Railway Signalling Terms Guide

GLOSSARY OF RAILWAY TERMS
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
NUMERIC
2 aspect block(block a
deux aspects)
An automatic block system in which the signals International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

can display two indications: 1) Next block
Signalling and security apparatus for railways,
section occupied. 2) Next block section clear.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
2 position signalling
Two systems of signalling are in use in

Victoria, namely two position and three
position. In two position signalling a separate
arm (usually on a separate post) is used to
display the distant indication; and also a
separate arm is provided for each possible route
past that particular signal location towards the
next fixed signal location. Two position
signalling is therefore essentially a system of
route indications and each arm applies only up
to the next signal.
3 aspect block(block a
trois aspects)

can display three indications: 1) Next block
section occupied. 2) Next block section clear. IEC, AS 1852 1970.
3) Not less than two block sections ahead are
clear
3 position signalling
Two systems of signalling are in use in

Victoria, namely two position and three
position. In three position signalling one arm or
light unit may give both the home and the
distant indications, and a combination of two
arms on the one post may apply to any number
of routes past that location. Three position
signalling is therefore a system giving
indications for speed control of trains and does
not necessarily indicate the route to which the
signal aspect applies.
4 aspect block (block a

quatre aspects)

can display four indications: 1) Next block
section occupied. 2) Next block section clear.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
3) Next two block sections clear. 4) Not less
than three block sections ahead are clear
5-pack
An articulated wagon comprising five

platforms, the adjacent ends of individual units
being supported on a common bogie and
permanently connected by a device which
permits free rotation in all planes. Example: 5pack articulated wagon. Note, these do always
consist of five units; they could be 2-packs, 3packs etc.
CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of

Railway Terminology'.
5-unit
A wagon consisting of five permanently

coupled platforms, each platform
independently supported on a pair of bogies.
Example: 5-unit bogie well wagon. Note, 5units are the most common but they do not
need to consist of five units, i.e. there could be
2-units, 3-units etc in the same configuration.

A light
An indication in the form of a letter A

mounted on a running signal which when
displayed instructs the driver to treat the
running signal as an automatic (permissive)
signal.
RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
AAR
Abbreviation for 'Association of American
http://www.aar.org
Victorian Rail Industry Operators Group

Standards, Standard Rail Signalling Naming &
Symbol Conventions VRIOGS 012.0.4 Rev.A,
12/10/2009.

12/10/2009.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
Railroads'.
AAR bogie
Conventional three-piece freight bogie based

AS7519
on the technical requirements of the
AAR Manual Of Standards And Recommended
Practices.
absolute block
A system of train operation that prevents more

than one train being in the block section at any
one time.
UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802

Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
2004
absolutepermissive
block
US concept - (was/is used in South Australia).

Absolute in direction, permits following moves
through section (where intermediate signals are
provided).
Rail Signalling TAC General Glossary of

Signalling Terms, Version 1.0, Oct.2009.
absolute signal
A signal that must not be passed at stop without RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3
the authority of the train controller.
March 2009.
absolute signal blocking

(ASB)
A method used by track workers to carry out

work on track using controlled absolute signals
set and kept at stop, without a formally issued
work on track authority.
RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3

March 2009.
AC immune
DC track relays used in areas of AC

electrification that have been immunised so
they are not responsive to AC currents.
AS7505
AC relay
A type of relay which is operated by an

alternating current. One type of AC relay is an
AC vane relay.

AC track circuit
A track circuit with a 50 Hertz alternating

current track feed.

AC/DC track circuit
A track circuit with a rectified alternating

current track feed.

accept lever
The lever or control device that is operated in

order to accept a train towards the signallers
interlocking from the adjacent interlocking or
section.

accept signal
A controlled signal fitted with a designation

plate inscribed ACCEPT, or fitted with an
interlocking name plate inscribed with the
name of the controlling signal box. An accept
signal is provided at the entrance to an
interlocking which is at the exit end of a double
line automatic section. The signal is used by
the signaller to control the approach of trains
from an area outside of the signallers control
to the controlled signal next ahead.
accept/home signal
The signal directly protects points, level

crossings or other risks and allows the
signaller to control the approach of trains from
an area outside of the signallers control to the
controlled signal next ahead. A controlled
signal provided in place of an accept signal at
some interlockings which are located at the exit
end of a double line automatic section.
acceptance
A block signalling term where a train is

permitted to proceed towards the accepting
signal box. Block regulations provide for
circumstances under which a signaller may
accept a train.

2004
access
1. A designated safe way into, along, across or

out of a rail corridor; or 2. A right to the
provision of railway services by an industry
participant.

