Grob Basic Electronics Book Review

GROB BASIC ELECTRONICS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: ELECTRICITY
CHAPTER 2 : RESISTORS
CHAPTER 3 : OHMs LAW
CHAPTER 4 : SERIES CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 5 : PARALLEL CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 6 : SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 7 : VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDERS
CHAPTER 8: DIRECT CURRENT METERS
CHAPTER 9 : KIRCHOFFs LAW
CHAPTER 10 : NETWORK THEOEMS
CHAPTER 11: CONDUCTORS and INSULATORS
CHAPTER 12: BATTERIES
CHAPTER 13: MAGNETISM
CHAPTER 14: MAGNETIC UNITS
CHAPTER 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
CHAPTER 16: LATERNARING VOLTAGE and CURRENT
CHAPTER 17: INDUCTANCE
CHAPTER 18: INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
CHAPTER 19: INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 26: RESONANCE
CHAPTER 27: FILTERS
CHAPTER 28: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
CHAPTER 29: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 30: TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS
CHAPTER 31: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
CHAPTER 32: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

CHAPTER I: ELECTRICITY
An invisible force that can produce heat, light, and motion.

The force for _________ is an attraction or repulsion between electric
charges.
The basic form for a quantity of electricity.
The closed path for the movement of charges.
Electricity
Motion
Electric Charge
Circuit
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE POLARITIES
Two basic particles of electric charge.

_______ is the smallest amount of electric charge having the characteristic
called negative polarity.
The proton is a basic particle with ________.
Is it true or false that the neutral condition means equal positive and
negative charges?
Electron and Proton

Electron
Positive Polarity
True
ELECTRONS AND PROTONS IN THE ATOM
The smallest particle of the basic elements that form solid, liquids, gases we
know as physical substances.
Central mass of an atom
Proton is _______ times heavier than an electron.
Electrons that can move freely from one atom to the next.
Electrons that can move easily from atom to atom in a material.
The best conductor.
A material with atoms in which the electrons tend to stay in their own
orbits.
An insulating material and also can store electric charges.
A material that conducts less than the metal conductors but more than the
insulators.
Practically all transistors are made of _________.
Defined as a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical
action.
Greek word that means a particle too small to be subdivided.
Semiconductors have _____ electrons in the outermost ring.
____ Electrons in the outside ring is a stable structure.
A group of two or more atoms.
A group of two or more elements.
The smallest unit of a compound with the same chemical characteristics.
Atomic number of oxygen.
Atom
Nucleus
1840
Free electrons
Conductor
Silver
Insulator
Dielectric
Semiconductors
Silicon
Elements
Atom
4
8
Molecule
Compound
Molecule
8
CHAPTER 2 : RESISTORS
INTRODUCTION
The most often used construction of a resistor.
Carbon-composition

type
The purpose of using a resistor in a circuit is to reduce __________ to a

specific value.
True or false: the resistance has a common effect for DC and AC circuits.
Current (I)
True
TYPES OF RESISTORS
Two main characteristics of a resistor.
It means the power is wasted.

The power rating of carbon resistors.
Resistors with higher resistance values usually have lower wattage ratings
because __________.
True or false: the lower the power rating, the smaller the physical size of the
resistor.
A type of resistor that has a special type of wire called resistance wire.
The power rating available in small wire-wound resistors.
This type of resistor is made of finely divided carbon or graphite mixed
with a powdered insulating material.
These are metal caps with leads of tinned copper wire of resistor for
soldering the connection into circuit.
Available values of carbon resistors.
The power rating of carbon resistor.
Two kinds of film-type resistors.
This type of resistor has a carbon coating fired onto a solid ceramic
substrate.
This type of resistor is a wire-wound resistor made to burn open easily
when the power rating is exceeded. It then serves the dual functions of a
fuse and a resistor to limit the current.
Resistance and its

power rating
Dissipation
1W or less
They have less current
True
Wire-wound Resistor
3 to 4W
Carbon-composition
Resistor
Axial leads
1 to 20
0.1 to 2W
Carbon film type and
Metal-film
Chip resistors
Fusible resistors
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
The organization standardized the color coding of resistor.
In reading the resistor color coding value, the first band close to the edge
gives ______.
In reading the resistor color coding value, the third band indicates ______.
The amount by which the resistor can be different from the color-coded
value.
The typical tolerance of wire-wound resistor.
The typical tolerance of precision wire-wound resistor.
VARIABLE RESISTORS
It can be wire-wound or carbon-type resistor.
The way resistor varies with the shaft control.
It is convenient unit for providing any one resistor within a wide range of
values.
Electronic Industries
Association (EIA)
The first digit in the
numerical value of
resistor.
The decimal multiplier.
Tolerance
5%
1% or less
Variable Resistor
Taper of the control
Decade box
RHEOSTATS AND POTENTIOMETERS

It is a variable resistor with two terminals connected in series with a load.
The purpose is to vary the amount of current.
It is generally called pot and it has three terminals.
These are generally wire-wound high-wattage resistors for power
applications.
POWER RATING OF RESISTORS
A resistor should have _________ to dissipate the power produced by the
current flowing through the resistance, without becoming too hot.
A type of resistor that operates at high temperature, a typical value being
300C for the maximum temperature.
SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATIONS OF RESISTORS
Two equal resistors in ________ double the resistance.
Two equal resistors in ________ have one-half the resistance.
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Commercial rheostats
High wattage rating

Wire wound resistor
Series
Parallel
RESISTORS TROUBLES
When the open resistor is a series component, ____________.
These are preferred in applications such as volume and tone controls

because the smoother change in resistance results in less noise when the
variable arm is rotated.
Resistance measurements are made with a _____________.
A ____________ resistor reads infinitely high ohms.
A resistor can change in value beyond it tolerance caused by __________.
There is no current in
the entire series path.
Carbon controls
Ohmmeter
Open
Heat over a long period
of time
CHAPTER 3 : OHMs LAW

INTRODUCTION
He discovered the Ohms Law.

It is used to determine the amount of electric power in the circuit.
True or false: Ohms law applies to both DC and AC circuits.
Georg Simon Ohm

Ohms Law
True
PRACTICAL UNITS
It is the amount of current through a one-ohm resistance that has one volt of
potential difference applied across it.
It is the potential difference across a one-ohm resistance that has one
ampere of current through it.
It is the amount of opposition in a resistance that has a V/I ratio of 1,
allowing one ampere of current with one volt applied.
LINEAR PROPORTION BETWEEN V AND I
One ampere
One volt
One ohm
The formula which states that V and I are directly proportional for any
value of R.
In ohms law, increases of volts will __________ the current.
It shows how much current the resistor allows for different voltages.
In a volt-ampere characteristic graph, the value in y axis or ordinate is

_______________.
In a volt-ampere characteristic graph, the value in x axis or abscissa is
_____________.
In ohms law, voltage and current are __________.
This type has a nonlinear volt-ampere characteristic.
Whether the resistor is linear is not, the current is ________ for more
resistance, with applied voltage constant.
Ohms Law
Increase
Volt-ampere
characteristic graph
Current values
Voltage values
Directly proportional
Nonlinear resistance
Less
ELECTRIC POWER
The unit of electric power.

He discovers the unit of electric power.
It equals the work done in one second by one volt of potential difference in
moving one coulomb of charge.
It is the time rate of doing work.
It is the time rate at which charges is forced to move by voltage.
1 horse power is equal to____________.
One horse power is approximately equal to ____________.
It is the power used during a period of time.
One joule is equal to ________
One watt is equal to ___________.
One joule is equal to ________ coulomb
This is a unit commonly for large amounts of electrical work or energy.
The amount is calculated simply as the product of the power in kilowatts
multiplied by the time in hours during which the power is used.
Watt
James Watt (1736-1819)
One watt of power
Power
Electric power
764 Watts or 550 ft lb/s
kW
Work
1watt second
1 joule/second
6.25 x 1018 eV
Kilowatt-hour
Kilowatt-hour
ELECTRIC SHOCK
It is a sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles, with a feeling of pain,

caused by current through the body. It can be fatal.
The greatest shock hazard is from ______ that can supply appreciable
amounts of power.
The value of let go current for men.
The value of let go current for women.
The greatest danger of shock is form a source having an output of ________
with enough power to maintain the load current through the body when it is
connected across the applied voltage.
CHAPTER 4 : SERIES CIRCUITS
Shock
High-voltage circuits
9mA
6mA
More than 30 V

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this circuit is to connect different components that need the
same current.
Series Circuits
WHY I IS THE SAME IN ALL PARTS OF A SERIES CIRCUIT
It is a movement of charges between two points, produced by the applied

voltage.
The order in which components are connected in series does not affect the
___________.
It is the same amount at the same time in all series components.
The free electrons moving away from one point are continuously replaced
by free electrons flowing from a ____________ in the series circuit.
Electric Current
Current
Current
Adjacent Point
POLARITY OF IR VOLTAGE DROPS
When an IR voltage drop exists across a resistance, one end must be either
________________ than the other end.
The polarity of IR voltage can be associated with the direction of
___________.
The top end of R in the diagrams is _______.
True or false: The resistor does not know which direction of current we are
thinking of.
More positive or more

negative
Current through a
resistor
Negative
True
TOTAL POWER IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
The power needed to produce current in each series resistor is used up in

the form of __________.
It is the sum of the individual values of power dissipated in each part of the
circuit.
Heat
Total Power
SERIES-AIDING AND SERIES OPPOSING VOLTAGES
These are connected with polarities that allow current in the same direction.
Voltages are connected ______ when the plus terminal of one is connected
to the negative terminal of the text.
Voltages are connected ______ when the negative terminal of one is
connected to the negative terminal of the text.
If the series-opposing voltages are equal, the net voltage is equal to
__________.
Series-aiding Voltages
Series-aiding
Series-opposing
Zero
ANALYZING SERIES CIRCUITS
We must know the _________ to calculate current because the total applied
voltage is given.
A common application of series circuits is to use a resistance to ______ the
Total Resistance
Drop

voltage from the source to a lower value.
EFFECT OF AN OPEN CIRCUIT IN A SERIES PATH
It is break in the current path.

The resistance of the _________ is very high because an insulator like air
takes place conducting path of the circuit.
With an open in any part of a series circuit, the current is _____ in the entire
circuit.
Each of the resistors in the open circuit has an IR drop of ______.
There is ___________ with the open circuit because there is no complete
path outside the battery between its two terminals.
The __________ have the entire applied voltage indicates a good way to
find an open component in a series string.
Open Circuit
Open path
Zero
Zero
No Current
Open Terminals
CHAPTER 5 : PARALLEL CIRCUITS

INTRODUCTION
There have one common voltage across all the branches but separate branch
currents that can be different.
It is formed when two or more components are connected across one
voltage source.
Parallel Circuits
Parallel Circuits
THE APPLIED VOLTAGE VA IS THE SAME ACROSS PARALLEL BRANCHES
The typical application of parallel circuits.

It is formed when two or more components are connected across one
voltage source.
Typical House Wiring

Parallel Circuits
ANALYZING PARALLEL CIRCUITS
When you know the voltage across one branch, this voltage is __________.
If you know IT and one of the branch currents I1, you can find I2 by
_______________.
Across all the branches

Subtracting I1 from IT
EFFECT OF AN OPEN BRANCH IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS
An open in any circuit is a ____________ that results in no current.

In parallel circuits, open circuits in one branch results ___________, but in
other branches can have their normal current.
Infinite Resistance
No current through that
branch
EFFECT OF A SHORT CIRCUIT ACROSS PARALLEL BRANCHES
In parallel circuits, a short circuit has _________, resulting in excessive

current.
Zero Resistance
In parallel circuits, when one branch is short-circuited, __________.
All the parallel paths

are also short-circuited.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT FOR THE OR LOGIC FUNCTION
The __________ function corresponds to switches in parallel.
OR Gate
CHAPTER 6 : SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS

INTRODUCTION
It is used when it is necessary to provide different amounts of voltage and

current for the components using one source of applied voltage.
Series-Parallel Circuit
RESISTANCE STRINGS IN PARALLEL
In series-parallel circuits, with too low a _________, there would be

insufficient current for normal operation and the bulbs would not operate at
normal brilliance.
Each branch current equals the voltage applied across the branch divided by
__________
For any one resistance in a string, the current in the string multiplied by the
resistance equals the ___________ across that particular resistance.
It is equal to the sum of the branch currents for all parallel strings.
It is equal to the applied voltage divided by the total line current.
The series parts have the same _________.

