna had to be placed
in top of the mountain. But there were no feeder cables for the 3G antennas. In this case, we
used a special device called Diplexer to solve the problem. The diplexer can act as a
frequency Multiplexer and a De-multiplexer. The diplexer arrangement that we used for the
installation is as follows,
3G feeders from the RRU
(Remote Radio Unit)

Feeders for 3G antenna

TX/RX

TX/RX

Diplexer

Diplexer
Buried feeders for GSM
installed previously

Diplexer

Diplexer

RX

RX

GSM feeders from the BTS

Feeders for GSM antenna

Figure 2.10 Diplexer arrangement used in the Pussellawa 3G installation

27

First we fixed the antenna in the mountain using a pole. Then, according to Figure
2.10, we connected RXs and TX/RXs to separate diplexers and fixed 2 diplexers inside the
cabin. At the end of the buried feeders, we continued the reverse process and connected the
antennas to the diplexers using jumper cables. Those two diplexers were fixed to the pole,
which holds the antenna.
After connecting the diplexers, we started to make the fiber optic connection between
the RRU (Remote Radio Unit) and Node B/APM (Advanced Power Unit). We laid the optical
fiber and the power cables gently on the cable ladders. Then we wall mounted the RRU
inside the cabin. After fixing the RRU, we connected the ends of optical fiber into the BBU
(Base Band Unit) which is inside the APM and RRU which is located inside the cabin. Power
cable was also connected between RRU and APM. After that, insulation and earthing were
done to ensure the safety.

2 Diplexer fixed to
the cable rack

RRU

Figure 2.11 Wall-mounted RRU and 2 Diplexers fixed to the cable rack
28

After completing all the hardware work, the software related programs were installed
by Operations Division by remotely logging into the system. Finally, the newly installed 3G
sector worked successfully. In this installation, Mr. Aruna and Mr. Bhanusha, two technical
officers from Mobitel helped us a lot. They taught everything about the installation from the
start during the two days that we spent in the site. This was a great experience that I had in
the field.
2.3.6. Optimization and Tuning
In Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd, Radio Network Design division is also responsible for
optimizing and tuning the network. Since planning and optimization is done by a one team, it
is good in the networks point of view. Because then what ever problems or drawbacks can
be eliminated in future plans. I was also able to take part in some of the optimizing work
carried out by RND division.
2.3.6.1 Drive Tests
Drive tests are performed to check the network quality and continuous network
connectivity when the mobile equipment is in move. From these tests, we can analyze
downlink interference, coverage issues and network quality. Once these problems are
identified, modifications in the network can be done to correct these problems.
In Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd, they use three Drive Test tool kits to perform the Drive tests.
They are TEMS Investigation Tool Kit, HUAWEI GENEX Probe Tool Kit, Q VOICE tool
kit. The equipment in a standard drive test tool kit are connected as follows,
GPS
Antenna
Software installed Laptop
Mobile Equipment (Phone)
GPS
Module

License Dongle
(USB)
Figure 2.12 Equipment connections in a Standard Drive Tool Kit
29

Software installed laptop along with the license dongle is capable of monitoring and
recording the transactions which are made between the mobile equipment and the network.
The GPS module is capable of monitoring the movements that are made during the drive test.
We can observe the transactions make between the mobile equipment and the network along
with tracking data using the software that installed in the Laptop. If we want, we can record
these details to a log file and analyze later.

2.3.6.2 Defining Handovers and Measurement Frequencies

Mobitel is a mobile service provider which provides services to bunch of subscribers
who are in move. When the subscriber moves with a call, the call should be also moved
within the neighboring cells in order to provide a continuous call without any drops. To
handover a call from one cell to another cell, the handover between these two cells should be
defined in the BSC (Base Station Controller). Otherwise the call will be dropped and can be
dialed to get a new connection.
Measurement frequencies are the frequencies that are broadcasted by each cell to its
subscribers. Then the mobile devices of the subscribers measure these frequencies and take
decisions depending on the strengths of these frequencies. These measurement frequencies
should be correctly defined in the BSC. Otherwise, although the handovers are correctly
defined between two cells, the call will be not transferred as the Mobile equipment does not
measure new cells control frequency (BCCH).

2.3.6.3 System Upgrades and Expansions

Planning for expansions and upgrades are also done by RND division. Capacity
upgrades such as adding an extra band to a site and increasing the number of DTRUs (Double
Transceiver Units) in a site are planned by RND division. I was also engaged with a dual
band site survey which was performed to install a new band in already implemented on air
sites.