March 2009; and CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and
Dictionary of Railway Terminology'.
access agreement
A formal agreement between a train operator

and a track manager (or access provider)
AS7501
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
allowing the train operator to operate on the

track manager's network under agreed
commercial, technical and operational
conditions.
access device
This includes ramps, steps, stairs, ladders and

guardrails.
RISSB Rollingstock Standards Glossary 3 Dec 08,

AS7522.
access lighting
Lighting of access equipment e.g. ladders and

steps.
AS7531
access path
Walkway, corridor, aisleway, etc.

AS7522.
access provider
An organisation that provides and manages a

rail network and safe method of entry to that
network for train operators.

March 2009.
access user
An organisation such as a train operator that

has an agreement with a track manager to enter
and use a network.

March 2009.
accessibility
Requirements to provide equivalent access to

people with disabilities which are defined in
the DSFAPT for passenger rolling stock.

AS7522.
accessible information
Accessible information: Information that is

provided in alternative formats (such as Braille, AS7522.
audible information, raised text signs, hearing
augmentation) for people with hearing or vision
impairment, intellectual or cognitive
impairment.
accident
An occurrence on a railway or tramway system

that involves: (a) the death or injury of a
person, or
(b) damage to property, or (c)
loss to process, or (d) any culmination of a
sequence of events that results in damage or
injury.

accommodating crank
A two-arm crank with vertical axis, one arm of

which is curved to facilitate connection.

accreditation
The formal means of establishing the rail safety CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
standards and practices for each railway
covered by the Rail Safety Acts. Track
managers and train operators need to be
accredited before owning and/or operating a
railway.
accreditation authority
An authority of the State or Territory

authorised to grant rail safety accreditation to
track managers and train operators consistent
with AS4292.

accredited rail
organisation
A rail organisation accredited consistent with

AS4292 by an Accreditation Authority to be a
track manager, train operator or provider of
rolling stock.
AS4292, Rail Safety Legislation
acoustic detector
Line side system used to detect suspected

defective axle bearings that are abnormally
noisy (RailBAM).
AS7516
active control level

crossing
A road or pedestrian level crossing where

warning equipment warns road users and
pedestrians about approaching rail traffic by
devices such as flashing lights or barriers.

March 2009.
activesuspension system
A positive feedback system for rail guidance

wheels which ensures that they maintain
constant contact with the rail to give
continuous guidance.
AS7519
actuation device
A device in a deadman system which requires

continuous control input from the driver,
typically via pressing or grasping by feet or

AS7511.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
hands. Also known as 'operator enable device'.

adaptor coupling
A coupling that enables two railway vehicles

with dissimilar coupling systems to be coupled
together.

AS7524.
ADG
Abbreviation for 'Australian dangerous goods

code'.

adjacent
Near to, close to.

March 2009.
adjustable crank
A right-angle crank, one arm of which is

provided with means for varying its effective
length.

ADR
Abbreviation for 'Australian design rules'

applied to motor vehicles.

March 2009.
advance
See in advance.

2004
advanced starting signal
In block signalling, a stop signal beyond the

starting signal, and worked from the same
signal box. Also an alternative term for section 2004
signal.
advanced train control

system (ATCS)
An incomplete American development for

advanced signalling and train control systems
founded on a standard specification for a digital
data communications network including a
train-based communications platform. ATCS
specifications would incorporate transmission
based positive train separation as well as nonsignalling features such as locomotive health
monitoring.
advanced train
management system
(ATMS)
An incomplete American development for

advanced signalling and train control systems
for the Australian Defined Interstate Network.

advertise
To give written or electronic notice, usually in

advance, of planned activities

March 2009.
advisory speed board
A distinctive speed board indicating to drivers RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
to reduce the speed of the train so that the train Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
is not travelling in excess of the speed shown
on the board before passing the next signal
ahead. However, as soon as the driver observes
that the next signal ahead is displaying a full
clear indication, normal track speed for that
indication may be resumed. The driver does not
allow the train to exceed any other lower
temporary or permanent track or train speed
restrictions, irrespective of the speed indicated
by the advisory speed board.
aerial cable
A multi-conductor cable, designed for erection

on an overhead line wire route.

AF track circuit
Audio Frequency track circuits consist of a

transmitter which transmits a modulated audio
frequency signal along the track to a receiver,
which operates at the same frequency at the
other end of the track circuit. The receiver will
only respond to a signal with the correct
modulation. Adjacent track circuits utilise a
different modulated frequency and jointless AF
track circuits utilise a tuned zone to provide
electrical separation between adjacent track
circuits. Some AF track circuits are fitted in
jointed mode where electrical separation
between adjacent sections is achieved by
AS7505
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
insulated rail joints.

affected signal
Signal not available for normal use.
air brake
A braking system activated by change in air

pressure.
air horn
See audible warning device.
ALARP
Abbreviation for 'as low as reasonably

practicable'.
alignment
Alignment of track, referred to as horizontal or

vertical alignment. Horizontal alignment is the
design horizontal alignment of track (i.e.
straights, curves, etc.), vertical alignment is the
design vertical alignment of track (gradients
and vertical curves).
alignmentcontrol
coupler
Coupler where the rotation from the centre

position is limited in order to reduce the
sideways derailing force during buff conditions
in train operation.