The parallel parts have the same __________.
Voltage
The total resistance in
the branch.
IR Voltage Drop
Total line current
Resistance of the total
series-parallel circuit
Current
Voltage
ANALYZING SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS
With parallel string across the main line, the branch currents and total
current can be found without _______.
When parallel strings have series resistance in the main line, ______ must
be calculated to find IT, assuming no branch current is known.
It is applied across the RT of the entire circuit, producing an IT that flows
only in the main line.
Any individual series resistance has its own IR drop that must be _____ the
total VT.
Total Resistance
Total Resistance
Source Voltage
Less than
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
It has four terminals, two for input voltage and two for output.
Inventor of the Wheatstone Bridge
In this circuit, an unknown resistance is balanced against a standard

accurate resistor for precise measurement of resistance.
Bridge Circuit
Sir Charles Wheatstone
(1802 1875)
Wheatstone Bridge
It can be analyzed as simply series resistance strings in parallel when the

current is zero through the meter.
Balanced Bridge Circuit
CHASSIS GROUND CONNECTIONS
It is usually made by driving copper rods into the ground and connecting
the ground wire of the electrical system to these rods.
A chassis ground in which connected to earth ground.
A chassis ground in which not connected to earth ground.
Ground Connection
Cold side or low side
Hot side or High side
VOLTAGES MEASURED TO CHASSIS GROUND
When a circuit has the chassis as a common return, we generally measure

the voltages with respect to ___________.
Chassis
The negative side of total voltage is grounded.
Positive voltages to
negative ground
The voltage source is inverted. Any point in the circuit must be more
negative than the positive terminal of the source, even when this terminal is
grounded.
Negative Voltages to
Positive Ground
CHAPTER 7 : VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDERS

INTRODUCTION
It gives the series voltages even when the current is not known.
It gives the branch currents even when the branch voltage is not known.
Voltage Division
Formula
Current Division
Formula
CURRENT DIVISION BY PARALLEL CONDUCTANCES
If conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, therefore, conductance and

current are ____________ proportional.
The method of _______ is usually easier to use than the method of
resistances from three or more branches.
Directly
Conductance
SERIES VOLTAGE DIVIDER WITH PARALLEL LOAD CURRENT
It is often used to tap off part of the applied voltage VT for a load that needs
less voltage than VT.
All the current in the circuit must come from the _______.
It is a steady drain of the source.
Voltage divider
Source Voltage
Bleeder Current
DESIGN OF A LOADED VOLTAGE DIVIDER
This type of circuit is used for the output of a power supply in electronic
equipment to supply different voltages at the taps, with different load
currents.
Loaded Voltage Divider
CHAPTER 8: DIRECT CURRENT METERS

INTRODUCTION
Meters with values printed on a scale and moving a pointer that indicates
values on the scale.
Meters with numerical readouts that indicates values directly.
To measure voltage, the test leads of the voltmeter are connected in
__________ across two points of potential difference.
To measure currents in units of amperes, milli-amperes, or micro-amperes,
the meter is a __________ component in the circuit.
A combinational meter, like the VOM and DMM will all three functions.
Analog meters
Digital meters
Parallel
Series
Multimeter or
multitester
MOVING COIL METER
It can be used to measure voltage or resistance.
It is generally used in a VOM in which the construction consists essentially

of a coil of fine wire on a drum mounted between the poles of a permanent
magnet.
It is directly proportional to the amount of current in the coil.
It is an extremely sensitive instrument for measuring very small values of
current.
It is used for reading the value of a small momentary current, to measure
electric charge.
The moving coil arrangement is often called a ___________, after its
inventor, who patented this meter movement in 1881.
The optical error caused by looking at the meter from the side.
The meter movement can be constructed with moving coil and pointer
suspended by a metal band, instead of the pivot and jewel design with a
restoring spring.
Volt-ohm-milliammeter
Moving coil meter
Pointer deflection
Galvanometer
Ballistic galvanometer
DArsonval Movement
Parallax error
Taut-band meters
VOLTMETERS
It is commonly used for measuring voltage by the addition of a high

resistance series with the movement.
The series resistance must be _________ than the coil resistance in order to
10
Voltmeter
Higher
limit the current through the coil.

It is a series resistor usually connected inside the voltmeter case.
Since a voltmeter has high resistance, it must be connected in
______________ to measure the potential difference across two points in a
circuit.
The ohms-per-volt rating is also called ___________ of the voltmeter.
Multiplier
Parallel
Sensitivity
OHMMETERS
It consists of an internal battery, meter movement, a current-linking

resistance.
For measuring resistance, the ohmmeter leads are connected across the
__________ to be measured.
Typical resistance of series ohmmeter circuit.
When the ohmmeter leads are open, not touching each other, the current is
_________.
The arrangement of the ohms scale increases from left to right.
A symbol which means that the measured resistance is infinitely greater
than the ohmmeter resistance.
It is given for each ohms range because the highest resistance is infinite on
all the ohms ranges.
For higher values of external resistance, the meter current _________ to
indicate higher resistances on the back-off ohms scale.
To compensate for lower voltage output as the internal battery ages, an
ohmmeter includes a ____________ to calibrate the ohms scale.
A back-off ohmmeter is always adjusted for __________.
Ohmmeter
External resistance
1500
Zero
Back-off scale
Lazy eight or
Multiplying factor
Decreases
Variable resistor
Zero ohms
MULTIMETERS
It is use to measure voltage, current, or resistance.

The main types of Multimeters
Most analog Multimeters have an AC voltage scale calibrated in _________
for measuring AC signals.
It is a logarithmic unit used for comparisons of power levels or voltage
levels.
Positive decibel values, above the zero mark, indicate AC voltages above
the reference of ___________.
It is a probe with a clamp that fits around the current-carrying wire in which
its magnetic field is used to indicate the amount of current.
The accessory probe that can be used with a multimeter to measure DC
voltages up to 30kV. The probe is basically just an external multiplier
resistance for the DC voltmeter.
Multimeter
VOM and DMM
Decibels (dB)
Decibels (dB)
0.775 V
Amp-clamp probe
High-voltage probe
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS
This type of test instrument has become very popular because the digital
value of the measurement is displayed automatically with decimal point,
polarity, and the unit for voltage, ampere, or ohms.
11
Digital multimeter
These are generally easier to use because they eliminate the human error
that often occurs in reading different scales on an analog meter with a
pointer.
The basis of the DMM operation is the use of a ____________ circuit.
It is a visual display with decimal values in which generally used to show
the values processed by digital circuit.
The input resistance of the DMM is in the range of _________.
The DMM has a ____________ that serves as an AC converter.
A DMM ohmmeter usually has an open-circuit voltage across the meter
leads of about __________.
To measure current in DMM, the ______ provide proportional IR voltage.
It is supplied by the DMM for the diode to test the voltage across it
junction.
For diode test in DMM, the short-circuit junction will read _______.
It enough for practically all measurements made in troubleshooting
electronic equipment.
It is where the meter automatically shifts to a higher range as soon as an
overload is indicated.
Maximum diode test voltage in DMM.
Maximum DC voltage range of DMM.
Test frequency used for audio equipment.
Test frequency used for power-line equipment.
The range of current measurements of DMM.
The bar at the bottom of the display is used only to show the relative
magnitude of the input compared to the full-scale value of the range in use.
Digital meters
Analog to digital circuit
Liquid-crystal display
(LCD)
10 to 20M
Internal diode rectifier
0.4V
Internal resistors
Current
0V
3 digit resolution
Auto-range function
2V
1000V
400Hz
60Hz
0 to 320mA
Analog display
CHAPTER 9 : KIRCHOFFs LAW

INTRODUCTION
The algebraic sum of the voltage sources and IR voltage drops in any closed
path must total ________.
At any point in a circuit the algebraic sum of the currents directed in and
out must total ________.
Creator of Kirchoffs Law
Zero
Zero
Gustav R. Kirchoff
KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)
The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving any point in a circuit
must equal the algebraic sum of the currents out of that point.
It means combining positive and negative values.
Consider all currents into a branch point as __________ and all current
directed away from that point as ____________.
It is really the basis for the practical rule in parallel circuits that the total
line current must equal the sum of the branch currents.
KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
12
Kirchoffs Current Law

(KCL)
Algebraic Sum
Positive; Negative
Kirchoffs Current Law
(KCL)
Go around any closed path and consider any voltage whose negative
terminal is reached first as a negative term and any voltage whose positive
terminal is reached first as a positive term.
Any closed path is called __________.
The Greek letter which means sum of.
When a loop does not have any voltage source, the algebraic sum of the IR
voltage drops alone must total ________.
Kirchoffs Voltage Law

(KVL)
Loop
Sigma
Zero
CHAPTER 10 : NETWORK THEOEMS

INTRODUCTION
It is just a combination of components, such as resistances interconnected in

a way to achieve a particular end result.
It usually provides shorter methods of solving the circuit than the Kirchoffs
law.
Network
Network Theorems
SUPERPOSITION
This theorem is very useful because it extends the use of Ohms Law to
circuits that have more than one source.
In a network with two or more sources, the current or voltage for any
components is the algebraic sum of the effects produced by each source
acting separately.
Each __________ can have any number of series resistances.
It means that current is proportional to the applied voltage
It means that the current is the same amount for opposite polarities of the
source voltage.
There are components that doesnt amplify or rectify.
These are components such as transistors, semiconductors diodes, and
electron tubes in which are never bilateral and often are not linear.
Superposition
Superposition
Theorems
Voltage Divider
Linear
Bilateral
Passive components
Active Components
THEVENINS THEOREM
Named after M. L. Thevenin, a French engineer, this theorem is very useful

in simplifying the voltages in a network.
It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be replaced
by a single voltage source VTH in series with a single resistance RTH.
It is the open-circuit voltage across terminal.
It is the open-circuit resistance across terminals.
NORTONS THEOREM
13
Thevenins Theorem
Thevenins Theorem
VTH
RTH
Named after E. L. Norton, a scientist with Bell Telephone Laboratories, this

theorem is used for simplifying a network in terms of currents instead of
voltages.
It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be replaced
by a single current source IN in parallel with a single resistance RN.
It is the resistance looking back from open terminals.
Any components directly across the two terminals are also short-circuited
by the _________.
Nortons Theorem
Nortons Theorem
RN
Wire Jumper
MILLMANS THEOREM
This theorem provides a shortcut for finding the common voltage across
any number of parallel branches with different voltage sources.
This formula is derived from converting the voltage sources to current
sources and combining the results.
Millmans Theorem
Net VXY
CHAPTER 11: CONDUCTORS and INSULATORS
INTRODUCTION
These have a very low resistance.
Typical value of resistance in copper wire of 10 ft.
It is used in the manufacture of carbon composition resistors.
Conductors
0.1
Carbon
FUNCTION OF THE CONDUCTORS
The resistance of the two 10 ft lengths of copper wire conductor is

________.
0.08
TYPES OF WIRE CONDUCTORS
Most wire conductors are ________.

It is easier to solder for connections.
It is flexible, easier to handle and less likely to develop an open break.
It is often has an insulating coating of enamel or shellac.
Hookup that is bare should be enclosed in a hollow insulating sleeve called
___________.
Is it used for very low resistance.
Two or more conductors in a common covering form a ________.
It has 25 conductors but not in pairs.
Constant spacing between two conductors through the entire length
provides a _____________.
It is generally used for the signals in cable television.
Two conductors are imbedded in plastic to provide constant spacing. This
type of line is commonly used in television for connecting the antenna to
the receiver.
It specifies an opposition to current that can include resistance, inductance
and capacitance.
14
Copper
Tinned Wire
Stranded Wire
Very Thin Wire
Spaghetti
Braided conductor
Cable
Ribbon Cable
Transmission Line
Coaxial Cable
Twin Lead Wire
Impedance
It is constant for any length because it depends on the square root of ratio
for the inductance in the line to the capacitance between the conductors.
For inch coaxial cable, it s characteristic impedance is approximately
_______.
For twin lead wire with 3/8 inch spacing, the characteristic impedance is
_______.
Characteristic
Impedance
75
300
CONNECTORS
It is often used for screw type materials.

It is commonly used for shielded cables with audio equipment.
It is still used in some applications, but in a smaller size.
It is universally used in cable television because of its convenience.
It has eight wires in a flat, plastic ribbon.
It is a standard connector for computer equipment. It has 26 pins.
Spade Lug
RCA type Plug
Phone Plug
F Connector
Multiple Connector
RS 232
PRINTED WIRING
Most electronic circuits are mounted on a plastic insulating board with

printed wiring.
Printed Circuit Board

(PCB)
SWITCHES
These are commonly used to open or close a circuit.
It provides an ON or OFF position for one circuit.
It provides switching for one side of the circuit.
It provides switching for both lines of either of two circuits.
It has eight miniature rocker switches.

It is an automatic switch with contacts that can be closed or opened by
current in the relay coil.
Switches
Single Pole Single
Throw (SPST)
Single Pole Double
Throw (SPDT)
Double Pole Double
Throw (DPDT)
DIP Switch
Relay Switches
FUSES
It is used as a protection against an overload resulting from a short circuit.
The metal fuse element may be made of __________.
This type of fuse has a coiled construction. They are designed to open only
on a continued overload.
These have a thermal element in the form of a spring.
It is sometimes used as a fuse in television receivers.
It can be mounted between two terminal strips on the chassis.
15
Fuse
Aluminum, tin coated
copper or nickel
Slow Blow Fuse
Circuit Breaker
Short length of bare
wire
Wire link

CHAPTER 12: BATTERIES
INTRODUCTION
It is a group of cells that generate energy from the internal chemical

reaction.
It consists of two different conducting materials as the electrodes that are
immersed in an electrolyte.
A battery with an output of 1.5v.
These are used for all types of portable electronic equipment, photographic
equipment and toys.
It is the type almost always used for automobile batteries.
Battery
Cell
Carbon zinc dry cell
Dry Battery
Lead Sulfuric Acid Cell
GENERAL FEATURES OF BATTERIES
It is combination of cells.
It was used to supply enough current to heat the filament for thermoionic
emission of electrons from a heated source.
Typical rating of A battery.
It was used for a small negative DC bias voltage at the control grid.
A battery that has a medium voltage and current ratings
This type of cell cannot be recharged.
This type of cell can be recharged because the chemical action is reversible.
The discharging and recharging of the cell is called _______.

Secondary can be recharged.
The most common type of secondary cell.
In this type of cell, the electrolyte cannot be spilled and the cell can operate
in any position.
This type is a secondary cell that can be recharged, but it has a sealed
electrolyte that cannot be refilled.
Battery
A Battery
4.5 6 V with 150mA or
more
C Battery
B Battery
Primary Cells
Secondary
Cells
Cycling
Storage Cell
Lead Acid Cell
Dry Cells
Sealed Rechargeable
Cells
THE VOLTAIC CELL
The method of converting chemical energy into electric energy.

Voltaic cell is also called a _______, named after Luigi Galvani.
It gives relative activity in forming ion charges for some of the chemical
elements.
Voltaic Cell
Galvanic Cell
Electromotive Series
CARBON ZINC DRY CELL
This is probably the most common type of dry cell. It is also called the
Leclanche cell.
It consists of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode in a moist
electrolyte.
It is a combination of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride dissolved in
16
Carbon Zinc Dry Cell

Electrochemical System
Electrolyte
water.
The reaction in which the ammonia releases hydrogen gas which collects
around the carbon electrode.
Carbon zinc dry cells are generally designed for an operating temperature
of _______.
Polarization
70F
ALKALINE CELL
Type of cell which has an alkaline electrolyte.