30

2.3.6.4 Customer Complaints

In Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd, RND division always engaged with customer complaints
because they believe that customer complaints are good tools to optimize the network. When
a customer makes a complaint regarding an issue, the frequency plan is checked in the area
under the complaint. If there is a problem found, we can fix the problem by correcting the
plan. But if it is not found, we perform a drive test or a coverage test to identify the problem
and claim the problem. Within my stay at this division, I was able to engage with several
customer complaints and claim several complaints successfully.

Practical Experience gained in Optimizing and Network Tuning

Drive test using the TEMS drive test tool kit

Within the training period in RND division, I performed number of drive tests in

Colombo using the TEMS drive test tool kit. In a drive test, I had to connect the equipment as
shown in Figure 2.12. Since the drive test are performed using a vehicle, an inverter was
needed to get the power supply to the laptop. Once all the equipments are correctly
connected, we can start the drive test.
Drive tests can be done in two modes. They are Active Mode and Idle Mode. In
the Active Mode, we perform the drive test by making a call from the Mobile equipment.
But in the Idle Mode no calls are made.
In the drive test, we can see all the transactions that take place between the mobile
equipment and the network through the TEMS software that is installed in the laptop. In this
software,we can see the details of currently serving cell such as BCCH, BSIC, signal
receiving strength, receiving quality etc. Also we can see the details about other neighboring
cells such as their BCCHs, BSICs and receiving strengths. From this tool we can also obtain
C/I (Carrier to Interference) ratio which represents details about the interference in that area.
Since we can see the serving cell and neighboring cells with their BCCHs and BSICs
we can directly identify, Co-Channel or Adjacent channel interference that is available in
area. We can also check the effect of handovers in the active mode. If frequency hopping is
enabled in an area, we can also identify the details about frequency hopping using this tool.
With the help of the GPS, we can obtain the path that we have taken during the drive test.
31

Figure 2.13 - The GUI of the TEMS drive test tool kit which describes GSM parameters

Figure 2.14 - Map of the TEMS drive test tool which is dynamically drawn

32

We can record all the transactions and all the events of the mobile equipment to a log
file and analyze later. From this tool kit, we can investigate the issues related with call drops,
handovers, down link interference and bad call quality. With the feedback of this software,
we can optimize the network.
I performed the first drive test with Mr. Bhanusha, a technical officer in Mobitel. He
taught me how to perform a drive test while analyzing the GSM parameters at the same time.
I liked to perform drive tests very much because we can understand how GSM works from
these tests.
Other than this drive test tool kit, Mobitel uses QVOICE and Genex Probe tool kits to
test the network. I have also worked with these tool kits and the testing procedure is common
to all these drive test tool kits.

Checking the Handovers and measurement frequencies using WinFIOL

WinFIOL is a proprietary software developed by Ericsson for maintain purposes of

Ericsson BSCs. From this software, we can log into five Ericsson BSCs in Mobitel network.
BSC is the center which controls a set of BTSs. Therefore by logging into these BSCs we can
change configuration parameters of these BTSs individually.
Within the training, we mostly dealt with handovers between cells, measurement
frequency lists and neighbor relations between cells. By using this software we checked and
defined handovers to some Mobitel sites. Defining handovers between cells is very important,
because if these handovers are not defined properly, the calls will not be transferred between
these cells and they will be dropped.
Although we defined the handovers in the BSC, the handover will not work if the
BCCH of the two cells are not included in their measurement frequency lists. Measurement
frequency list is broadcasted to from a cell to its subscribers and asked to measure the
frequencies in that list. If they are not properly configured call will be dropped. We have
checked the measurement frequency lists in all the cells under BSC 2 and BSC 5 and
removed unwanted BCCHs from some cells. Other than these details, we can also observe the
uplink interference using this software tool.

33

Figure 2.15 WinFIOL GUI

This tool has a command-line interface and Mr. Tharaka, an engineer taught us all the
commands and tips which are related with this software. All the details about frequencies that
are used in BTSs can be seen using this terminal. We have used this software a lot while we
were designing the frequency plans.

Assigning 3G neighbors to 2G sites

We also prepared a plan to add 3G neighbors to 2G sites. The purpose of this plan was

to transfer the data traffic in the 2G network to the 3G network. In 3G, higher data rates can
be achieved at a good quality. In this plan, we defined neighbor relations between 2G cells
and 3G cells. The neighboring 3G cells of a 2G cell were added and continued this work for
all the 2G cells in Colombo and Greater Colombo regions.

34

Customer Complaints
Within the training period, we attended to customer complaints in two ways. We

answered to the customer complaints using a database and sometimes we went to the
customers premises and performed a test to find out the problem.
When customers complain to the Call center, the call center officers insert those
complaints to a database. We access that database using a software tool such as putty and
upload the comments and replies to these complaints.