AS7524.
all signals on
A signallers control device that places or

maintains all signals in a designated area to
sanger.

2004
allocated space
A three dimensional space defined in the

DSFAPT Part 9 as a designated and reserved
area for people with mobility aids.

AS7522.
alphanumericroute
indicator
A route indicator that conveys its information

by illuminated alphanumeric characters. The
indicators are designated standard and
miniature as a reference to the readability
categorisation of the indications.

2004
alternatingcurrent track
circuit
Track circuit fed with alternating current. Also

see AC track circuit.
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
aluminothermic weld
A welding process used to join rails together.

An aluminothermic reaction takes place within
a crucible and the resultant metal flows into a
mould enclosing the rail ends that are to be
joined. Also see cadweld.

Railway Terminology' plus 1st public consultation
suggestion.
anchor block
The group of sleepers, with rail anchors or

resilient fastenings, at each end of a module of Railway Terminology'.
track to be destressed. The anchor block is used
for restraining the longitudinal movement of
the rail when it is tensed.
anchor point
A means of providing restraint to contraction,

expansion and creep of rail.

angle (crossing)
See crossing number.

annett key/lock
A locking mechanism for releasing a ground

frame. The key to unlock the ground frame is
held captive in an annetts instrument or lock
which can be released remotely from the signal
box and interlocked with the signalling.

annunciator
An audible indicator, for example a bell or

buzzer in a signal box or gate box.

2004
ANRP
Abbreviated termfor 'Australian network rules

and procedures'.

March 2009.
anti climb device
A device fitted at vehicle ends that engages

with the same device on an adjacent vehicle in
a collision to resist one vehicle over-riding the
adjacent vehicle.

AS7520.

March 2009.
ARA website www.ara.net.au/RRAcro

nyms&Definitions
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
API
Abbreviated term for 'American Petroleum

Institute'.

AS7520.
apparatus
Apparatus refers to the signalling equipment

system as a whole or as separate items of
signalling control and operating equipment,
signalling materials, and structures housing
signalling equipment

apparatus case (or

cupboard)
A housing which is intended for unprotected

outdoor use. It is usually of metal construction
(or wooden if a cupboard), smaller than a
building or REB and usually capable of being
transported as a made-up unit.

2004
apparatus function test
Generally refers to function tests of an item of

installed equipment, particularly trackside
apparatus when set to work from the local
controls.

application logic
Any technology based method that configures a UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
product so as to provide site-specific command Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
and control instructions. This includes
2004
mechanical logic, electro-mechanical logic,
electronic switching or code.
applied cant
The cant adopted for a particular curve radius

for a particular track speed.
AS7509
approach clearing
A term used in connection with the clearing of

a signal upon the approach of a train.

approach control
The restriction of the aspect of a signal, to

ensure that the driver can comply with the
turnout speed, or to control the speed of a train
for a warning call-on, shunt or POSA class
route.

2004
approach lighting
A method of illuminating signal lights upon the RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
approach of a train.
approach locking
Approach locking is track locking applied to

prevent the alteration of points interlocked by a
route, or the setting of an opposing route, once
the signal for the route has been cleared and an
approaching train has received an indication
that the signal has been cleared.

approach release
An alternative term for approach control.

2004
approach to
In relation to equipment on or alongside the

track, positioned such that a train passes the
point before reaching another defined item of
equipment. Also known as rear.

2004
approved document
A train control diagram, train register book or

any other document for recording train or track
machine movements over a section of railway.
PTA Network Rules Document 9100-000-005

Version 01/07/2001.
approved employee
A qualified employee who has delegated

authority approved and published by the
commission.

Version 01/07/2001.
APTA
Abbreviated term for 'American Public

Transportation Association'.
http://www.apta.com/
ARA
Abbreviated term for 'Australasian Railway

Association'.
http://www.ara.net.au
area of conflict
A section of line beyond the signal at danger on UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
which a head-on, crossing or same direction
converging collision with another legitimately 2004
positioned train could occur in the event of a
SPAD.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
area of control
The extent of track subject to the control of a

single signaller. Includes any automatic
signalling supervised by the signaller.