It consists of a powered zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode in an
alkaline electrolyte.
The outstanding performance of the alkaline cell is due to its _________.
This type is actually a modified carbon zinc cell but the electrolyte
contains only zinc chloride.
Manganese Zinc Cell
Which is better for heavy duty use; alkaline or zinc chloride type?
Alkaline Cell
Electrochemical System
Low Internal Resistance
Zinc Chloride Cells
LITHIUM CELL
This type is a relatively new primary cell.

Lithium cell can provide at least _______ more energy than the equivalent
carbon zinc cell.
The sulfur dioxide is kept in a liquid state using a high pressure container
and an organic liquid solvent.
LEAD ACID WET CELLS
Where high values of load current are necessary, it is the type most
commonly used.
It is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid.
It is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged.
It is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions.
These are generally rated in terms of how discharge current they can supply
for a specified period of time.
Typical values of automobile batteries.
It is a ratio comparing the weight of a substance with the weight of water.
It refers to a method in which the charger and the battery are always
connected to each other for supplying current to the load.
Lithium Cell
10 times
Lithium Sulfur Dioxide
Lead Acid Wet Cells

Electrolyte
Lead Acid Wet Cells
Sulfuric Acid
Lead Acid Batteries
100 300 AH
Specific Gravity
Float Charging
ADDITIONAL TYPES OF SECONDARY CELLS
It is a storage cell that can be recharged by reversing the internal chemical

reaction.
It is the common type of storage cell.
This type is popular because of its ability to deliver high current and to be
cycled many times for recharging.
It is a true storage cell with a reversible chemical reaction for recharging
that can be cycled up to 1000 times.
17
Secondary Cells
Lead Acid Cell
Nickel Cadmium Cell
NiCd Cell
Developed by Thomas Edison, this cell was once extensively in industrial

truck and railway applications.
This type has been used in limited railway applications.
This cell has been under development for use in electric vehicles.
This type is under development for commercial energy applications.
This is another type of cell being developed for electric vehicle

applications. The cell is designed to operate at temperature between 550 and
650F.
A recent development in battery technology is the rechargeable plastic cell
made from a conductive polymer, which is a combination of organic
chemical compounds.
It consists of an electrolyte between two polymer electrodes.
This type converts the suns light energy direct into electric energy.
Nickel Iron (Edison)

Cell
Nickel Zinc Cell
Zinc Chlorine
(Hydrate) Cell
Lithium Iron Sulfide
Cell
Sodium Sulfur Cell
Plastic Cell
Plastic Cell
Solar Cell
CHAPTER 13: MAGNETISM

INTRODUCTION
It is derived from the iron oxide mineral magnetite.

It refers specifically to the magnetic properties of iron.
Magnetism
Ferromagnetism
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
These are the points of concentration of magnetic strength.

The magnet can be considered as the _____ for an external magnetic field,
provided by the two opposite poles at the ends.
These are unaffected by non magnetic materials.
The end of the magnet bar in which pointed at the North.
The end of the magnet bar in which pointed at the South.
A North Pole (N) and a South Poke (S) tend to _________ each other.
A North Pole (N) tends to ________ another North Pole (N), which is also,
can apply in the South Pole (S).
North and South Poles

Generator
Magnetic Field Lines
North-seeking pole
South-seeking pole
Attract
Repels
THE MAGNETIC FLUX ()
The entire group of magnetic field lines, which can be considered to flow
outward from the North Poke of a magnet.
It has more lines of forces and more flux than a weak magnetic field.
It is equal to one magnetic field.
It can provide a magnetic flux of about 5000Mx.
An important Scottish mathematical physicist who contributed much to the
electrical and field theory.
It is equal to 1 x 108 lines or maxwells.
The weber unit is named for _________, a German physicist.
18
Magnetic Flux ()
Strong magnetic field
One Maxwell (Mx)
1-lb of magnet
James Clark Maxwell
(1831 1879)
Weber
Wilhelm Weber (1804
1890)
This system defines small units.
This system is for larger units of a more practical size.
It provides a worldwide standard in MKS dimensions.
With magnetic flux, the maxwell is a _______ unit.

The weber is a _________ unit.
For science and engineering, the _______ units are preferred values.
Centimeter-gramsecond system (CGS)

Meter-kilogram-second
system (MKS)
System International
(SI)
CGS
MKS or SI unit
SI units
FLUX DENSITY (B)
It is the number of magnetic field lines per unit area of a section

perpendicular to the direction of flux.
In the CGS system, this unit is one line per square centimeter, or 1 Mx/cm 2.
The unit Gauss is named for ____________, a German mathematician.
As typical values, flux density for the earths magnetic field can be about
__________.
In SI, the unit of flux density is weber per square meter. One weber per
square meter is called ___.
The unit tesla is named for ___________, a Yugoslav-born American
Inventor in electricity and magnetism.
Flux Density (B)

Gauss
Karl F. Gauss (1777
1855)
2G
Tesla (T)
Nikola Tesla (1857
1943)
INDUCTION BY THE MAGNETIC FIELD
The electric or magnetic effect of one body on another without any physical
contact between them.
The ability to concentrate magnetic flux.
The flux density in air.
The relative permeability of the iron core.
Typical values of relative permeability for iron and steel.
Induction
Permeability
1G
200
100 9000
AIR GAP OF A MAGNET
The air space between poles of a magnet is its _______.

When it is desired to concentrate magnetic lines within a magnet, however,
the magnet can be formed as ___________.
It is made in the form of a doughnut.
It is often used for the core.
This type of electromagnet has maximum strength in the iron ring, with
little flux outside.
The small part of the field in the air.
The principle of the closed magnetic ring is used to ______.
It maintains the strength of the permanent magnet as it becomes magnetized

by induction to form a closed loop.
19
Air Gap
Closed Magnetic Loop
Toroid or Ring Magnet
Iron
Ring Magnet
Leakage Flux
Protect permanent
magnet in storage.
Keeper

TYPES OF MAGNET
It needs current from an external source to maintain its magnetic field.

With this magnet, not only is its magnetic field present without any external
current, but the magnet can maintain its strength indefinitely.
With the length much greater than its width, the coil is called ___.
It is a switch with contacts that are opened or closed by an electromagnet.
Common application of electromagnet.
These are made of hard magnetic materials, such as cobalt steel, magnetized
by induction in the manufacturing process.
A common material of permanent magnet. A commercial alloy of
aluminum.
It is often used for permanent magnet loudspeakers.
A typical size for a steady magnetic field.
The point at which a magnetic material losses its ferromagnetic properties.

The Curie temperature for iron.
These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys such as
alnico and Permalloy.
Permeability of the ferromagnetic materials.
The relative permeability of Permalloy.
These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and chromium.
The permeability of the paramagnetic materials.
These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold, and silver.
The permeability of the diamagnetic materials.
The basis of all magnetic effects is the __________.
In terms of molecular structure, iron atoms are grouped in microscopically

small arrangements called ____.
Each domain is an elementary ________, with two opposite poles.
In crystal form, the iron atoms have domains that are _______ to the axes of
the crystal.
Electromagnet
Permanent Magnet
Solenoid
Relay
Magnetic Tape
Recording
Permanent Magnet
Alnico
Alnico V
About 5 lb, with a flux
of 500 25,000 lines or
maxwells
Curie Temperature
800C
Ferromagnetic
Materials
50 50,000
100,000
Paramagnetic Materials
More than 1
Diamagnetic Materials
Less than 1
Magnetic field
associated with electric
charges in motion.
Domains
Dipole magnet
Parallel
FERRITES
This is the name for nonmetallic materials that have the ferromagnetic
properties of iron.
The ferrites have __________ permeability.
The permeability of ferrites.
The specific resistance is ________, which makes the ferrite an insulator.
A common application of ferrite.
It is used in small coils and transformers for signal frequencies up to

20MHz.
20
Ferrites
Very high
50 3000
105.cm
Ferrite core in the coils
of RF transformers
Ferrite Core
It is used as a string for one or more beads of ferrite beads.

The purpose of this is to reduce the current just for an undesired radio
frequency.
Bare wire
choke
MAGNETIC SHIELDING
The idea of preventing one component from affecting another through their
common electric or magnetic field.
It is best for two shielding functions.
The best shield for a steady magnetic field is a ______________.
It is produced by a permanent magnet, a coil with steady direct current, or

the earths magnetic field.
The shield can be considered as a __________ for the lines of magnetic
flux.
Shielding
Good Conductor
Good Magnetic
Material of High
Permeability
Steady Field
Short circuit
THE HALL EFFECT
A small voltage is generated across a conductor carrying current in an

external magnetic field.
The semiconductor material __________ is generally used to produce larger
values of Hall voltage.
It is directly proportional to the value of flux density.
Flux density of InAs.
Hall Effect
Indium Arsenide (InAs)
Hall Voltage (VH)
10kG
CHAPTER 14: MAGNETIC UNITS

INTRODUCTION
It is always associated with charges in motion.
The current supplies a _____________ that increases with the amount of

current.
It produces a flux density that increases with the permeability of the

medium.
Magnetic Field
Magnetizing force or
Magneto Motive Force
(mmf)
Field Intensity (H)
AMPERE TURNS OF MAGNETO MOTIVE FORCE (MMF)
With a coil magnet, the ________ depends on how many current flows in
the turns of the coil.
The more current, the ___________ the magnetic field
It specifies the amount of magnetizing force or magnetic potential.
With thinner wire, _______ turns can be used in a given space.
The CGS unit of mmf is _________.
An English scientist who investigated the magnetism of the Earth.
21
Strength of the
Magnetic Field
Stronger
Quantity IN
More
Gilbert (Gb)
William Gilbert (1540
1603)
One ampere-turn is equal to __________.
1.26 Gb
FIELD INTENSITY (H)
It depends on how long the coil is.

The field intensity for a solenoid is at the ___________.
The field intensity for a iron core is at the ___________.
The CGS unit for H is _________.
A Danish physicist who discovered electromagnetism
The unit for field intensity (H).
Field Intensity (H)

Center of an air core
Through the entire core
Oersted (Oe)
H. C. Oersted (1777
1851)
Ampere turns per
meter
PERMEABILITY ()
Using SI units, it is the flux density in webers per square meter.

It is the absolute permeability, in unit of B/H.
The values of relative permeability (r) must be multiplied by ______ for o
to calculate as B/H in SI units.
B
Permeability ()
1.26 x 10-6
B H MAGNETIZATION CURVE
It is often used to show how much flux density (B) results from increasing
the amount of field intensity (H).
The current in the coil equals to ________.
The __________ of magnetizing force increase with more current.
The field intensity (H) increases with _________.
The __________ depends on the field intensity (H) and permeability of the
iron.
The effects of little change in flux density when the field intensity
increases.
B H Curve
V/R
Ampere turns IN
Higher IN
Flux Density (B)
Saturation
MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS
It means a lagging behind.

The flux ________ the increases or decreases in magnetizing force.
The energy wasted in heat as the molecular dipoles lag the magnetizing
force.
It is actually a B H curve with an AC magnetizing force.
The value of flux density in which is residual induction of a magnetic
material.
The value of -HC, which is equals the magnetizing force that must be
applied in the reverse direction to reduce the flux density to zero.
The method of demagnetization.
CHAPTER 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
22
Hysteresis
Lags
Hysteresis Loss
Hysteresis Loop
Retentivity
Coercive Force
Degaussing

INTRODUCTION
He found that current in a wire could move a magnetic compass needle.

A magnetic field in motion forces electrons to move, producing
___________.
The Henry unit of inductance is named after __________.
The farad unit of capacitance is named after __________.
It combines effect of an electric current and magnetism.
Oersted
Current
Joseph Henry
Michael Faraday
Electromagnetism
MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND AN ELECTRIC CURRENT
The magnetic lines are ________, as the field is symmetrical with respect to
the wire in the center.
The magnetic field with circular lines of force is in a _____________ to the
current in the wire.
If you look along the wire in the direction of electron flow, the magnetic
field is ___________.
The opposite direction of electron flow produces a ___________.
When the magnetic lines of two fields are in the same direction,
_______________.
With the magnetic lines in opposite directions, ___________.
Circular
Plane Perpendicular
Counterclockwise
Reversed Field
The lines of force aid
each other.
The fields cancel.
MAGNETIC POLARITY OF A COIL
A coil of a wire conductor with more than one turn is generally called
_________.
An ideal solenoid has a length much greater than its ___________.
If the coil is grasped with the fingers of the left hand curled around the coil
in the direction of electron flow, the thumb points to the ______________.
It is used here because the current is electron flow.
The magnetic polarity depends on the ______________.
It can be over and under, starting from one end of the coil, or under and
over with respect to the same starting point.
Solenoid
Diameter
North Pole of the coil.
Left Hand Rule
Direction of the current
and the direction of the
winding
Direction of winding
INDUCED CURRENT
The action in which the motion of magnetic lines cutting across a conductor
forces free electrons in the conductor to move.
It is the result of generator action as the mechanical work put into moving
the magnetic field is converted into electric energy when current flows in
the conductor.
When the magnet is moved downward, _____________.
Without motion, there is ________ current

It is necessary in order to have the flux lines of the magnetic field cut across
the conductor.
23
Induction
Induced Current
Current flows in the
direction shown.
No current
Motion
The conductor must be ___________ to make its induced current have an

associated magnetic field in the same plane as the external flux.
The effect of electromagnetic induction is increased where a __________ is
used for the conductor.
Perpendicular
Coil
LENZ LAW
It is simply states that the direction of the induced current must be such that
its own magnetic field will oppose the action that produced the induced
current.
The direction of the induced current is determined by the ________ for
electron flow.
Lenz Law
Left Hand Rule
GENERATING AN INDUCED VOLTAGE
It is an electromotive force (emf), generated by the work of cutting across

the flux.
With a coil, the induced emf is increased by the ___________.
The polarity of the induced voltage follows from the direction of
____________.
It represents a voltage source with a potential difference resulting from the
separation of charges produced by electromagnetic induction
In a motor, current is applied so that an associated magnetic field can react
with the external flux to produce __________
Potential Difference
Number of turns
Induced Current
Induced voltage as a
generator
Motion of the conductor
FARADAYS LAW OF INDUCED VOLTAGE
The more magnetic lines of force that cut across the conductor, the
_________ the amount of induced voltage.
The more turns in a coil, the ___________ the induced voltage
It is the sum of all individual voltages generated in each turn in series.
The __________ the flux cuts a conductor, the higher the induced voltage.
The amount of induced voltage can be calculated by ___________.
It means a change in the flux .
It means a change in time.
A smaller value of d/dt, results in a _______________.
If the external flux increases, the magnetic field of the induced current will
be in the ____________.
The induced voltage has the polarity the __________ the change.
Higher
Higher
vind
Faster
Faradays Law
d
dt
Lower value of induced
voltage.
Opposite Direction
Opposes
CHAPTER 16: LATERNARING VOLTAGE and CURRENT

INTRODUCTION
The number of cycles per second is the frequency whose unit is ________.
It is equal to one cycle per second.
24
Hertz (Hz)
One Hertz
In alternating current, it reverses polarity at a specific rate.

