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ABSTRACT: This paper expounds an elementary delineation of the tangible verities and occurrences
associated to induction motors and induction motor faults. Besides, it explicates the underlying tenet, causes
and consequences of frequently occurring faults in induction motors. The paper attempts to discuss different
types of induction motor faults, their causes and detection techniques. It is found that the detection techniques
which evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the signal (such as Wavelet Transform analysis) are best suited for the
purpose.
Keywords Fault detection and identification (FDI), Mechanical and electrical faults, Condition
monitoring.
I: INTRODUCTION
Induction motors are intricate electro-mechanical
devices that are widely used in industrial processes
and commercial installations. Such motors have
extensive usage in consequence of their sturdy
edifice, unpretentious installation, undemanding
control strategies, and adaptability to various
industrial applications. Furthermore, induction
motors may plausibly be fed from an unswerving
sinusoidal power supply or by an inverter fed
variable frequency drive. Most of the faults in the
induction motors may be detected in the nascent
stages so as to prevent untimely failures [3]-[7]. This
paper addresses induction motor faults, their causeseffects and various detection techniques that are used
for incipient fault detection in three-phase induction
motors.
II: MAJOR
MOTORS
DAMAGE TYPES
OF
INDUCTION
Page 178
(1)
Where k = harmonic index = 1, 2, 3, ----s = per unit slip
p = number of fundamental pole-pairs
fe = fundamental supply frequency
On account of the configuration of the windings in an
induction motor, only the frequency components with
harmonics k =1, 5, 7, 11, 13, and so forth will figure
in the current. Then, the equation (1) can be
transformed as:
(2)
For harmonic index k = 1, the equation (2) gets
further altered as:
(3)
The spectral sideband components are availed of to a
large extent for induction motor fault classification
[9, 10, 20, 29, 48]. At high voltage or low inertia, the
upper sideband takes the limelight owing to speed
undulations churned out of the defective bar. Air-gap
space harmonics brought into being due to tooth or
core saturation influence the upper spectral sideband
component. Other correlated effects of broken rotor
bars that are used for motor fault diagnosis and
detection purposes include speed undulations [16],
torque ripples [19], stator power swings [24], and
stator current envelopes [49].
(C) Damaged Bearing Faults:
Four major types of bearing faults [3] are material
deterioration in inner race, outer race, cage, and ball
defects. The bearing faults can be classified into
cyclic faults and non-cyclic faults. Cyclic faults
emerge when the rolling element and the race or the
rolling element cage of the bearing passes through
the point of flaw. The deep scratches in a race or in a
rolling element are a type of cyclic fault. The material
abrasion, qualitative degradation of the lubricant due
to contaminants, insufficient lubrication, slither and
skid amongst the movable bearing components cause
mutilation of the contact areas, which is a non-cyclic
fault category. The bearing defects induce nonstationary and fault specific frequency components in
the stator current and the engendered vibrations.
a)
Cage Defect:
The bearing cage of a ball bearing upholds the balls
at evenly balanced positions and assists the confined
rolling of the balls along the raceways. When the
motor shaft is rotating, the bearing cage revolves at a
constant angular velocity that is mean of the inner
and outer race angular velocities. The cage angular
velocity can be exploited to work out the value of
dominant fault frequency due to cage defect, fCD as
given below:
(4)
Page 179
b)
Inner Race Defect:
The inner race defect frequency, fIRD, depends on the
rate at which bearing balls pass through the point of
defect on the inner race. Each ball move across the
flaw point at a rate that is proportional to the
difference of angular speed of the cage and inner
race. The fault frequency of the inner race defect is
also proportional to the number of balls in the
bearing. The fundamental fault frequency for the
inner race defect (for conditions o = 0 and i = r )
is given as:
(8)
Where the used variables have definition as
mentioned along with eqn. (4)
The empirical formula for inner race defect fault
frequency of a ball bearing consisting of six to twelve
balls in it is given as:
(9)
Where rs is as mentioned along with eqn. (7)
c)
Outer Race Defect:
The outer race defect frequency, fORD, depends on the
rate at which bearing balls cross the point of defect
on the outer race. Each ball move across the point of
defect at a rate that is proportional to the difference of
angular speed of the cage and outer race. The fault
frequency of the outer race defect is also proportional
to the number of balls in the bearing. The
fundamental fault frequency corresponding to the
inner race defect is given as:
(10)
Where the used variables have definition mentioned
along with eqn. (4)
Using equation (5), i.e. o = 0 and i = r (Where r
= Rotor angular speed in RPM), yields:
fODR = (0.4).n.rs
(11)
Page 180
(14)
Where iA, iB , and iC are three-phase line currents of
an induction motor,
VCA and VAB are line-to-line voltages
r is half of the line-to-line resistance
p is the number of pole pairs
Frequencies of major torque harmonics associated
with the certain defects in induction motors are as
follows:
Under normal operation:
Angular frequency of torque = 0
With a single-phase stator:
Angular frequency of torque = -2s
Page 181
Filter
based
methods
Demodulation, enveloping etc.
(STFT)
Spectrum analysis
Fast fourier transform (FFT)
Discrete fourier transform (DFT)
Short term fourier transform
Power cepstrum analysis
Spectrogram analysis
Time-frequency-scale
(TMS)
domain
The commonly employed artificial intelligence based
interpreting techniques are as follows [15,17,18]:
Principal
component
analysis (PCA)
Recurrent networks
Bayesian classifier
Page 182
Data
Acquisition and
Control
Hall Effect
current and
voltage
Transducers
Three-phase
Inverter/On-Off
Arrangement
Speed
Measur
ement
3- Induction
motor
Page 183
Page 184
Page 185