AREMA
Abbreviated term for 'American Railway

Engineering and Maintenance of Way
Association'.
http://www.arema.org/
ARG
Abbreviated term for 'Australian Railroad

Group'.
http://www.arg.net.au
ARL
Abbreviated term for 'Above Rail Level', as

used in dimensions for height measured from
top of rails, perpendicular to the plane of the
rails.
RISSB Rollingstock Standards Glossary 3 Dec

08, AS7507.
armature contact
The moving contact piece of a relay that

connects to, and moves in unison with, the
relay armature.

ARO
Abbreviation for 'accredited rail organisation'.

arrival train
examination (AX)
Either roll by (AX1) or after placement (AX2)

examination is to be conducted by examining
staff on arrival at the train destination.

ARS
Abbreviated term for automatic route setting.

2004
ARSC
Abbreviated term for the 'Acts, regulations,

standards and codes of practice' applicable to
those systems involved in an incident.

ARTC
Abbreviated term for 'Australian Rail Track

Corporation'.
http://www.artc.com.au
articulated connector
Connects two adjacent rolling stock bodies

allowing them to angle with respect to each
other and the whole assembly is supported by a
single bogie.
RISSB Roll standard Drawgear Part 2 Freight
articulated platform
The individual end and intermediate units of an COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
articulated flat or well wagon.
'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
Terminology'.
articulated wagon
A wagon comprising two or more units, the

COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
adjacent ends of individual units being
supported on a common bogie and permanently Terminology'.
connected by a device that permits free rotation
in all planes.
AS 7500 series of
Australian Standards
Standards for rolling stock operating in

Australia. These standards, produced by
RISSB, are a part of the Australian Code of
Practice.
AS7501
as rolled rail
Rail that is cooled off the mill without

accelerated cooling, and is not subsequently
heat treated.

ASB
Abbreviated term for 'Absolute Signal

Blocking', a method used by track workers to
carry out work on track using controlled
absolute signals set and kept at stop, without a
formally issued work on track authority.

March 2009.
aspect
Any valid visual indication of a signal as

displayed to the driver.

2004
aspect level
The level of interlocking required to be

satisfied before a signal can display a proceed
aspect.

2004
aspect sequence
The order of the displayed aspects to give the

driver information about the aspect of the

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
signal or signals ahead.
2004
aspect sequence chart
A diagram, used during testing, showing the

sequence of the aspects displayed at successive
signals.

2004
assistinglocomotive
A crewed locomotive other than the main

locomotive on a train.
at grade crossing
A crossing of a track by a roadway or

pedestrian crossing at the same elevation. Also
known as grade crossing. Also see level
crossing.

ATC
Abbreviated term for 'Australian Transport

Council'.
http://www.atcouncil.gov. au/
ATO
Abbreviated term for automatic train

operation.

2004
ATP
Abbreviated term for 'Automatic Train

ARA
Protection', a system that supervises train speed websitewww.ara.net.au/RRAcronyms&Definitions
and target speed, alerts driver of the braking
equipment, and enforces braking when
necessary.
ATSB
Abbreviated term for 'Australian Transport

Safety Bureau'.
http://www.atsb.gov.au/
attainable speed
The maximum speed a train is able to achieve

at the location.

2004
attended block location
A block location at which an authorised worker COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
is on duty for the working of trains. Also know 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
as attended location.
Terminology'.
audible track warning

signals
A device attached to a rail that explodes on

impact, used to attract the attention of train
crews.

March 2009.
audible warning device
A device, such as a whistle, siren, horn or

hooter, used to give warning

March 2009.
audio frequency track

circuit
A jointless track circuit where each track

circuit along a track operates alternately at one Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
of two modulated audio frequencies, and
separation between adjacent track circuits is
achieved via tuned loops instead of insulated
block joints. There are two types of design, one
in which the receiver is operated by changes in
the track voltage across the rails and one where
the receiver is operated by changes in the
current in the rails.
AustralAsia network
Tarcoola to Darwin standard gauge network.
AS7505
Australian Network
Rules and Procedures
The master set of rules and procedures that

define how track managers and train operators
operate safely on the Australian Rail Network.

March 2009.
Australian Rail Safety

Standards (AS4292)
The principles and standards prepared,

approved and published by the Standards
Association of Australia relating to railway
safety management.

authorise
To give formal written, spoken or signalled

authority for an action.

March 2009.
authorised speed
The maximum speed laid down in the working PTA Network Rules Document 9100-000-005
timetable, subject to any lesser speed shown in Version 01/07/2001.
a special train notice, authorised electronic
management system or imposed by warning
and caution boards or a permanent speed board.
automatic block
System of sectional division in which the

section signals are operated automatically by

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
means of apparatus worked directly by the

occupation or clearing of the section by a train.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
automatic control
Control which itself carries out the operations

according to pre-determined conditions.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
automatic coupler
A fitting on the end of rolling stock that

engages with a compatible fitting on adjacent
rolling stock by the action of propelling the
vehicles together.