For either polarity, it varies in amplitude.
Voltage
AC Voltage
ALTERNATING CURRENT APPLICATIONS
It is the reason why AC circuits have so many applications.
The changing magnetic flux of a varying current can produce

____________.
It is important with the changing electric field of a varying voltage.
Characteristics of
Varying Values
Induced Voltage
Capacitance (C)
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES FOR A SINE WAVE
It is the maximum value VM or IM.

It applies to either the positive or the negative peak.
These values can be used for either current or voltage to define specific
magnitudes for comparing one wave with another.
In order to include both peak amplitudes, the _________may be specified.
This is an arithmetic average of all the values in a sine wave for one
alternation, or half-cycle.
The most common method of specifying the amount of a sine wave of
voltage or current is by relating it to DC voltage and current that will
produce the same heating effect.
The advantage of _______ is that is provides a measure based on the ability
of the sine wave to produce power.
The ratio of the RMS to average values.
Peak Value
Peak, Average, or RMS
Peak-to-peak Value
Average Value
Root Mean Square or
Effective Value
RMS
Form Factor
NON-SINUSIODAL AC WAVEFORMS
It is the basic waveform for AC variations for several reasons.
Any waveform that is not sine or cosine wave.
It is measured between two points having the same amplitude and varying
in the same direction.
It is measured from the zero axes to the maximum positive or negative
value.
The RMS values of 0.707 of maximum apply only to _________.
It is applied only to sine wave, as angular measures are used only for sine
waves.
All the waveforms represent ____________.
It represents a voltage that slowly increases, with a uniform or linear rate of
change, to its peak value, and then drops sharply to its starting value.
Waveform of the sawtooth.
Sine Wave
Non-Sinusoidal
Waveform
Cycle
Peak Amplitude
Sine Wave
Phase Angles
AC Voltage
Sawtooth Wave
Ramp Voltage
HARMONIC FREQUENCIES
Exact multiples of the fundamental frequency.
Harmonic Frequencies
25
These are useful in analyzing distorted sine waves or non-sinusoidal

waveforms.
Unit for frequencies multiples which is a range of 2:1.
Harmonics
Octave
THE 60 HZ AC POWER LINE
The 120 V source of commercial electricity is the _________, indicating it

is the main line for all the parallel branches.
The incoming electric service to residences is normally given as ________.
The advantage of AC over DC power is ___________.
Frequency of the AC power line in the United States.
Frequency of the AC power mains in the England and most European
countries is __________.
The 60 Hz power line frequency is maintained accurate to _________.
The color coding for the grounded neutral wiring.
The color coding for the high side wiring
The color coding for the grounded wiring
The three wire service with a grounded neutral.
It is grounded at the service entrance to a water pipe or metal rode driven
into the earth.
It is the practice of connecting one side of the power line to the earth or
ground.
It is a device that can sense excessive leakage current and open the circuit
as a protection against shock hazard.
60Hz Power Lines or

the Mains
120VRMS
Greater Efficiency
60Hz
50Hz
0.333%
White
Black or Red
Green
Edison System
Neutral Wire
Grounding
Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter (GCFI)
MOTORS AND GENERATORS
It converts mechanical energy into electric energy.

It can converts electricity into a rotary motion.
In a generator, it connects to the external circuit to provide the generator
output voltage.
In a motor, it connects to the electrical source that drives the motor.
It is often constructed in the form of a drum, using many conductor loops
for increased output.
The rotating armature is the ______ part of the assembly.
This electromagnet provides the flux cut by the rotor.
In a motor, it is produced by the same source that supplies the armature.
In a generator, it may be obtained from a separate exciter source.
Residual magnetism in the iron yoke of the field allows _________ to start.
When the field winding is stationary, it is the ______ part of the assembly.
It enables the rotating loop to be connected to the stationary wire leads for
the external circuit.
These graphite connectors are spring mounted to brush against the spinning
rings on the rotor.
It converts the AC machine to DC operation.
The rotor of an inductor motors may be ______
26
Generator
Motor
Armature
Armature
Armature
Rotor
Field Winding
Field Winding
Field Winding
Self-excited Generator
Stator
Slip Rings
Brushes
Commutator
Wire wound or squirrel
caged type
It is constructed with a frame of metal bars.

This type operates on either alternating or direct current because the field
and armature are in series.
For large power requirements, It is usually a rotating field, while the
armature is the stator.
Rotors
Universal Motor
Alternators
THREE PHASE AC POWER
In an alternator with three generator windings equally spaced around the

circle, the windings will produce output voltages _________ with each
other.
120 out of phase
The three windings are in the form of a Y also called _______.
Wye or Star
Connections
CHAPTER 17: INDUCTANCE

INTRODUCTION
It is the ability of a conductor to produce induced voltage when the current

varies.
Components manufactured to have definite value of inductance are just
coils of wires called _________.
The unit of inductance.
These are used in RF circuits because higher frequencies need less
inductance for the required inductive effect.
These are used in the audio frequency range and for lower frequencies in
general.
Inductance
Inductors
Henry
Air Core Coils
Iron Core Inductors
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE LM
When the current in an inductor changes, the varying flux can cut across
any other inductor nearby, producing _____ in both inductors.
Two coils have ______ of 1H when a current change of 1A/s in one coil
induces 1V in the other coil.
Any magnetic lines that do not link the two coils result in ________.
The fraction of total flux.
A high value of coefficient of coupling
It allows the current in one coil to induce less voltage in the other coil.
It increases with higher values for the primary and secondary inductances
and tighter coupling.
Induced Voltage
Mutual Inductance
Leakage Flux
Coefficient of Coupling
Tight Coupling
Loose Coupling
Mutual Impedance
TRANSFORMERS
It is an important application of mutual inductance.
The purpose of the transformer is to ________.
It is used to provide power for the load resistance instead of connecting it
27
Transformer
Transfer primary
voltage to the
secondary.
Transformer
directly across the generator, whenever the load requires an AC voltage

higher or lower than the generator voltage.
The ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the number in the
secondary.
The ratio of the voltage induced in each turn of the secondary and primary.
It is the inverse of the voltage ratio. The voltage step up in the secondary
means current step down, and vice versa.
It consists of the one continuous coil with a tapped connection. These are
used often because they are compact, efficient, and usually cost less since
they have only one winding.
The secondary is not connected directly to the AC power line in the primary
produces _________.
It is defined as the ratio of power out to power in.
For the RF transformer, the color code of the output electrode of transistor
amplifier.
For the RF transformer, the color code of the DC supply voltage for this
electrode.
For the RF transformer, the color code of the input electrode of next
amplifier.
For the RF transformer, the color code of the return line of secondary
winding.
For the power transformer, the color code of the primary leads without tap.
For the power transformer, the color code of the tap on primary
For the power transformer, the color code of the high voltage secondary to
rectifier in power supply.
For the power transformer, the color code of the tap on high voltage
secondary.
For the power transformer, the color code of the low voltage secondary.
Turn Ratio
Voltage Ratio
Current Ratio
Auto Transformers
Reducing the chance of
the electric shock.
Transformer Efficiency
Blue
Red
Green
Black or White
Black
Black with Yellow
Red
Red with Yellow
Green - Yellow
CORE LOSSES
It flows in a circular path through the cross section of the core. It represents
wasted power dissipated as heat in the core.
It not only isolates the coil from external varying magnetic fields, but also
minimizes the effect of the coils RF current for external circuits.
It is the result from the additional power needed to reserve the magnetic
field in magnetic materials in the presence of alternating current.
It is limited to low values in the microhenry or millihenry range.
Eddy Current
RF Shield Cover
Hysteresis Losses
Inductance for small
coils with an air core
TYPES OF CORE
The purpose of _______ is to reduce the amount of eddy currents.

It is a shell-type core formed with a group of individual laminations.
It is generally use to reduce eddy currents in the iron core of an inductance
for radio frequencies.
Powdered iron core consists of individual insulated granules pressed into
one solid form called _______.
28
Core
Laminated Core
Powdered Iron Core
Slug
It can be for high frequencies with minimum eddy current losses.
Ferrite Core
CHAPTER 18: INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
INTRODUCTION
It indicates reactances.
It is an opposition to current, measured in ohms.
The amount of XL is equal to _________.
HOW XL REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF I
The higher the frequency of the alternating current, the _____ is the X L
opposition.
There is no XL for _________.
An inductance can have _______ to reduce the amount of alternating
current.
The ________ value depends on the amount of inductance and the
frequency of the alternating current.
X
Reactance
2fL
Higher
Steady Direct Current
Inductive Reactance
Inductive Reactance
CHAPTER 19: INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS

INTRODUCTION
It is use as a choke to reduce the current.
Coil
SINE WAVE IL LAGS VL BY 90
It can be measured between any two points having the same value on the i L
and vL values.
90 Difference
Why the phase angle is 90?
Because the vL depends

on the rate of the
change of iL.
XL AND R IN SERIES
When a coil has series resistance, the current is limited by _______.

Voltage VL is _______ with I.
It just shows the 90 angle without any addition.
Both XL and R
90 out of phase
Phasor
IMPEDANCE Z TRIANGLE
A triangle of R and XL in series corresponds to the voltage triangle.
The angle between the generator voltage and its current.
It is a trigonometric function of any angle, equal to the ratio of the opposite

side to the adjacent side of a triangle.
The angle that has the tangent equal to ________.
It specifies the angles tangent function as a numerical value.
29
Impedance Triangle
Phase angle of the
circuit
Tangent
1 - 45
Ratio of XL/R
In a _______ circuit, the higher value of XL compared of R, the more

inductive the circuit is.
Series
CHAPTER 26: RESONANCE

INTRODUCTION
The main application of this is in RF circuits for tuning to an AC signal of

the desired frequency.
It can select a particular frequency for the output, with many different
frequencies at the input.
Resonance
Resonant Circuit
THE RESONANCE EFFECT
It increases as the frequency is increased.

It decreases with higher frequencies.
This case of equal and opposite reactances.
The AC circuit can be called _________.
It can be resonant. It all depends on the frequency.
The frequency at which the opposite reactances are equal.
In this use, the LC circuit provides maximum voltage output at the resonant
frequency, compared with amount at any other frequency either below or
above resonance.
One of the applications of resonance.
Inductive Reactance
Capacitive Reactance
Resonance
Resonant Circuit
LC Circuits
Resonant Frequency
Tuning
Tuning in Radio and
Television
SERIES RESONANCE
In a series AC circuit, the inductive reactance _______ by 90, compared

with the zero reference angle of resistance.
In a series AC circuit, the capacitive reactance _______ by 90, compared
with the zero reference angle of resistance.
The series resonance should be ______________ for a sharp increase in
current at resonance.
The main characteristic of series resonance.
Below the resonant frequency, the _________ is small.

Above the resonant frequency, the ________ is small.
At the resonant frequency, __________ are equal.
The impedance of the series circuit.
The current is ____________ at the resonant frequency.
The current is ____________ with the generator voltage, or the phase
voltage of the circuit is 0.
The voltage is ____________ across either L or C alone.
The impendence is __________ at resonant frequency.
30
Leads
Lags
As small as possible
The amount rise of
current to its maximum
at the resonant
frequency
XL
XC
XC and XL
Minimum
Maximum
In phase
Maximum
minimum

PARALLEL RESONANCE
At parallel resonance, the line current is __________.

At parallel resonance, the impedance is __________.
The main application of parallel resonance.
At the resonant frequency of 1000 kHz, the line current is at its minimum
value of ___________.
It is at minimum at the resonant frequency.
The line current is _____________ with the generator voltage, or the phase
angle of the circuit is 0.
The impedance is ______ at the resonant frequency.
A parallel resonant LC circuit is called __________.
The ability of the LC circuit to supply complete sine waves.
The process of producing sine waves after a pulse of energy has been
applied.
Minimum
Maximum
LC circuit as the load
impedance
0.000133A
Line Current
In phase
Maximum
Tank Circuit
Flywheel Effect
Ringing
CHAPTER 27: FILTERS

INTRODUCTION
It separates different components that are mixed together.