Figure 2.16 Customer Complaint Management Prompt

Using this prompt, we can reply to these complaints. When answering these
complaints, we looked at the on air sites and planned sites in the areas under complaints. If
the coverage is there, then we looked at KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) in these sites and
answered the complaints. If we cannot figure out the reason for complaint, we asked about it
from the engineers and uploaded the comments.
Other than answering the complaints using this prompt, we were asked to go to
customers premises and perform tests. I performed coverage tests and 3G data rate tests
within the training.

35

In the coverage test I used a TEMS test phone / Net Monitor phone to check the
coverage. This is similar to a drive test. But we only perform the test using a mobile phone.
The software installed in the phone can display the GSM parameters such as BCCH, BSIC
and receiving signal strength of serving cell and neighboring cells. From the display, we can
also look at Carrier to interference ratio which indicates a measure of interference in that
area.

ARFCN of
the BCCH
Frequency

Receiving Signal
Strength in dBm
BSIC of the
Serving cell

Figure 2.17 Test phone of the TEMS tool kit

In the 3G data rate testing, I went to the customers premises with a Laptop along
with a HSPA modem/data card and checked the data speeds using NetperSec software tool.
Once I connected to the internet and start downloading a large file, a trace was made to the
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) number in the RNC (Radio Network
Controller). Then the officers at the office also can monitor the transactions and identify the
problems. Mr. Nalinda and Mr. Deepal helped me to perform a successful test to find out the
problems related with the network.

Checking the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) using Business Objects Tool
For maintaining a good mobile network, it is important to check the KPIs of network

frequently. There are number of KPIs for a mobile network such as call setup success rate,
Hand over success rate, call drop rate and the reason for drop and etc. In the training period
we checked these parameters using a software tool called Business Objects. This software
reads a database and views these parameters.

36

We used this tool to check the performance of our frequency plans. We also checked
the call drop rates and drop reasons of each cell in our frequency plan to check whether there
is any increase in call drops after implementing the frequency plan. We observed call
handover success rates in the area under our frequency plan. Then we modified the
handovers and measurement frequencies such that the call handovers are done successfully.
We also checked these parameters, when a customer complaint is found regarding a call drop
issue. Sometimes the cells are congested in the customers area. Then a capacity expansion is
required to solve the problem.

Figure 2.18 Handover performance of the cells using BUSINESS OBJECTS

software

Dual Band Site survey for Capacity Expansions

During the training period at Mobitel, we were asked to perform a dual band site

survey to install another additional band in some of congested sites. The main objective of
this site survey was to check the availability of resources and the space for an additional BTS.
We performed this site survey in Kalutara, Matara, Hambantota, Kandy, Anuradhapura and
Polonnaruwa regions.
37

In this site survey, we documented the cabin and site layout along with spaces
available. We were interested in availability of cabin space, roxtec space, space in the vertical
and horizontal cable ladders and the tower space required for an additional antenna set. If the
site contains an outdoor BTS, we measured and documented the space available in the site to
install another outdoor BTS. We also took photographs and videos of these free spaces.
Once we came to the office, we gave these details to Mrs. Madhuka who is
responsible for Capacity expansions. This work was continued for nearly 4 weeks and had a
great experience.

2.3.7. Other practical experiences within the stay at RND Division

Represented Mobitel at EXPOSE 2008

When I was on training at RND division, I got an opportunity to represent Mobitel at

EXPOSE 2008, the engineering exhibitions conducted by Dept of Electronic &

Telecommunication Engineering of our university. In this exhibition, we demonstrated a
mobile base station called COW (Cell On Wheel). That was a mobile base station which can
be carried inside a container box. It has an adjustable tower and a cabin where the equipment
are fixed. We explained the details about this tower and its operation to the interested people
who came to learn about it.
Also I explained the exhibits at the Gadget Mart which were introduced by Mobitel.
We demonstrated the HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) modem, SOHO (Small Office
Home Office) 3G router and a special gadget called Mobile Eye. Mobile Eye is a camera that
can be accessed and controlled by taking a video call to the number of the SIM (Subscriber
Identity Module) inserted in the camera.
Ms. Gayangi and the product development team helped us by giving a small
introduction about these equipments before the exhibition.

A web based interface to look at the equipments in Major equipment rooms

Within the training at RND division, we were also asked to design a document shows

the details of the major equipment rooms (MSCs). Under this task, we started to document
38

the details of MSCs (Mobile service Switching Centers) from MSC2. Then we prepared web
based document that can be accessed through a web browser to view the details. In this
document we inserted routing tables of routers, switch connections, dummy ports and other
network related parameters.
But we were not able to construct this structure for all the MSCs. We completed that
work only for MSC 2 which is located inside the Engineering Division.