AS7524.
automatic function
A function that, under ordinary operation, is

operated automatically by the passage of trains
and is not interlocked with any other signalling
function.

2004
automatic level crossing
A level crossing equipped with flashing lights,

audible warning devices and, sometimes, half
boom barriers, which are normally controlled
entirely by the approach of a train and not
normally interlocked with the signals.

automatic normalisation
of points
Points which are automatically operated to the

normal position when the route is normalised
after the passage of a train.

automatic reclearing
Automatic reclearing, when initiated by the

signaller, enables a controlled running signal
route which has already been set, to operate in
the same manner as automatic signals and thus
avoid the need for the signaller to restroke the
signal to clear it again after the passage of a
train. This feature is not generally provided if
there is risk of wrong road movements
occurring.
automatic route
normalisation
The automatic normalising of signal routes

after a train passes the signal.
automatic route setting

(ARS)
A system which is used in conjunction with an RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
interlocking system to automatically operate
signals and points for the passage of trains.
Signal routes over facing points are set
automatically for trains based on information
derived from timetables, train describers and/or
a priority based algorithm.
automatic signal
A signal that is normally controlled exclusively

by the operation of track-circuits, or more
precisely it is a signal which is controlled by
the passage of trains and automatically gives an
indication of the condition occupied or clear
of the section or sections in its control. nonautomatic signal: A signal that is not controlled
by track circuits. semi-automatic signal (or
controlled automatic signal): A fixed signal
which can be controlled by a signaller but
which can also be switched to automatic.
When the signal is in automatic, it is
operated by the location of train over track
circuits on the departure side of the signal.
Semi-automatic signals are divided into three
groups, namely stick, semistick and nonstick. (See stick (signal).)
automatic switch box
Equipment associated with a staff instrument at RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
an unattended station in an electric train staff
section. The automatic switch box enables an
electric train staff for the section to be
withdrawn from the staff instrument at the
opposite end of the section, provided the staff


Railway Terminology' Victorian Rail Industry
Operators Group Standards, Standard Rail
Signalling Naming & Symbol Conventions
VRIOGS 012.0.4 Rev.A, 12/10/2009. RailCorp
ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling Terms, Ver. 1,
2008.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
instruments are in phase, as they would be if

there is no other staff already withdrawn.
automatic tensioning
(auto tensioning)
The main conductors, catenary and contact

wire/s of the overhead line equipment are
pulled to a required tension. Where tension is
kept constant by means of weights, springs, or
hydraulic units, the equipment is said to be
'automatically tensioned'.


automatic track warning A system that gives trackside staff audible
and/or visible warning of the approach of trains Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
system (ATWS)
independently of the signalling system. Also
2004
see automatic worksite warning system.
automatic train control
(ATC)
Used to describe on-board automation that

contributes to or replaces the drivers
judgement as to how to control the train.
(ATC=ATO+ATP).

2004
automatic train
operation (ATO)
A high reliability system that automatically

operates the trains driving controls in
accordance with information usually received
from the trackside signalling equipment or
traffic control system.

2004
automatic train
protection (ATP)
A system that supervises train speed and target RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
speed, alerts driver of the braking equipment,
and enforces braking when necessary. The
system may be intermittent, semi-continuous or
continuous according to its track-to-train
transmission updating characteristics.
automatic train
reporting (ATR)
The automatic reporting of the running of

individual trains which is compared against the
timetable. The information is usually derived
from computer based train describer systems
and the trains identity is recorded at the time it
passes nominated signals, or over nominated
track circuits, or over track transponders, or is
entered manually at nominated locations. The
details are usually compared with the actual
timetable stored in a computer and reported by
exception to nominated terminals on the
computers network.

automatic train stop
A trackside device, normally linked to a signal,

which can raise an arm to apply the automatic
airbrake of trains fitted with trip valves.

automatic
A system which positively identifies a vehicle

as
RailCorp ESG 007 -
vehicle
it passes a location by reading an identification
Glossary of Signalling
identification
label on the vehicle, and relays this information Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
(AVI)
to a control centre.
automatic warning
system (AWS)
A system that provides audible and visual

warnings to the driver on the approach to
signals, certain level crossings and emergency,
temporary and certain permanent speed
restrictions. It supervises the drivers reaction
to signal caution aspects and indicates to the
driver the passing of a clear aspect. Mostly
advisory, however it will cause a brake
application to be made automatically if the
driver fails to react when approaching a
restrictive aspect.

2004
automatic working (of a

controlled signal)
See controlled signal working automatically.

2004
10
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
automatic worksite
warning system
An approved device designed to provide

advanced warning of an approaching trains.
Also see automatic track warning system.

Version 01/07/2001.
auxiliary optical system
Duplicate lamp or filament on hot or cold

standby.