It can separate particles from liquid or small particles from large particles.
It can separate different frequency components.
These are used for filtering.
Most common filtering applications.
Filters
Mechanical Filter
Electrical Filter
Inductors and
Capacitors
Separating audio from
radio frequencies.
DIRECT CURRENT COMBINED WITH ALTERNATING CURRENT
Current that varies in amplitude but does not reverse in polarity.
The effect in which the DC component has been inserted into the AC
variations.
The AC component that consists of the variations above and below the DC
axis.
As a common application, __________ always have fluctuating DC voltage
or Current when used from amplifying an AC signal.
It isolates or blocks steady direct current in the primary.
Pulsating or Fluctuating
DC
DC Insertion
AC Ripple
Transistor
Transformer with a
separate secondary
winding
TRANSFORMER COUPLING
It produces induced secondary voltage just for variations in primary current.
31
Transformer
It corresponds to a steady value of primary current that has a constant

magnetic field.
The phase of the AC secondary voltage may be _________, depending on
the connections and direction of the windings.
DC Axis
180 opposite
CAPACITOR COUPLING
This method is probably the most common type of coupling in amplifier

circuits.
It means connecting the output of one circuit to the input of the next.
It is effectively a high pass filter for pulsating direct current.
It blocks the steady DC voltage but passes the AC component.
It is the steady DC component of the input voltage in the RC coupling
circuit.
In RC coupling circuit, when vin decreases below the average level,
__________.
Capacitor Coupling
Coupling
RC Coupling Circuit
Capacitance
Voltage across CC
The capacitor loses
charge
BYPASS CAPACITORS
It is path around a component.

These are often used in parallel with resistance to bypass the AC component
of a pulsating DC voltage.
FILTER CIRCUITS
It allows the lower frequency components of the applied voltage to develop
output voltage across the load resistance.
It allows the higher frequency components of the applied voltage to develop
voltage across the output load resistance.
The case of RC coupling circuit is an example of _________.
With higher frequencies in the AC components, ____________.
Most common types of filters.

The _____________uses coupling capacitance in series with the load or
choke inductance in parallel in the load
The __________ uses inductance in series or bypass capacitance in parallel
with the load.
Bypass
Capacitors
Low Pass Filters

High Pass Filters
High Pass Filters
More AC voltage is
coupled.
L, T, and
High Pass Filters
Low Pass Filters
LOW PASS FILTERS
The ability to reduce the amplitude of undesired frequencies.

The frequency at which the attenuation reduces the output to 70.7 percent
response.
Frequency lower than the cut off frequency.
Frequency higher than the cut off frequency.
A low resistance generator needs the ____________ so that the choke can
provide a high series impedance for the bypass capacitor.
It is more suitable with a high resistance generator where the input
32
Attenuation
Cut Off Frequency
Passband
Stopband
T Filter
Filter
capacitor can be effective as a bypass.

Filters that uses only capacitors, inductors, and resistors.
Filters that uses the operational amplifiers (op amp) on an IC chip, with R
and C.
Passive Filters
Active Filters
HIGH PASS FILTERS
It passes to the load all frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.
Filter that allows a band of frequencies to be coupled to the load.
Its purpose is to have the filter present constant impedance at the input and
output terminals.
The design is based on the ratio of the filter cutoff frequency to the
frequency of infinite attenuation.
High Pass Filter

Bandpass Filter
Constant K Filter
The m-derived Filter
RESONANT FILTERS
It provides a convenient method of filtering a band of radio frequencies.

Filters that prevents a band of frequencies from being coupled to the load.
In the application of a bandstop filter to suppress certain frequencies, the
LC circuit is often called __________.
It has maximum current and minimum impedance at the resonant frequency.
It has maximum impedance at the resonant frequency.
Filters which uses quartz crystals.

The characteristic of some crystals in which can be made to vibrate by a
voltage input or produce voltage output when it is compressed, expanded,
or twisted.
Crystal used in crystal filters.
Tuned Circuits
Bandstop Filter
Wavetrap
Series Resonant Circuit
Parallel Resonant
Circuit
Crystal Filters
Piezoelectric Effect
Lead Titanate
INTERFERENCE FILTERS
It is a conductor for interfering RF currents produced by motors,

fluorescent, lightning circuits, and RF equipments.
Filters that attenuate frequencies below 54MHz, which is lowest frequency
for channel 2.
Power Line Filters

Television Antenna
Filter
CHAPTER 28: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

INTRODUCTION
A group of chemical elements with special electrical characteristic and has a

unique atomic structure that allows the addition of specific impurity
elements to produce useful features that can be applied in electronic
circuits.
Most common semiconductors.
33
Semiconductor
Silicon and Germanium

SEMICONDUCTORS
Materials that are not as good as the metals as electrical conductors but they
are not insulators.
Electron valence of all semiconductor elements.
Atomic number of silicon.
A combination of atoms sharing groups of valence electrons.
All semiconductor devices are ____________, generally using silicon.
Semiconductor that doesnt have impurities.

_________ is the common source of silicon.
Silicon Dioxide.
The year where the element silicon was discovered.
The year where the element germanium was discovered.
Germanium is recovered from the ___________.
Germanium has only about ________ the resistance of Silicon.
The process of adding impurity elements that result in the desired electrical
characteristics.
Doped semiconductor is also called _________.
Doping elements for N-type.
Doping elements for P-type.
The one missing electron in such a covalent bond that is considered as a

free positive charge.
The charge that is same amount as a proton, equal to that of an electron but
with opposite polarity.
Electron flow in P-type semiconductor.
When the majority charges are made to move in a semiconductor by an
applied voltage, the result is a relatively large amount of ___________.
Very small current of minority charges.
________ is an atom, with it nucleus, where the atom has a net charge,
either positive or negative.
Semiconductor
4
14
Covalent Bond
Solid-State
Components
Intrinsic
Sand
1823
1886
Ash of certain coals
1
1000
Doping
Extrinsic
Semiconductor
Arsenic, Antimony, or
Phosphorus
Boron, Aluminum,
Gallium, or Indium
Hole
Hole Charge
Hole Current
Forward Current or
Easy Current
Reverse Current or
Leakage Current
Ion
THE PN JUNCTION
_________ provides an internal contact potential, which is 0.7v for silicon

and 0.3v for germanium.
Width of the PN junction.
The combination of opposite charge in the PN junction that is neutral.
External voltage of Silicon
External voltage of Germanium
The barrier voltage is higher for a ____________ because its lower atomic
number allows more stability in the covalent bonds.
34
PN junction
10-4 cm
Electron-hole pairs
0.7 V
0.3 V
Silicon Junction
_________ of the junction is characteristic of the element.

Because of its neutral electron-hole pairs, the junction area is considered as
____________. It has no free charge carriers that can be moved.
Barrier voltage ______ when higher than room temperature is applied.
Connection of wire conductors without any barrier potential.
Barrier Voltage (Vb)

Depletion Zone
Decreases
Ohmic Contact
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES
A _________ is essentially a PN junction.

The CR stands for ___________ in the schematic diagrams.
________ is the positive side of the diode.
________ is the negative side of the diode.
This function is converting ac input from the 60Hz power line to dc output.
A rectifier that only using one diode.
It uses a diode to rectify a modulated signal in order to recover the
modulating signal.
In these circuits, the diode functions as a switch.
It is on when the diode conducts and off without conduction.
Diode that can use for electronic tuning.
Common current for rectifiers.

The stud mount type of diode generally has ____________.
Type of power supply that requires four diodes.
The PIV rating for popular diode is typically __________.
Rating of maximum forward current.
The value that can be used across the diode in reverse polarity, negative at
the anode, without disrupting the electrical characteristics of the junction.
Diode
Crystal Rectifier
Anode
Cathode
Power-Supply Rectifier
Half-Wave Rectifier
Signal Detector
Digital Logic Gates
Capacitive Diode
(Varactor)
1A
High Current Ratings.
Bridge Rectifiers
1000 V
1-25 A
Peak Inverse Voltage
(PIV)
PNP AND NPN TRANSISTORS
A component consists of a P or N semiconductor between opposite types.

The function of emitter in the transistor.
The function of base in the transistor.
The function of collector in the transistor.
With the N-type base, the transistor is _________.

Most small transistors are _________ type.
Most small transistors are made of ___________.
In schematic diagram of transistor, the arrow indicates the flow of current to
the __________.
In the transistor schematic diagram, if the arrow is pointed to the base, the
transistor is _________ type.
The NPN and PNP types are called __________.
Three terminals of BJT.

Bipolar junction transistor is a __________ device.
35
Transistor
Supplies free charges
Controls the flow of
charges
Collects the charges
from the emitter
PNP
NPN
Silicon
Emitter
PNP
Bipolar Junction
Transistors
Collector, base, emitter
Current-controlled
With three electrodes, the transistor is considered a _________.

Practically, all __________ in electronics circuits use transistors.
Transistors are the main components in _________.
The transistor was invented in ______ at Bell Telephone Laboratories.
The name transistor is derived from ________, meaning that it can transfer
its internal resistance from low resistor in the emitter-base circuit to a much
higher resistor in the collector-base circuit.
This junction has forward voltage applied across the PN or NP junction in
order to allow the free charges of the emitter to move into the base.
Typically, ________ is a normally off device because it needs forward
voltage applied to start conducting.
The function of this junction is to remove charges from the base.
Practically, _____ transistors take dc supply voltage at the collector for
reverse voltage.
The typical values of dc supply voltage of transistor depending on the
power rating of the transistor.
The reverse voltage across the collector-base junction means _________.
The ________ has heavy doping to supply free charges.

The ________ has only light doping and is very thin.
The ________ voltage is relatively high.
For typical amplifiers, the actual _________ may have a lower value than
the supply voltage because of voltage drops in the circuit.
Typically, _________ or more of the emitter charges provide collector
current.
It is standard practice to consider _________ into semiconductor as the
positive direction of current.
For most transistors, ____ is in microamperes or milliamperes.
_______ is in milliamperes or in amperes in power transistors.
The factor why a transistor can amplify signal input is because the base
current controls the _________ current
The increase of base current means increase of ________.
To produce current, the emitter-base junction must have at enough
___________.
For a silicon transistor, the typical values of VBE are _______.
With enough VBE to provide emitter current, the transistor can produce
__________.
Triode
Amplifiers
IC chips
1948
Transresistor
Emitter-Base Junction
Junction Transistor
Collector-Base Junction
NPN
3-100v
No majority current can
flow from collector to
base
Emitter
Base
Collector
Electrode Voltage
98-99%
Hole current
IB
IC and IE
Collector
Collector current
Forward voltage
0.5-0.7v
Amplification
FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FET)
This semiconductor device is an amplifier with the same function as a

junction transistor.
It is a unipolar device.
FET input resistance is very high. The typical value is _______.
FET is a ___________ device.
Three terminals of FET.
36
Field-Effect Transistor
(FET)
15M
Voltage-controlled
Drain, source, and gate
A part of FET that serves as a platform on which the other electrodes are
diffused.
This is the terminal where the charge carriers enter the channel bar to
provide current through the channel.
This is the terminal where current leaves the channel.
This terminal controls the conductance of the channel between the source
and drain. The input voltage is generally applied to this terminal.
Terminals that has no polarity since they are just ohmic contacts.
________ Voltage at the gate induces negative charges in the channel.
It consists of a metal electrode for the gate separated from the channel by a
thin layer of silicon oxide.
In IGFET, _________ is used to apply a voltage to the gate to induce
charges in the channel.
Two type of IGFET.
The depletion type of IGFET is a normally _____-device.

In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type C requires _______.
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type A takes _______for a middle
value of drain current.
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type B can operate with _______.
JFET means ___________.
Bulk or substrate
Source
Drain
Gate
Source and drain
positive
Insulated-Gate FET
(IGFET)
Electrostatic induction
Depletion and
enhancement mode
On
Positive gate bias
Negative gate bias
Zero gate current
Junction Field-Effect
Transistor
THYRISTORS
This name is a general term for semiconductor devices like the silicon
controlled rectifier and the triac often used for power-control circuits.
A solid-state electronic switch for high values of current in the range of
amperes.
The name thyristor comes from an older device called a _________, which
is a gas-filled tube formerly used for similar applications.
The thyristor is a __________ device.
Reverse voltage at any junction of thyristor prevents _________ between
the two end terminals
It is a power rectifier device that needs a forward gate voltage to start
conduction. It is considered as a reverse-blocking triode thyristor.
Terminals of SCR.
Typical values for the gate electrode of SCR.

Typical value of gate current of SCR.
The minimum value of anode current needed to sustain conduction.
The value needed to switch the anode circuit on from the off condition.
The latching current is typically _______ times more than the holding
current.
The thyristor device which is equivalent to a bidirectional SCR.
The triac can supply power to the load for both _________.
37
Thyristors
Thyratron
PNPN
Forward current
Silicon Controller
Rectifier (SCR)
Anode, cathode, and
gate
1-3V
10-20mA
Holding Current
Latching Current
Three
Triac
Half-cycles of the AC

input
This thyristor is a two-terminal device without a gate electrode. It is used as

a bidirectional trigger diode.
The typical value of firing potential of the diac.
True or false, unijunction transistor not a transistor amplifier.
A negative resistance characteristic of UJT means that the current
_________ with less voltage.
The power rating of UJT is __________.
The name ______________ is sometimes used for UJT.
Maximum emitter current of UJT is ______.
Diac
30V
True
Increases
Less than 1 W.
Double-base diode
8-20mA
SEMICONDUCTOR TYPE NUMBERS AND CASE STYLES
In EIA, the letter __ indicates a semiconductor device.

In JIS, the letter __ indicates a semiconductor device.
The semiconductor packaging is standardized by _________.
Case styles labeled TO is for ________.

____________ is a metal chassis or any metal structure that conducts heat
away from the transistor.
True or false, transistor gets hot in normal operation from the collector
current.
The ______ package is for the high-power applications.
Typically, small-signal transistors generally have a maximum power
dissipation of ____________.
Small-signal transistors have a collector current of ____.
Package case of medium-power transistor.
Typical power rating of medium-power transistor.
Typical collector current rating of medium-power transistor.
Typical power rating of TO-220 transistor.
Typical collector current rating of TO-220 transistor.
Typical power rating of TO-3 transistor.
Typical collector current rating of TO-3 transistor.
N
S
Joint Electronic Device
Engineering Council
(JEDEC)
Transistor outline
Heat sink
True
TO-3
200 to 800 mW
1-50 mA
TO-5
5W
2A
10W
4A
25-100 W
5A
SPECIAL-PURPOSE DIODES
A semiconductor diode is just a _________.

