Voice Analog & Digital

Marcelo Zanata
Circuit Signaling

Supervisory signaling: used to indicate the state of a circuit, it can be on-hook, off-hook
Address signaling: transmit information about originator and called number
Informational signaling: dial tone, ring indicator and busy tone

Analog Voice
FXO and FXS

E&M

FXS ports provide dial tone, battery current, and ring voltage to the subscriber
device.
FXO ports is on subscriber devices that connect to the PBX.
Supervisory signal: loop-start or ground-start
Address signaling: DTMF dialing or Pulse dialing
Informational signaling: Call Progress tone (cptone) is audible signal
determined by the frequency of tone sent and the cadence of the tone.
Loop-start:
on-hook has a break on the loop. Not requires a common ground.
Ground-start:
when loop is grounded in both sides, circuit connected
Other details:
Caller ID is sent between the first and second ring as ASCII-encoded text in a
1200 bps stream includes the date, time, and calling party number and name.
Ring is an AC current to permit the phone ring with the open circuit.

Troubleshooting
debug isdn q931 --> Debug L3 ISDN Q.931

Disconnect Problem
Solved using one of this techniques:

Power Denial

Tone-Based Supervisory Disconnect

Ground-start Signaling

Battery Reversal

Voice Range
Human speech ranges from 200 Hz to 9000 Hz

Supervisory signaling: Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V,
Address signaling: wink-start, delayed-start, immediate-start
Informational signaling: generated tones
Immediate start - Go off hook, wait 150ms, send digits
Wink start - Go off hook, wait for 140-200ms off-hook-to-on-hook transition
(wink), send digits
Delay-dial - Go off hook, make sure far side is on hook, send digits
Type Wires
I
1 E, 2nd M, remaining 2 pairs audio
PBX side - indicate off hook by connecting M to battery
line side - indicate off hook by connecting E to ground
most common in North America
II
1 E, 2nd M, 3rd signal ground, 4th signal battery
PBX side - indicate off hook by connecting M to SB (signal battery)
Line side - indicate off hook by connecting E to SG (signal ground)
used in sensitive environments - produces little interference
III
4 wires for signaling
idle - E open, M connect to SG
PBX off hook - move M from SG to SB
line side off hook - ground E
not commonly used
IV
uses 4 wires for signaling
idle - E and M open
PBX off-hook, move M from SG to SB
line side off-hook, move E to SG (grounded on PBX side)
this is not supported by cisco routers/gateways
V
similar to Type I.
2 wires (E & M)
idle - both E&M are open.
PBX off-hook - ground M
line side - off hook - ground E
most common outside of North America
SSDC5Similar to type V, but backwards
- if line breaks, interface defaults to off-hook (busy)
often found in England

Digital Circuits
Analog to Digital conversion
Sample - Nyquist says 2x high frequency is all that is necessary for analog signal replication - 300 to 3300Hz - 4000Hz for mfg cost reasons - 2 x 4000= 8000
samples/sec
Quantize - assign a number for the sample - pulse-code modulation (PCM) - 0-255
Encode - convert sample analog to binary - bit-rate / second = 8000samples/ second x 8 bits = 64Kbps

CAS Channel-Associated Signaling (Robbed bit signaling)

T1 = (24 x 64Kbps) + 8 Kbps added for framing = 1.544 Mbps
Frame = 1 framing bit + 8 bits * 24 timeslots = 193 bits
SF (D4) = 2 signaling bits in 12 frames
ESF = 4 signaling bits in 24 frames
Signaling: loop-start, ground-start, and E&M (e&m-wink-start, e&m-delay-dial,
e&m-immediate-start, e&m-fgd, fgd-eana, fgd-os)

E1 = (32 x 64Kbps) = 2.048 Mbps

1x64kbps used to framing (channel 17)
1x64kbps used to signaling (channel 1)
E1-R2
Line Signaling: R2-digital, R2-analog, R2-pulse
Address Signaling: Inter-register signaling supported: R2-compelled, R2Noncompelled, R2-semi-compelled, DTMF

Voice Analog & Digital

Marcelo Zanata
CCS Common Channel Signaling

ISDN
Two channel types:
B earer- channel for voice (64Kbps)
D elta- channel for signaling
ISDN Types:
E1 PRI 30 B-Channel + 1x64Kbps D-Channel (64Kbps for frame sync)
T1 PRI 23 B-Channel + 1x64Kbps D-Channel (8Kbps for frame sync)
BRI 02 B-Channel + 1x16k D-Channel = 144kbps counted for bandwidth (48k frame and sync - Since we don't count frame and sync)
ISDN Switch types (D-Channel Signaling)
Typical call Flow
Switch Type
Description
4ESS
Lucent 4ESSUnited States
5ESS
Lucent 5ESSUnited States
DMS100
Northern Telecom DMS100United
States
DPNSS
DPNSSEurope
Net5
United Kingdom, Europe, Asia and
Australia
NI-2
National ISDNUnited States
NTT
Japan
QSIG
QSIG
TS014
Australia (Obsolete)
Gateway(config-if)#isdn protocol-emulate network

T-CCS
SiteA#show running-config
!
! Unnecessary output deleted
!
network-clock-participate slot 1
network-clock-select 1 T1 1/0
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 10.10.10.1
!
controller T1 1/0
framing esf
clock source line primary
linecode b8zs
ds0-group 0 timeslots 1 type ext-sig
ds0-group 1 timeslots 2 type ext-sig
ds0-group 2 timeslots 3 type ext-sig
.
.
.
ds0-group 23 timeslots 24 type ext-sig
!
voice-port 1/0:0
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 6000
!
voice-port 1/0:1
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 6001
!
voice-port 1/0:2
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 6002
.