2004
auxiliary supply
transformers
A transformer connected to the 25,000 volt

overhead line equipment for the purpose of
supplying standby power to trackside
equipment.

auxiliary token
instrument
A supplementary token instrument usually

located at the end of a token section but away
from the signal box to facilitate prompt
issue/return of tokens.

2004
availability
The percentage of time that an item or system

is able to perform its designed function.
AS 4292.4-2006, CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and

AWARE
Abbreviated term for 'Australia Wide

Augmented Radio Environments' train
communications system.

AWS
Abbreviation for 'automatic warning system'.

AWS is a system which warns the driver of the
aspect of the next signal. It is an advisory
system only.

AS7511.
axle bearings
Bearings mounted on the axle to transmit the

main weight of the vehicle directly to the
wheelset. Excludes bearings mounted on the
axle to support traction motors, final drives etc.
AS7516
axle counter
A system that detects the presence of a train by

counting the passage of wheels that have
entered and left a particular track section.
AS7505
axle load
The weight force exerted on the rails by the

two wheels on any axle of a vehicle when
stationary on level track.
AS7508
axlebox bearings
Individual roller bearings that are set,

lubricated and sealed after assembly on the
axle.
AS7516
back contact
That contact of a relay which is closed (made)

only when the relay is de-energised (dropped).

back drive points
A second drive position on the point switches

used where the length of the switch is such that
a single drive will leave the back part of the
switch hanging off the stockrail. Location of
the back drive is determined by switch length
and it may be operated by rodding from the
drive or by a separate point operating
mechanism.

back interlocking
Interlocking produced on the interlocking part

by the position taken up by the interlocked part. Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
back light
A light showing through a small glass covered

opening in the back of a signal lamp. A back
light is used to provide signallers at night with
a means of checking the position of a
semaphore signal arm and the operation of the
signal light.

back rod
The bar or rod connecting the switches usually

placed one sleeper bay back from the front rod
to provide extra support for the switches.

backdrive
An alternative term for supplementary drive.

11
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
2004.
background plate
A plate set behind the light units of a signal to

improve the visibility.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
backlocking
Prevention of completion of a lever stroke to

the fully normal position until the conditions
required by the interlocking are satisfied. Also
see check locking.

2004.
backup coupling device
A secondary coupling device, which is in

addition to the normal coupling system, for
preventing the separation of two coupled
vehicles whilst in traffic.
AS7524.4
balance speed
See 'cant' for description of 'balance speed'.
AS7509
balise
A track mounted spot transmission unit that

uses transponder technology. Its function is to
transmit/receive messages to/from the train
passing overhead. Also see transponder.

2004.
ballast
Stone or aggregate material spread on the

ground for the purpose of holding the track in
RailCorp ESG 007 line laterally and longitudinally and also to
Glossary of Signalling Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
provide drainage. ballast depth: Distance from
the formation to the base of the sleeper
measured below the lowest rail seat. For steel
sleepers the base of the sleeper is considered to
be the sleeper toe. ballast resistance: The
resistance offered by the ballast, sleepers, etc.,
to the flow of leakage current from one rail of a
track circuit to the other. ballast shoulder: The
ballast each side of the railway track. ballast
shoulder height: Height of the shoulder ballast
above the sleeper base as measured at the end
of the sleeper. ballast shoulder width: Width of
the shoulder ballast as measured from the
sleeper end.
balloon loop
A circular portion of line that allows trains to

reverse their direction of travel.

March 2009.
bank engine or
banklocomotive
An additional locomotive provided at the rear

of a train to assist it up a steep hill.

banner repeating signal
A signal that provides the driver with

preliminary information about whether a signal
is on or off, usually provided where sighting of
that signal is inadequate.

2004.
banner signal
A type of semaphore signal with a small

semaphore arm enclosed behind glass, which
gives its indication by horizontal or inclined
positions of the arm which is illuminated a
night.

barrack working
A train crew undertaking a journey from their

home depot to another location, booking off
duty and staying at a barrack for a minimum
period as required, and return to their home
depot. In any leg of these journeys the crew
could either be working a train or travelling
passenger.

base ride acceleration
Measurement of the vertical and lateral

acceleration of the body of a rail vehicle under
specific test conditions to assess its ride
performance. Used to quantitatively assess the
ride offered by the vehicle for comparison
against dynamic performance requirements.
AS7509
baulk
A device placed across the rails and anchored
12
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
to the track to stop vehicles should they begin

to roll away.
beacon
See transponder.

bearer
A type of sleeper used under points and

crossing track structures. Bearers are generally
larger in dimension than standard sleepers to
provide support for both tracks as well as the
increased loading experienced under such track
structures.