The main use of semiconductor diode.
This semiconductor device is also called a capacitive diode.
With reverse voltage of the varactor, the _________ enables the junction to
serve as a capacitance because of the separated charges in the depletion
zone.
The capacitance values in the varactor are in _______ range.
The amount of _______ of the varactor can be controlled by varying the
reverse voltage.
The __________ is negative at then anode of the varactor.
38
PN Junction
Rectification
Varactor
Barrier Voltage
Pico farad
Capacitance
Reverse voltage
The __________ determines the oscillator frequency of the varactor.

Across the tuned circuit, that varactor provides ________ as part of
capacitance that determines the resonant frequency.
Also known as the voltage-reference diode.
The name Zener diode is named after __________, who analyzed the
voltage breakdown of insulators.
Typical reverse breakdown voltage of the Zener diode.
In a Zener diode, the __________ is constant as a reference value that can
be used for voltage regulation.
The name ____________ is also used for a Zener diode.
Another term for a tunnel diode.
___________ can cause a tunneling effect of charge carriers through the
depletion zone at junction.
__________ is a low-power device for microwave frequencies, with
relative freedom from radiation effects.
For best efficiency for LED, special compounds of __________ are used.
In Light-emitting diodes, a ________ radiates light when current passes
through the unit.
Type of voltage used in LED.
Typical voltage value of LED to produce a forward current
Typical value of forward current of LED.
These are made of a photosensitive material, where the resistance decreases
with more light.
Material used in photocells.
The resistance without light.
Typically range of the dark resistance.
LC tuned circuit
Capacitance (CV)
Zener Diode
C.A. Zener
3 to 100 V
Voltage
Avalanche Diode
Esaki Diode
Heavy doping
Tunnel diode
Gallium (Ga)
PN junction
Forward Voltage
1.6 V
20mA
Photocells
Sulfide
Dark Resistance
Mega ohms
VISUAL CHARACTER DISPLAYS
The ________________ has more elements of display than the sevensegment display device.
The __________ is displayed by having all seven segments lit.
The _________ uses a combination of five columns of dots vertically with
seven horizontal rows.
In dot matrix, how many combinations of dots can be lit?
The complete assortment of characters is called _______.
The type of package of seven-segment display.
The __________ display uses thin filaments for each segment, similar to
those in regular light bulbs.
The display that requires relatively high voltage and emits orange glow.
The __________ display gives off a greenish glow and operates at lower
voltages.
The very common display which is usually has a red glow.
The newer display that creates black characters on a silver background.

In actual applications, IC units called _________ are used to activate the
segments for desired number.
39
Dot Matrix
Digit 8
Dot Matrix Display
35
Font
DIP package
Incandescent
Gas-discharge Tube
Fluorescent
Light-emitting diode
Display
Liquid Crystal Display
Decoder/drivers
The ____ is formed when segments a, b, and c are lit in LED display.
Segments on the LCD are driven by ___________.
True or false, direct current must be used to LCD.
7
Low-frequency AC
signals
False, it must not use
cause it will damage
them.
VACUUM TUBES
A ________ has a glass envelope enclosing metal electrodes in a vacuum.

A ________ is heated to emit electrons.
A ________ is a two-terminal device, since the heater connections are not
considered as electrodes.
In diode tube, the _________ is connected to a power source to heat the
cathode to a high temperature, which emits electrons.
A ________ has three electrodes: cathode, plate, and control-grid electrode.
The _____ is a fine metal wire wrapped around two supports placed in the
space between the cathode and anode. It connected to a base pin so that its
voltage determines how many electrons can travel from the cathode to the
plate.
For small triode amplifier tubes, typical values of positive plate voltage are
______.
This tube has an additional grid, resulting in four electrodes.
The ___________ purpose is to screen the plate from the control gird, in
order to reduce the amount of capacitance between the two electrodes.
The screen grid must have _________ applied.
This tube has one more electrode which is placed between the plate and the
screen grid.
The _________ purpose is to suppress secondary emission form the plate.
Vacuum Tube
Cathode
Diode Tube
Heater or filament
Triode Tube
Control Grid
90 to 300 V
Tetrode
Screen Grid
Positive DC voltage
Pentode
Suppressor Grid
TESTING DIODES, TRANSISTORS, AND THYRISTORS
It can be used to check either for an open circuit or a short circuit.

In an ohmmeter, short indicated practically in ________.
In an ohmmeter, open circuit indicated practically in ________.
When the ratio of reverse to forward resistance is _______, the diode is
probably good.
When both the forward and reverse resistances are very low, close to zero,
the diode junction is ___________.
When _____________ are very high, close to infinite, the diode probably
has an open at the terminal.
When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.6 to 0.7 V, the transistor is
_________.
When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.2 to 0.3 V, the transistor is
_________.
40
Ohmmeter
Zero Ohms
Infinite Ohms
Very High
Short Circuit
Forward and reverse
resistance
Silicon
Germanium
CHAPTER 29: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

INTRODUCTION
Two common types of semiconductor devices that make it possible to have

so many applications of electronics.
One of the main applications of transistors.
A device that increases the magnitude or amplitude of signal variations to
make the desired signal stronger.
_________ combines transistors and diodes in one unit.
Transistor or diode that not in an IC chip because the part is complete itself.
Transistor and Diodes

Amplifier Circuit
Amplifier
Integrated Circuit (IC)
chip
Discrete Component
ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS
__________ consists mainly of amplifiers for voltage or current variations

that are smooth and continuous.
__________ provide electronic switching of voltage pulses.
The analog form is generally called a ________ type of IC unit because
analog information deals with proportional values.
The ________ in electronic circuits are changes in voltage and current that
corresponds to the desired information.
The electrical variations have a direct relation to the changes that represent
the information.
A _________ consists of a train of pulses for the voltage or current.
The pulse in digital signal is called ___________.
Group of bits is called ___________.
A word can have up to _______ bits.
An 8-bit word is called __________.
Analog Circuits
Digital Circuits
Linear
Signal
Analog Signal
Digital Signal
Bit
Word
32
byte
AMPLIFIER GAIN
An amplifier circuit has ability to _________ the amount of signal.

Defined as the ratio of output signal to input signal. Measurement of
amplifier circuit.
___________ is a general form of symbol of amplifier.
Typical values of voltage gain for transistor amplifier circuits.
The amplifier can be considered as a _________ circuit because it can
reverse the polarity of the signal.
It is more important in amplifier is the ________ of the output signal.
True or false: there are no units for current gain it is a ratio of the same two
units of current.
Typical values of current gain with transistors.
The product of the voltage gain times the current gain.
A high value of power gain for an amplifier means _________.
41
Increase
Gain
Triangle
10 to 2000
Inverter
Current Gain
True
1 to 500
Power Gain
It can drive a load that
True of False: IC chips have higher power rating than discrete transistor.
Each amplifier circuit with one transistor is called ________.

When the output terminal of one stage drives the input terminal of the next
stage, the two stages are connected in __________.
In amplifier stages that are in cascaded form, the total gain is __________.
requires appreciable
voltage and current
False, discrete is higher
than the IC chip
Stage
Cascade
Multiplied
CHARACTERISTICS OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS
Transistors are called a _________ because it can amplify the signal.

Resistors, inductors, and capacitors are considered _________.
The ________ reduces the amount of current.
Resistance provides a __________ which is equal to IR.
A ________ can charge and discharge with changes in voltage.
Capacitive reactance _________ for higher frequencies.
Capacitor is practically an __________ circuit.
The functions of capacitors in amplifier circuits are;
Typical value that is commonly used for a coupling or bypass capacitor in

audio amplifiers.
Typical value that is commonly used for RF circuits.
A ___________ allows direct current with dc voltage applied.
The amount of inductive reactance _______ with higher frequencies and
more inductive.
Inductors are used where it is desired to have _________ for alternating
current.
Both inductor and capacitor can be used in _________.
The range of audio frequency.
The frequency range for high-fidelity audio equipment.
The range of audio frequencies in telephone.
Four bands that included in RF range.
Range of AM radio broadcast service.
Range of FM commercial radio service.
Range of TV broadcast stations.
RF amplifiers are usually tuned with _______ resonant at the desired
frequency.
A ___________ is a special case for amplifying audio and radio
frequencies.
The amount of gain in a tuned RF amplifier is its ________.
__________ is how narrow the response is in terms of the band of
frequencies that are amplified.
42
Active device
Passive device
Resistance
Voltage drop
Capacitor
Decreases
Open
To block dc voltage,
couple ac signal, and
bypass the ac signal
around the components
5F
100pF
Inductor
Increases
High impedance
Resonant circuits
20 to 20,000 Hz
50 to 15,000 Hz
100 to 3,000 Hz
MF, HF, VHF, and UHF
635 to 1605 kHz
88 to 108 MHz
6 MHz
LC circuits
Wideband Amplifier
Sensitivity
Selectivity

OSCILLATORS
The process of ________ means that variations in amplitude are repeated

continuously at a specific frequency.
A mechanical example of oscillation.
A ___________ generates ac signal output without any AC signal input
from an external source. It is an AC generator for audio or radio
frequencies.
True or false: the oscillator output can generate without using energy.
The _________ means that the AC signal for oscillator feedback must be in
the same phase that an AC input signal would have for amplification.
The ________ results from the two phase reversals of 180 each.
This type of circuit uses a tuning circuit and amplifier which provide
feedback.
The tuned circuit is often called a ________ because it stores energy.
In the oscillator circuit, the capacitor is the tuning capacitor which is use to
_________.
These are named for the inventors of the two main types of circuits for an
RF feedback oscillator.
In this type of circuit, the feedback is provided by a tapped coil which
serves as an AC voltage divider for the output voltage and feedback signal.
In this type of circuit, similar results are obtained with a capacitive voltage
divider.
In this type of circuit, a piezoelectric crystal is used as a resonant circuit.
The __________ means the crystal can vibrate mechanically when excited
electrically and produce AC voltage output.
Typical values of resonant frequency of crystal oscillators.
The advantage of crystal over the LC circuit is _________.
This type of circuit is used for audio oscillators.

Typical frequencies for the RC feedback oscillators.
Oscillation
Swinging Pendulum
Oscillator
False, it cannot generate
Positive polarity
Positive feedback
Tuned RF feedback
Oscillators
Tank Circuit
Set the frequency of the
oscillator output.
Hartley and Colpitts
Oscillators
Hartley Circuit
Colpitts Circuit
Crystal Oscillators
Piezoelectric effect
0.5 to 30 MHz
Very high Q which
results in good
frequency stability
RC feedback Oscillators
20Hz to 200kHz
MULTIVIBRATORS
The ________ is in a class by itself as an oscillator because it is important

as a pulse generator in digital electronics.
Multivibrator serves as a __________ to synchronize the timing in a digital
system for the switching of pulses.
The voltage levels oscillate between the high and low levels because of the
changes between conduction and cutoff in the MV circuit is sometimes
called _________ because of the periods of cutoff.
True or false: the Multivibrator operates as an oscillator without need for
any input signal.
The Multivibrator is a ___________.
In Multivibrator, _______ in a stage means it is turned on with driving
voltage at the input.
43
Multivibrator (MV)
Reference clock
Relaxation Oscillator
True
Pulse Generator
Conduction
In Multivibrator, the OFF means that the stage in not conducting because of
_________ at the input.
In Multivibrator, the ON means that the stage is conducting and the output
voltage is _______.
The __________ is a type of Multivibrator which is not stable in terms of
the ON and OFF states of their stage. This circuit is a free-running
oscillator.
The __________ is a type of Multivibrator that can be made to remain
stable with either stage OFF and the other ON. It has two stable states.
The function of forcing the stage into conduction when the circuit stays in
one of these states until an input pulse is applied to the off stage to make it
conduct.
The name _________ is used for the bistable Multivibrator circuit to
describe this idea of switching the ON-OFF states one way and then the
opposite way by means of input trigger pulses.
This circuit has only one stable state. An input pulse is needed to trigger the
OFF stage in to conduction.
Cutoff Voltage
Low
Astable Multivibrator
Bistable Multivibrator
Triggering
Flip-flop
Monostable or One-shot
Multivibrator
MODULATION
It can be defined as modifying the characteristics of one waveform with the

variations in another signal.
Common examples of modulation.
The frequencies of carrier wave must be much ______ than the modulating
frequency.
In AM radio broadcasting, audio frequency signals modulate a __________.
The lower-frequency signal for the modulation.
In AM and FM radio broadcasting, the baseband modulation is a
____________.
In television, ________ is used as the baseband modulation.
Three characteristic of the carrier wave in baseband modulation.
The carrier input to the modulator comes from an RF oscillator.

____________ means that the output amplitudes are not exactly
proportional to the input signal.
In the AM output signal, the _________ have variations that correspond to
the audio modulation.
The outline of varying amplitudes.
True or false: the RF amplitude variations are symmetrical around the zero
axis.
Frequency spacing of AM radio broadcasting.
Frequency spacing is needed in AM radio broadcast for the bandwidth of
__________ with an AF baseband signal.
AF baseband signal of AM radio broadcast.
In television service, _________ channels are used for broadcasting.
44
Modulation
AM and FM
Higher
RF carrier wave
Baseband signal
Audio signal
Video signal
Peak-to-peak
amplitude,
instantaneous
frequency, and phase
angle
Amplitude Modulation
Nonlinear Amplification
RF peak-to-peak
amplitude
Modulation envelope
True
10kHz
5kHz
50 to 5000 Hz
6MHz
Frequency bandwidth of channel 2.