.
.
voice-port 1/0:23
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 4000
!
!
dial-peer voice 5000 pots
destination-pattern 5000
port 1/0:0
!
dial-peer voice 5001 pots
destination-pattern 5001
port 1/0:1
!
dial-peer voice 5002 pots
destination-pattern 5002
port 1/0:2
!
dial-peer voice 3000 pots
destination-pattern 3000
port 1/0:23
!
dial-peer voice 6000 voip
destination-pattern 6...
session target ipv4: 10.20.20.1
codec g729r8
!
dial-peer voice 4000 voip
destination-pattern 4000
session target ipv4: 10.20.20.1
codec clear-channel
!
End

SiteB#show running-config
!
! Unnecessary output deleted
!
network-clock-participate slot 2
network-clock-select 1 T1 2/0
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 10.20.20.1
!
controller T1 2/0
framing esf
clock source line primary
linecode b8zs
ds0-group 0 timeslots 1 type ext-sig
ds0-group 1 timeslots 2 type ext-sig
ds0-group 2 timeslots 3 type ext-sig
.
.
.
ds0-group 23 timeslots 24 type ext-sig
!
voice-port 2/0:0
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 5000
!
voice-port 2/0:1
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 5001
!
voice-port 2/0:2
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 5002
.

ISDN Backhaul
With MGCP and SCCP
ISDN Q.921 (Layer 2) terminates on Gateway
ISDN Q.931 (Layer 3) terminates on CallManager

.
.
voice-port 2/0:23
timeouts call-disconnect 3
connection trunk 3000
!
!
dial-peer voice 6000 pots
destination-pattern 6000
port 2/0:0
!
dial-peer voice 6001 pots
destination-pattern 6001
port 2/0:1
!
dial-peer voice 6002 pots
destination-pattern 6002
port 2/0:2
!
dial-peer voice 4000 pots
destination-pattern 4000
port 2/0:23
!
dial-peer voice 5000 voip
destination-pattern 5...
session target ipv4: 10.10.10.1
codec g729r8
!
dial-peer voice 3000 voip
destination-pattern 3000
session target ipv4: 10.10.10.1
codec clear-channel
!
end

Voice Analog & Digital

Marcelo Zanata
SS7

The SS7 network and protocol are used for:

basic call setup, management, and tear down

wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wireless roaming, and mobile subscriber authentication

local number portability (LNP)

toll-free (800/888) and toll (900) wireline services

enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party name/number display, and three-way calling

efficient and secure worldwide telecommunications

Signaling Points

SSP (Service Switching Point)

STP (Signal Transfer Point)
SCP (Service Control Point)

SSPs are switches that originate, terminate, or tandem calls. An SSP sends signaling messages to other SSPs to setup, manage, and release voice circuits required
to complete a call. An SSP may also send a query message to a centralized database (an SCP) to determine how to route a call (e.g., a toll-free 1-800/888 call in
North America). An SCP sends a response to the originating SSP containing the routing number(s) associated with the dialed number. An alternate routing
number may be used by the SSP if the primary number is busy or the call is unanswered within a specified time. Actual call features vary from network to
network and from service to service.
Network traffic between signaling points may be routed via a packet switch called an STP. An STP routes each incoming message to an outgoing signaling link
based on routing information contained in the SS7 message. Because it acts as a network hub, an STP provides improved utilization of the SS7 network by
eliminating the need for direct links between signaling points. An STP may perform global title translation, a procedure by which the destination signaling point
is determined from digits present in the signaling message (e.g., the dialed 800 number, calling card number, or mobile subscriber identification number). An STP
can also act as a "firewall" to screen SS7 messages exchanged with other networks.
Because the SS7 network is critical to call processing, SCPs and STPs are usually deployed in mated pair configurations in separate physical locations to ensure
network-wide service in the event of an isolated failure. Links between signaling points are also provisioned in pairs. Traffic is shared across all links in the
linkset. If one of the links fails, the signaling traffic is rerouted over another link in the linkset. The SS7 protocol provides both error correction and
retransmission capabilities to allow continued service in the event of signaling point or link failures.

Signaling Link Types

A Link: An "A" (access) link connects a signaling end point (e.g., an SCP or SSP) to an STP. Only messages originating from or destined to the signaling end point
are transmitted on an "A" link.
B Link: A "B" (bridge) link connects an STP to another STP. Typically, a quad of "B" links interconnect peer (or primary) STPs (e.g., the STPs from one network to
the STPs of another network). The distinction between a "B" link and a "D" link is rather arbitrary. For this reason, such links may be referred to as "B/D"
links.
C Link: A "C" (cross) link connects STPs performing identical functions into a mated pair. A "C" link is used only when an STP has no other route available to a
destination signaling point due to link failure(s). Note that SCPs may also be deployed in pairs to improve reliability; unlike STPs, however, mated SCPs are
not interconnected by signaling links.
D Link: A "D" (diagonal) link connects a secondary (e.g., local or regional) STP pair to a primary (e.g., inter-network gateway) STP pair in a quad-link
configuration. Secondary STPs within the same network are connected via a quad of "D" links. The distinction between a "B" link and a "D" link is rather
arbitrary. For this reason, such links may be referred to as "B/D" links.
E Link: An "E" (extended) link connects an SSP to an alternate STP. "E" links provide an alternate signaling path if an SSP's "home" STP cannot be reached via an
"A" link. "E" links are not usually provisioned unless the benefit of a marginally higher degree of reliability justifies the added expense.
F Link: An "F" (fully associated) link connects two signaling end points (i.e., SSPs and SCPs). "F" links are not usually used in networks with STPs. In networks
without STPs, "F" links directly connect signaling points.