Figure 2.19 A Screen shot of the Web based document which gives details of equipment
rooms

5S implementation in Mobitel Engineering Division

This was a great day that we spend with everyone in the Engineering division to make

a clean organized working area. On that day, the entire staff worked as a one unit by
organizing historical data, files and other equipment. We tagged the unwanted
malfunctioning equipment and sent them to dispose.
That day was memorable for all of our trainees and earned a great experience by
associating with everyone in the division.

39

Chapter 3
3. Conclusion

Summary of the training experiences

Im happy that I have successfully completed my training in Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd which

is a profitable company embedded with technology. Within this training period, I was able to
train in 3 of its major divisions. The experience that I have earned from this company was not
organized. We were not given lectures and handouts. Whatever experience that we got was
earned in a very practical way with day today work. We were allowed to work with
equipment and their software. The Mobitel staff in the engineering is very friendly and easy
to talk with. They have provided enough chances to gain the experience. They are also
willing to teach us something whenever they are free.
Out of the 24 weeks of my training, 22 weeks were spent in the Radio Network
Design (RND) Division. Therefore I had a great experience in this division compared to other
two. Since I was in this division for 22 weeks, I was able to associate most of the people in
this Division. Therefore I got a chance to engage with everyones work and gain experience.
With time, we were given some responsible work. I was given some areas to plan new sites
and perform site surveys for them, which was not given for trainees previously. Although I
got fewer divisions to explore, Im happy that I got the opportunity to specialize RND
division.
More importantly, we were not asked to work in front of a computer. We were given
chances to go to sites and gain practical experience. Within my training I was able to
associate a wide spectrum of staff starting from Mangers and engineers to Riggers and
Drivers. This is the first time that I was exposed to this kind of an organizational structure.
By associating the staff in the company, I learned how to interact with different levels of
people in the society which is more important for life.
Another thing that I have earned from this training is bunch of good friends.
Especially the technical officers and engineers who helped us during the training have

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become good friends of us. We worked with a lot of synergy and on the last day, we were sad
to leave the office.

Improvement in training at Mobitel

The only thing that I propose is to continue the rotation of training in all the divisions.

This will help trainee to get an overview of the network and learn how the entire system
works. Once we have this big picture about the network, we can select the field that we like
most. Also some projects should be given to the trainees during their training period. Then
we get a chance to work in an organized manner within given time line.

Suggestions regarding the overall training program

We should appreciate the work carried out by the Training Division and NAITA. The

Industrial training is an essential module for engineering students. Sometimes the experience
that we earned in the training period may be beneficial for our final year projects. Not only
that this experience will be useful when we start working as engineers. The daily diary and
the monthly reports trained us to keep records of whatever the work that I do and they were
helpful in preparing the training report.
Instructors from the Department came and inspected the training, which is a good
thing. We were asked some questions individually regarding the work that we did. If this is
consistently happening throughout the training, it would be beneficial for us to improve our
knowledge and soft skills as well.

Overall Assessment of the training program

Im very happy to say that my industrial training at Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd was successful.

With the instructions given by the training division and the department, I was able to
complete the training successfully. It was a very fresh experience for me to work with that
kind of an organization. Other than technical things, I was also able to earn some experiences
which would be beneficial to be a good individual in the society.

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ANNEX 1

Figure A 1.1 Organizational Structure of the Engineering Division

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ANNEX 2

Figure A 2.1 4/12 cell pattern

Figure A 2.2 3/9 cell pattern

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ABBREVIATIONS
AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System

APM

Advanced Power Module

ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

BBU

Base Band Unit

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

BSC

Base Station Controller

BSIC

Base Station Identification Code

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

COW

Cell On Wheel

DTRU

Double Transceiver Unit

EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

GGSN

Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service

GPS

Global Positioning System

GSM

Global System for Mobile

HSN

Hopping Sequence Number

HSPA

High Speed Packet Access

ICT

Information and communication technology

IMSI

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IN

Intelligent Node

KPI

Key Performance Indicator

MAIO

Mobile Allocation Index Offsets

MMS

Multimedia Messaging Service

MSC

Mobile service Switching Center

MUX

Multiplexer

PAT

Preliminary Acceptance Test

PCM

Pulse Code Modulation

RNC

Radio Network Controller

RRU

Remote Radio Unit

SIM

Subscriber Identity Module

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SMS

Short Message Services

SOHO

Small Office Home Office

SSGN

Serving GPRS Support Node

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

TEMS

TEst Mobile Systems

TRC

Telecommunications Regulatory Commission

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

VAS

Value Added Services

ix