Frequency bandwidth in television service is needed for a video baseband
signal of _______.
A modulated signal needs more bandwidth than the carrier wave itself
because ___________.
To allow for the

variations produced by
the modulation
The necessary bandwidth is at least ________ to the frequencies in the

baseband signal.
Equal
More than 100% modulation cannot be used in an AM signal because

______________________.
The part of the

baseband signal would
be missing and the
carrier amplitude is
zero.
In this method, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is made to

vary in step with the variation of voltage in the baseband signal.
The FM radio broadcast band.
Frequency spacing of FM radio broadcast band.
In this method, the instantaneous phase angle of the RF carrier wave is
made to vary in step with the modulating voltage.
0 to 4 MHz
Frequency Modulation
88-108 MHz
200kHz or 0.2MHz
Phase Modulation
Equivalent FM or
Indirect FM
Phase modulation produces ____________.
Phase angle produces a larger change in the ___________ for higher audio
modulating frequencies.
Many FM transmitters use a phase-modulator circuit because
__________________.
This method is necessary with the pulses representing digital information.
Typical systems of pulse modulation.
Pulse modulation is efficient because ______________.
Pulse modulation needs ___________ for the harmonic frequency

components of sharp pulses.
54-60MHz
RF carrier frequency
Good frequency
stability.
Pulse Modulation
PAM, PFM, PWM,
PCM
The carrier power is on
for only the time of the
pulses.
Greater bandwidth
DIODE RECTIFIERS
The non-conducting diode is practically an_________ circuit.

The current in the positive half-cycle of the diode is a __________ because
it only flows in one direction.
A _________ can operate in such a way that it really serves as electronic
switch.
Current can flow in the diode only when the ____ is positive.
The diode is off when ___________.
A process of switching in accordance with a specific polarity.
One of the most common applications of the diode rectifier is the
___________.
Half-wave rectifier uses ________ diode because only one-half of the AC
input cycles are used from DC output.
45
Open
Conventional current or
electron flow
Diode
Anode
The anode is negative
Commutating
DC power supply
One
In the diode circuit, a __________ is used to act as a surge-limiter which

prevents excessive current through the diode
The capacitors in the half-wave rectifier circuit are used for ___________.
The ___________ represents the combined resistance of all the load
currents connected to the output of the DC power supply.
The DC output voltage may be higher than the RMS value of the AC input
voltage because ______________.
The value of DC output voltage, compared to the AC input voltage, depends

on ___________.
The circuit which have an opposite polarity of DC output.
The frequencies of AC ripple.
The inductor filter of a power supply is an iron-core choke used as a
_________.
The inductor filter of a power supply must have _______ reactance at the
frequency of the AC ripple.
Half-wave rectifier with ___ diode is the basic power supply.
A two diode power supply can be arranged in a _________ circuit.
The higher ripple frequency means ________________.
A __________ is a rectifier circuit for small values of signal voltage.
Type of diode that have less resistance.
Resistor
Filters
Output resistor
The input filter
capacitor can charge to
the peak value
The amount of DC load
current
Inverted power supply
60 to 120 Hz
Series components
High
One
Full-wave rectifier
Easier to filter
Detector
Germanium Diode
TROUBLESHOOTING THE DC SUPPLY VOLTAGE
The effect when the filters in a power supply do not have enough
capacitance and the result is too much of the AC ripple component in the
DC output voltage.
Hum
Troubles in a power supply are generally __________.
No DC output and
Insufficient DC output
CHAPTER 30: TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS

INTRODUCTION
Any _______ operates by having a small input able to control more power
in the output circuit.
Amplifier circuits for __________ operate with a combination of AC and
DC values.
Amplifier
AC signals
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS
This description specifies which electrodes in the amplifier are used for
input and output signals.
The ___________ usually is the one that does not have any signal in the
circuit configuration.
True or false: all the circuit configurations of the transistor have reverse
voltage for the collector and forward bias for the emitter-base junction.
46
Circuit Configuration
Common Electrode
True
The _________________ circuit is the one generally used for amplifiers

because it has the best combination of current gain and voltage gain.
The only advantage of __________ is that it has the best stability with an
increase in temperature.
Common-Emitter
Common-Base
The common-base circuit has no current gain from the input to output
because ______________.
Collector current must

be less than emitter
current.
A transistor circuit which input voltage is applied to the base with respect to
the grounded emitter.
Common-Emitter
The common-emitter has current gain because _____________.
Collector current is
much larger than base
current.
The disadvantage of common-emitter circuit is that _______________ is

amplified in the circuit.
Reverse leakage current
The only amplifier that inverts the polarity of signal voltage.
Common-emitter
amplifier
A circuit configuration of the transistor which input voltage is applied to the

base with respect to the grounded collector.
Common-collector
There is no voltage gain in common-collector circuit because __________.
The name __________ is generally used for the common-collector circuit.

The emitter-follower circuit is often used for ____________.
The circuit configuration consists of two emitter followers connected in
cascade.
The output signal

provides negative
feedback to the base
input.
Emitter-follower
Impedance matching
Darlington Pair
CLASS A, B, OR C OPERATION
The amplifier class of operation is defined by the ________ that is able to

produce output signal.
The class of operation depends on this two amplitudes:
The class of operation determines the ____________ of the signal may be

produced by the amplifier.
In this type of operation, the DC bias allows an average output current of
about one-half the maximum value.
True of false: output current of class A operation can cut-off.
In this type of operation, the output current flows 180, or approximately
one-half of the input cycle.
In class B operation, the negative half-cycles of input signal are cut-off in
the output because _____________.
True or false: class b operation requires more DC bias and more AC signal
drive than the class A.
Class B operation with a single stage corresponds to ___________ of the
AC signal input.
In this type of operation, the output current flows for less than one-half the
47
Percentage of the input

signal
DC bias compared to
cutoff value and the
peak AC signal compare
with DC bias.
Power efficiency and
distortion
Class A
False, It never cut-off
Class B
Output current then is
zero.
True
Half-wave rectification
Class C
input cycle. Typical operation is 120 of output current during the positive
half-cycle of input.
Class C operation is used for ______________ because of its high
efficiency.
In class A operation, distortion is ______, but also are AC power output and
efficiency.
Typical values of percent distortion of class A operation.
Typical values of efficiency of class A operation.
Typical values of efficiency of class C operation.
The ___________ operation allows the greatest AC power output but with
the most distortion.
With audio amplifiers, _________ must be used in a single stage for
minimum distortion.
A _______________ amplifying an amplitude-modulated signal must
operate class A for minimum distortion of the modulation.
Most small-signal amplifiers operate in ______________.
The circuit used in class B which in each stage of which supplies opposites
half-cycles of the signal input.
Tuned RF power
amplifiers
Lowest
5 to 10
20 to 40%
80%
Class C
Class A
RF stage
Class A
Push-pull amplifier
Push-pull circuit is often used for _______________.
Audio power output to

a loudspeaker.
In class C operation, __________ circuit can provide a full-sine wave cycle

of output for each pulse of the output current.
LC circuit
Class C operation have high efficiency because ___________.
A ___________ operates as a class C operation.
Output current is very

low compared with the
peak signal amplitude.
Pulse clipper circuit
ANALYSIS OF COMMON-EMITTER (CE) AMPLIFIER
Typical values of VBE are in _________ for junction transistor.

The required bias at the base for a class A amplifier is _________ for
silicon.
The required bias at the base for a class A amplifier is _________ for
germanium.
A __________ means that the amplifier conducts current of 360 of the
signal cycle for minimum distortion.
The maximum AC input signal without overload distortion.
Without any forward bias, a junction transistor is cut off by __________.
The __________ is the lowest VBE that allows appreciable collector current.
The __________ is the highest VBE that allows it to produce proportional
changes in collector current.
True or false: at saturation, the maximum collector current does increase
with an increase of forward voltage.
The transistor amplifier itself is usually labeled ________.
True or false: one supply voltage is used for both collector and base in the
common-emitter circuit.
The signal changes in _________ produce variations in the voltage drop
48
Tenths of a volt
0.6 to 0.7 V
0.2 to 0.3 V
Class A operation
0.1 V
Barrier potential
Cut-in voltage
Saturation voltage
False, it doesnt
increase
Q
True
Collector current (iC)
across the collector load for the output circuit.

In signal analysis of the common-emitter circuit, positive signal voltage in
the forward direction __________ the base current.
True or false: the base bias produces the required collector current with the
specified RL.
Each of the cascaded amplifiers increases the __________ enough to drive
the next stage.
Increase
True
Signal current
COLLECTOR CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
The _________ shows the volt-ampere characteristics for the collector and
also provided by the manufacturer in a transistor manual or application
notes.
For the common-emitter circuit, the collector curves are for different values
of __________.
For common-base circuit, the collector curves are for different values of
__________.
For more collector current, the transistor needs more ________.
This specification for a junction transistor indicates the amount of current
gain in the common-emitter circuit.
True or false: there is a unit for beta ().
This ratio compares collector current to emitter current.
Characteristic curve
Base current
Emitter current
Base current
Beta () characteristic
False, because it is a
ratio of two currents.
Alpha () characteristic
LETTER SYMBOLS FOR TRANSISTORS
Symbols in capital letters and subscripts are used for _________.
Double subscripts that are repeated in VCC indicate __________.
The symbol _________ is used to denote the DC supply voltage for the
emitter.
The small letters are used for ___________.
A small letter in the subscript indicates the _____________.
A capital letter with a small in the subscript indicates the _____________
The symbol ____________ denotes reverse leakage current.

Small letter h stands for ___________.
Average DC values
The supply voltage that
does not change.
VEE
Instantaneous value
that vary with
fluctuating DC
waveform
AC waveform
RMS value of the AC
component
ICBO
Hybrid parameters
FET AMPLIFIERS
This circuit corresponds to the common-emitter with junction transistors.

With an FET, the input signal is applied to the gate which is the control
electrode. Amplified output signal is taken from the drain. The source is the
common electrode
In this circuit, the input signal is applied to the source, with output from the
49
Common-source circuit
Common-gate circuit
drain.
In this circuit, the input signal is applied to the gate, with output from the
source.
Common-drain circuit is named ________, corresponding to the emitter
follower with junction transistors.
The circuit configuration used most often for FET amplifiers.
This factor is important for the FET because it specifies how the gate
voltage controls the drain current.
The unit of gm because it is a ratio of current over voltage.
The ______ indicates a mutual conductance relation of how the effect of the
input voltage at the gate is transferred to the output current in the drain
current.
Common-drain circuit
Source follower
Common-source
Transconductance (gm)
Siemens
gm
TYPES OF DISTORTIONS
The __________ has been introduced in the amplifier when the waveform
of the amplified output signal is not exactly the same as that of the input
signal.
The _________ is produced by operating the amplifier over the nonlinear
part of the transfer characteristic of the amplifier.
This distortions occurs when the input signal or drive is excessive
Any _________ in a class A amplifier is a measure of the amount of
amplitude distortion.
The change of the relative amplitudes is the same as introducing harmonic
components not present in the input signal.
A ___________ is composed of a fundamental sine wave at the same
frequency plus odd-harmonic frequency components.
Typical values of harmonic distortion at full power output.
The effect which results in harmonics introduced in the amplifier can
combine with each other or with original frequencies to produce new
frequencies that are not harmonics of the fundamental.
____________ is the reason for the rough, unpleasant sound of amplitude
distortion, because that distortion is not harmonically related to the signal.
The distortion that results when the gain of the amplifier varies with
frequency.
The uniform gain at the center of the curve.
Distortion
Amplitude distortion
Overload distortion
Shift of DC level
Harmonic distortion
Square Wave
1to 5%
Intermodulation
distortion
Intermodulation
Frequency distortion
Flat response
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
___________ means coupling part of the amplified output signal back to

the input.
The result when the feedback is in phase with the input signal.
Positive feedback is used in _________.
The result when the feedback is out-of- phase with the input signal.
The amount of feedback is determined by __________ which is also can
vary the feedback for different frequencies.
The amount of amplifier gain with feedback.
50
Feedback
Positive feedback
Oscillator circuits.
Negative feedback
Feedback network
Closed-loop gain
The amount of amplifier gain without feedback.
The reason why negative feedback reduces distortion is because

___________.
Open-loop gain
There is partial
cancellation of the outof-phase signals
CHAPTER 31: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

INTRODUCTION
It involves circuits that operate using only two voltage levels for all input
and output signals.
The two voltage levels most commonly used in digital electronics.
Modern calculators and computers that process binary numbers use
decision-making elements called _______.
Two broad categories of digital logic circuits.
A circuit is considered a ___________ if its output goes either low or high

with a specified combination input signals.
This circuit must have a definite order or sequence for its inputs before the
desired output is obtained.
The basic building block of combinational logic circuits.
The basic building block of sequential logic circuits.
Digital Electronics
0 and 5 v
Logic Gates
Combinational logic
circuits and sequential
logic circuits
Combinational logic
circuits
Sequential logic circuits
Logic gates
Flip-flop
COMPARING BINARY AND DECIMAL NUMBERS
All number systems have a _________ which specifies how many digits
can be used in each place count.
In the decimal number system, the base is _____.
In the binary number system, the base is ____.
The most commonly used number system.
A number system that is used in digital electronics.
True or false: typical binary numbers are often written in groups of four or
eight digits.
Each digit of binary numbers is referred to as a _______.
A string of four bits are called _________.
Eight bits makes a __________.
For either binary or decimal numbers, the digit at the right is referred to as a
_________.
The digit at the left-most is referred to as a _________.
Base or radix
10
2
Decimal
Binary
True
Bit
Nibble
Byte
Least significant digit
(LSD)
Most significant digit
(MSD)
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
The method used to convert a decimal number to its binary equivalent. It

requires successive divisions by 2.
51
Double-dabble

HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
It is used extensively in the microcomputer field. It has a base of 16.