Terminology'.
bed of sleepers
All the sleepers that are stressed and cast

together in one concreting operation, and then
cured in the same batch.

bell continuity test
This is the process whereby the wiring is

checked to see that it is in conformity with the
wiring diagrams and that all wires are
continuous from termination point to
termination point. This test is generally carried
out simultaneously with a wire count and
insulation test.

bellows
The weather proof and self-supporting

gangway and covering provided between
adjoining passenger vehicles to allow
passengers to walk from one vehicle in a train
to another.
AS7522
berth
A small sitting and/or sleeping compartment.
AS7522
berth track (or

berth track circuit)
The track circuit immediately on the approach

side of a signal.

Terms, Ver. 1, 2008 and UK Railway Group
Guidance Note GK/GN0802 Glossary of
Signalling Terms, Issue One, April 2004.
biased relay
A relay which will operate to its energised

position by current of one polarity only, and
will return to its de-energised position when
current is removed.

bi-directional
Allowing for normal travel in either direction

according to the infrastructure and system of
Safeworking in use. bi-directional line: A line
on which the signalling permits trains to be
signalled normally in either direction. bidirectional track: Track which is signalled for
trains to run in either direction. bi-directional
signalling: Signalling which permits trains to
be signalled normally in either direction on a
running line. bi-directional working: Operation
of a line where the flow of traffic can be
authorised to move in either direction.

March 2009. UK Railway Group Guidance
Note GK/GN0802 Glossary of Signalling Terms,
Issue One, April 2004.
bifurcated contact
Contact which splits into two near the contact

end, to provide two co-acting but independent
contact actions for increased contact reliability.

blade
Alternative term for 'point blade'.

blinder
A plate that covers a backlight to enable the

signaller to see that a semaphore signal has
correctly cleared to the off position.

2004.
block
line: A portion of line with defined limits

between which only one rail traffic movement
is permitted at any one time; or wagons: A
group of continuous wagons going to the same
destination; or track: A cast or fabricated
spacer separating two rails or a rail and a check
rail.
13
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
block bell
A single stroke bell for communicating

between control points by means of a code of
audible signals.

2004.
block indicator
The part of the block instrument that provides

the signaller with a continuous visual indication Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
of the state of a line within a block section.
2004 and RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of
Signalling Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
block instrument
The equipment in a signal box for the operation

and indication of block signalling. The
instruments are fitted with visual indicators
which act as a reminder to the signaller as to
the state of that block telegraph section. The
block indicator in these block instruments
shows line closed, line clear, train on line
and train arrived.

block joint
See insulated rail joint.

2004.
block location
A defined location that separates block

sections.

block point
A place where trains are not able to cross or

pass but is available for the purpose of
reporting or obtaining an authority.

Terminology'.
block post
A temporary block location. or A signal box at

one end of a block section in block signalling.

Railway Terminology' and UK Railway Group
block proving
Block interlocking which prevents the sending

of a section clear indication for a train to the
rear box, until the signals covering the block
section entered by the train have been replaced
to danger and locked in this position

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
block section
See 'block' (line).

block shelf
A shelf provided above the lever frame to hold

equipment associated with control of the line,
for example block Instruments, Indicators and
other ancillary signalling equipment.

2004.
block signal
A stop signal that controls the entrance to, or

signifies the termination of, a block or signal
section.

2004.
block skip
See joint hopping.

2004.
block station
The station at either end of a block section at

which equipment is provided to control the
movements of trains, and maybe attended or
unattended.
PTA Network Rules Document 9100-000- 005

Version 01/07/2001.
block switch
A switch located in a signal box by means of

which the signalling block circuits to the signal
boxes on either side may be connected
together, enabling the signal box in which the
switch has been so operated to close.

2004.
block telegraph system
A system of safeworking used on double lines,

usually in non track-circuited areas. Each
interlocking is equipped with a block
instrument(s). The instruments are electrically
interconnected between interlockings to allow
signallers to transmit train working signals to
each other and to indicate the condition of the
section. Under normal conditions, the authority

14
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
for a train to occupy a section between

interlockings is the clearing of the starting or
home/starting signal.
block telegraph territory The portions of line where the block telegraph
system of safeworking is used.
RIC Rule Book Ver 1.0.
block working
See manual block working.

March 2009.
blockage of tracks
A procedure to prevent the movement of

electric trains, or all trains, into a section of
track.
WAGR Safety Instructions for the Electrified

Area, doc 8100-800-016 rev 2.01.
blockage of tracks
See 'blocking facility'.
blocking
A means to prevent clearance of a signal when RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
it is desired to inhibit entry of a train movement Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
into the block section governed by the signal.
blocking back
Term used in absolute block and electric token

block, when a train or shunting movement is to
be allowed to occupy the line within the
clearing point or on the approach to the home
signal.
blocking facility
A facility or device used by a competent

worker to prevent either the unintended issue of March 2009.
an occupancy authority, or the operation of
points or signalling equipment.
boarding device
This includes ramps, on-board lifts mounted on AS7522

rolling stock and on the platform.
bogie
A structure incorporating suspension elements

and fitted with wheels and axles, used to
support rail vehicles at or near the ends and
capable of rotation in the horizontal plane. It
may have one, two or more axle sets, and may
be the common support of adjacent units of an
articulated vehicle. (The bogie is commonly
referred to as a 'truck' in AAR terminology.)