The first ten digits in the hexadecimal system are represented by
_________.
The ______________ are used to represent the numbers 10, 11,12,13,14
and 15.
The method used to convert a decimal number to a hexadecimal number.
The process of replacing long strings of data with a much shorter string.
Hexadecimal Numbers
0-9
A-F
Hex-dabble
Chunking
BINARY CODED DECIMAL SYSTEM
Commonly used number system in the field of digital electronics in which

expresses each decimal digit as a 4-bit nibble.
The highest BCD value that a 4-bit nibble could represent.
It is used when it is necessary to transfer decimal information into or out of
a digital machine.
Binary coded decimal

system (BCD)
9
BCD number system
THE ASCII CODE
The _____________ is an alphanumeric code; it has binary values for each

letter, number, and symbol.
Each keystroke on an ASCII keyboard produces a corresponding
_________ for the designated character.
ASCII code represented by a ___________ in the form of X6, X5, X4, X3,
X2, X1, and X0.
The first bit of ASCII code.
The ASCII code for the capital letter W.
ASCII Code
Binary code
7-bit binary word
X6
1010111
LOGIC GATES, SYMBOLS, AND TRUTH TABLES
It is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.
The ______________ list all input possibilities and the corresponding
output for each input.
It has only one input and one output, where the output is the opposite of the
input.
The small bubble on inverter diagram represents __________.
The number of possibilities listed in the truth table is __________.
A logic circuit with two or more inputs but only one output. The output is
high if any or all inputs are high. The output is low only when all inputs are
low.
A logic circuit with two or more inputs. The output is low if any or all
inputs are low. The output is high only when all inputs are high.
low if any or all inputs are high. The output is low only when all inputs are
low.
52
Logic Gate
Truth table
Inverters
Inversion
2N
OR Gate
AND Gate
NOR Gate
NAND Gate
high if any or all inputs are low. The output is low only when all inputs are
high.
high when an odd number of 1s is applied to its inputs. The output is low
when an even number of 1s is applied to its inputs.
high when an even number of 1s is applied to its inputs. The output is low
when an odd number of 1s is applied to its inputs.
XOR Gate
XNOR Gate
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Logical system of using binary information in digital circuits.

For the basic logic inverter the Boolean algebra expression would be
____________.
The over-bar above the input variable A represents __________.
To invert or complement, a binary number means to change it to the _____.

The + sign stands for ___________.
The multiplication dot stands for __________.
The Boolean expression for the NOR gate.
The Boolean expression for the NAND gate.
The Boolean expression for the XNOR gate.
The Boolean expression for the XOR gate.
Boolean algebra
X=
Inversion or
complementing
Opposite state
OR addition
AND operation
A+B=X
A B=X
AB=X
AB=X
DEMORGANS THEOREM
Important principles of Boolean algebra which can help to greatly simplify

expressions in which a product or sum is inverted.
First theorem of Demorgans theorem.
Second theorem of Demorgans theorem.
Demorgans Theorem
A+B=A .B
A B=A +B
ACTIVE HIGH/ACTIVE LOW TERMINOLOGY
When an input or output line on a logic gate symbol does not show a
bubble, it indicates that these lines are _________.
When an input or output line on a logic gate symbol does show a bubble,
these lines are said to be _________.
The presence or absence of _________ on the inputs and output of logic
gates indicates whether a line is considered to be high or low.
When an input variable or output in a Boolean expression has no over-bar, it
means that the input variables or outputs are ______.
If an input variable or output in a Boolean expression does have an overbar, it means that the input variables or outputs are ______.
Active high
Active low
Bubble
Active high
Active low
TREATING UNUSED INPUTS ON LOGIC GATES
Unused inputs on AND and NAND gates should be connected directly to

__________ or tied to another input that is being used.
53
VCC (+5V)
Unused inputs are always ________.

The unused input should never be tied to ground for an AND gate because
______________.
Unused inputs on OR and NOR gates should be tied to ________.
The unused inputs on OR gates should never be tied to VCC because
___________.
NAND OR NOR gates can be used as __________ if all inputs are tied
together.
High
The output would
always be low.
Ground
The output will remain
high.
Inverters
TTL CIRCUITS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Transistor-transistor
Logic (TTL)
It is the most popular family of digital devices.
It is a group of compatible devices with the same logic voltage levels and
DC supply voltage.
The __________ are categorized according to the number of logic gates
contained in one IC.
Two basic technologies for manufacturing digital ICs.
It fabricates bipolar transistors on an IC.

It fabricates MOSFETS on an IC.
It is used for SSI and MSI.
It is used for LSI, VLSI, and USLI.
True or false: bipolar device have faster switching speeds than MOS
devices.
It is used when it is required to package hundreds or thousands of logic
gates into one chip.
The TTL devices are often referred to as the ___________.
The 7400 device is a __________, which means that this chip contains four
2-input NAND gates inside.
The 7404 device is called ________.
The 7427 contains ___________.
The 7400 series uses VCC of _____________.

The arrangement of schematic diagram of hex inverter in which used
because of its low output impedance.
If an input to a standard TTL logic gate is 0.8V or less, the logic gate
recognizes this as ______.
If an input to a standard TTL logic gate is 2.0V or more, the logic gate
recognizes this as ______.
The range of two input voltage levels of TTL logic gates are referred to as a
___________.
The maximum number of TTL inputs that can be reliably driven by a
standard TTL output is called the _________.
7400 series device will work over a temperature of ___________.
Range of supply voltage of 5400 series device.
Temperature range of 5400 series device.
54
Digital family
Digital IC
Bipolar and MOS
technology
Bipolar technology
MOS technology
Bipolar technology
MOS technology
True
MOS technology
7400 series
Quad 2-input NAND
gate
Hex inverter
Three, 3-input NOR
gates
+5V
Totem-pole output
Low input
High input
Worst case input
voltages
Fan-out
0 to 70 C
4.5 - 5.5 V
-55 to 125C

CMOS DEVICES
The basic logic gates such as inverter, AND, OR, NAND, and NOR gates
are manufactured using ____________.
Disadvantages of MOS.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

True or false: CMOS devices have slower switching speeds as compared to
TTL.
The MOSFETS most often used in the construction of logic gates.
Commonly used CMOS device series.

Range of supply voltage of 4000 series.
MOSFET
Slower switching speed
and extreme sensitivity
to ESD
CMOS
True
P-channel and Nchannel enhancement
types
4000 series
3-15 V
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
Digital circuits often consist of several different ________, interconnected

in such a way as to perform a specific logic function.
Logic gate
Sum of products is called ________.
Minterm Boolean
expression
Any logic circuit of AND gates and OR gates can be replaced with
equivalent _________.
NAND gates
BINARY ADDERS
The _____________ of computer is where arithmetic operations such as

addition take place.
Logic circuits that has provisions for carry-out of 1 but not carry-in.
Digital circuit that has provisions for carry-in of 1 and carry-out of 1.
Arithmetic Logic Unit

(ALU)
Half adder
Full adder
FLIP-FLOPS
It is a digital circuit that has two stable states. It can hold or store digital
data.
True or false: the flip-flop can remain in either stable state indefinitely.
Flip-flops are used to store ____________.
The __________________ that can store bits of data are an essential part of
any computer system.
The most basic type of flip-flop that can be built using either two NOR
gates or two NAND gates.
The flip-flop is said to be set when __________.
The flip-flop is said to be reset when __________.
These can pull TTL inputs to ground for binary 0.
55
Flip-flop
True
Binary information
Digital memory circuits
RS flip-flop
Q=1 and Q=0
Q=0 and Q=1
Pull-down resistors
The maximum resistance of pull-down resistors should not exceed ______.

These pulls the TTL inputs up to +VCC for a binary 1.
It is a RS flip-flop that has a clock (CLK) input.
It is a square wave that has a maximum value of +5V and minimum value
of 0V.
It prevents the flip-flop outputs from changing until exactly right time.
Type of flip-flop in which the flip-flop can edge-triggered.
The flip-flop is edge-triggered because the flip-flop only responds when the
_____ is changing states.
This flip-flop will respond only to a negative-going clock pulse.
In JK flip-flop, the flip-flop is ______ when the clock is low, high, or on its
positive- going edge.
500
Pull-up resistors
Clocked RS flip-flop
Clock voltage
Clock input signal
D-type flip-flop
Clock
JK flip-flop
Inactive
BINARY COUNTERS AND REGISTERS
JK flip-flops can also be connected together to form a ________.

These are used when it is necessary to count the number of clock pulses that
arrive at a clock input.
Equivalent circuit of binary counters.
The counter in which the output of one flip-flop is fed to the clock input of
another.
The _________ of the counter is the number of output states it has.
It is a digital circuit that can hold or store digital data.
Equivalent circuit of buffer register.
Binary counter
Binary counters
Four JK flip-flop
Ripple counter
Modulus
Buffer register
Memory circuit
NEW LOGIC SYMBOLS
In 1984, a new set of standard symbols was introduced by the

_______________.
The _______ inside the inverter gate rectangle denotes a gate with only one
input.
The _______ symbol inside the AND gate rectangle means the output will
go active high only when the all inputs are active high.
The symbol inside the OR gate rectangle means that the output will go
active high when one or more inputs are active high.
IIEE and ANSI

1
&
TROUBLESHOOTING DIGITAL CIRCUITS
One of the most commonly used pieces of test equipment for

troubleshooting digital circuits. It has two LED indicators that light to
indicate whether a voltage level is equivalent to binary 0 or binary 1.
It is a troubleshooting tool that generates a short-duration pulse when
activated manually, usually by pressing a button.
A very special oscilloscope that has either 8 or 16 input leads for connection
to the circuit, which allows the electronic technician or engineer to see how
all the different circuits are functioning at the same time.
A very useful tool to help determine the exact location of a short without
56
Logic probe
Logic pulsers
Logic analyzer
Current tracer

breaking the circuit.
CHAPTER 32: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

INTRODUCTION
This is actually microelectronic circuits.

It is used in computers, calculators, and digital clocks as well as many other
digital devices.
It is used in analog-type circuits such as audio amplifiers, voltage
regulators, operational amplifiers, and radio frequency circuits.
True or false: most linear ICs are high-power devices.
Integrated Circuits
Digital IC
Linear IC
False, there are lowpower devices.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
It is a high-gain, direct-coupled, differential amplifier.
Common op amp which different manufacturers produce.

The output of op amp is taken at the emitters of transistors which are
connected in a _____________ configuration.
The push-pull configuration in the output of op amp allows the op amp to
have a ____________.
The ___________ affects the operation of the op amp at higher frequencies
and it is used to prevent undesirable oscillations from occurring within the
op amp.
Typical value of compensating capacitor of the op amp.
Figure of schematic symbol of an op amp.
Pin 7 of 741 op amp connects to ________.
Pin __ of 741 op amp connects to -VCC.
Pin _____ of 741 op amp connects to the op amp input.
Pin 6 of 741 op amp connects to the ________.
The _____________ of an op amp is its voltage gain when there is no
negative feedback.
The open-loop voltage gain of an op amp is the ratio of _________.
The typical value of AVOL for a 741 op amp.

When the voltage at the non-inverting (+) input is made negative with
respect to its inverting (-) input, the output is _________.
The upper limit of output voltage of op amp.
The lower limit of output voltage of op amp.
If the output voltage of any op amp lies between positive and negative
saturation voltage, then the differential input voltage can be considered as
________.
Operational Amplifier
(Op amp)
741
Push-pull
Very low output
impedance
Compensating
capacitor
30pF
Triangle
+VCC
Pin 4
Pin 2 and 3
Op amp output
Open-loop voltage gain
AVOL
Output voltage to its
differential input
voltage
200,000
Negative
Positive saturation
voltage
Negative saturation
voltage
57
Zero
Typical input bias current of 741 op amp.

The difference between the current flowing for the non-inverting terminal
and the current flowing from the inverting input terminal.
Typical input offset current of 741 op amp.
The frequency where gain of open-loop equals to 1.
Unity frequency of 741 is approximately ________.
The ___________ tells how fast the output voltage can change.
The slew rate of an op amp is specified in _____.
Slew rate of 741 op amp.
Slew rate distortion of a sine wave produces a _________.
If the initial slope of the output waveform exceeds the slew rate of the op
amp, ____________ will occur.
The _________ of an op amp circuit is the highest undistorted frequency
out of an op amp for a given slew rate and peak voltage.
The output short circuit current of 741 op amp.
It is defined as its ability to amplify differential input signals while
attenuating or rejecting common mode signals.
Typical CMRR of 741 op amp.
80nA
Input offset current
20nA
Unity frequency
1MHz
Slew rate
Volts per microsecond
0.5V/s
Triangular wave
Slew rate distortion
Power bandwidth
25mA
Common mode
rejection ratio (CMRR)
90dB
OP AMP CIRCUITS
Most op amp uses ____________ feedback.

It reduces the overall voltage gain of the op amp circuit.
Type of amplifier in which the input and output signals are 180 out of
phase when input voltage is applied to the inverting (-) input terminal.
It provides the negative feedback of inverting amplifier, which in turn
controls the circuits overall voltage gain.
Type of op amp circuit in which the input signal drives the non-inverting
input terminal of the op amp.
For the non-inverting amplifier circuit, the input and output signals are
always ___________.
The op amp circuit connected to provide a voltage gain of one, or unity.
Voltage follower provides no voltage gain because op amp circuits will
______ the voltage source for the load.
Negative
Negative feedback
Inverting amplifier
Resistors RF and Ri
Non-inverting amplifier
In phase
Voltage follower
Buffer
THREE- TERMINAL IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
ICs feature when the internal temperature of the chip reaches a certain
temperature, the regulator shuts down and prevents the chip from getting
any hotter.
The range of load current of IC voltage regulators.
The popular series of three-terminal IC voltage regulators.
To ensure proper operation of a three-terminal IC voltage regulator, the
unregulated DC input voltage must always be at least ________ higher than
its regulated DC output voltage.
This IC has 1.25V reference voltage between its output terminal and
adjustment terminal.
58
Thermal shutdown
100mA 3A
LM340 series
2-3V
LM317

555 TIMERS
A very popular IC used in timing circuits.

Range of supply voltage of 555 timers.
This circuit will produce a single output pulse when a trigger input pulse is
applied.
True or false: in monostable operation, the larger the RC time constant, the
greater the length of the output pulse.
In this circuit, the capacitor voltage is initially 0V when power is applied.
59
555 timers
5-18V
Monostable (one shot)
multivibrator
True
Astable multivibrator

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