Terminology'.
bogieidentification code
A four letter group indicating ownership, bogie

type and axle load.

bogieidentification
number
Each bogie is allocated a number comprising 5

digits in the range of 1 to 99999.

bogie side L/V
Total sum of the lateral forces between the

wheels and the rails on one side of a bogie
divided by the total sum of the vertical forces
on the same wheels of the bogie.
AS7508 AS7509
bogie structures
This includes the bogie frame, axleboxes, and

other structural bogie components. Structural
bogie components includes but is not limited to
the following items and their associated
bracketry: bolsters, spring planks, swing links,
control rods, frame adaptors, equaliser beams,
brake beams, air springs, anti-roll bars and
links, vertical dampers, lateral dampers, yaw
dampers, traction rods, torque motor reaction
links.
AS7519
bolt lock
A metal bar or plunger, combined with a crossslide and arranged in such a manner as to
prevent movement of the cross-slide when the
plunger is inserted.

bolted rail track
Track in which rail lengths are joined with

bolted mechanical joints, as opposed to welded
track. Also known as 'jointed track'.

bond
An electrical conductor complete with

terminations which connects together items of
equipment.

15

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
bond plug
The bullet-shaped piece of steel which is used

to secure a plug bond.

bond reference
A number allocated by customs which allows a

particular consignment to travel on a service
prior to customs inspection.
Pacific National Corporate Directory (02/02/04).
bond wire
Solid or stranded wire which is welded or

pinned with channel pins around rail joints to
provide reliable electrical conductivity.

bonded joints
Metallic connections at rail joints to provide a

continuous metallic path for the passage of
electric currents from one rail to the other.

bootleg
A protection for track circuit wires where the

wires leave the conduit or ground near the rail.
Generally a termination point between wires
that connect to the rails and the corresponding
cable leads that go to the trackside equipment
location. Also known as bootleg riser or pot
head.

bottom lift
A container which must be lifted from pockets

in its base using special container grabs.

bounce
The vertical displacement of the vehicle body

relative to the rails that may be expected to
occur in response to track irregularities.
AS7507
box
Alternative name for 'container'.

box car (or box wagon)
A fully enclosed vehicle with floor, side walls,

end walls and roof, having one or more doors
in each side.
boxing up
The process of filling the track with ballast to

the specified ballast profile including the
shoulder.

brace
See rail brace.

brake
A system fitted to rollingstock to decelerate,

stop and inhibit further movement. Usually
achieved by means of compressed air, by
Terminology'.
rheostatic braking on wheelsets with electric
traction motors or manually through
mechanical means for handbrakes. brake
block orbrake shoe: The friction block (usually
cast iron) that is placed onto the wheel rim via
a series of rods and levers to slow the rolling
stock down by the use of friction when the
brakes are applied. brake cylinder: A steel
cylinder attached to the body frame or bogie
frame of rolling stock containing a piston
which is forced outwards by compressed air to
apply the brakes. When the air pressure is
released, the piston is returned to the normal
position by a release spring coiled about the
piston inside the cylinder. brake head: A
casting attached to a brake beam which carries
the detachable brake shoe. brake pipe: The pipe
connecting the brake pipe to the air brake
equipment on rollingstock. brake rigging: The
term applied to the entire system of levers,
rods, fulcrums, brake beams and associated
connections that serve to multiply the force
created by the air pressure in the brake cylinder
and transmit it to the brake shoes.
brake delay time
The time which elapses after a brake

application is initiated until the train brakes
16

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
start to apply.
braking curves
Plots of speed against distance for the braking

performance of particular trains from various
speeds over various gradients.

2004.
braking distance
For a nominated portion of railway the

maximum distance which any train operating
on such portion of railway at its maximum
authorised speed, will travel during a full
service application of the brakes, between the
point where such application is initiated and the
point where the train comes to a
stop. emergency braking distance: The distance
in which a train is capable of stopping in an
emergency. Dependent upon train speed, train
type, braking characteristics, train weight
and/or gradient. service braking distance:The
distance in which a train is capable of stopping,
from a given speed, at such a deceleration for a
passenger train that the passengers do not
suffer discomfort or alarm, or at an equivalent
deceleration in the case of nonpassenger trains.

UK Railway Group
Signalling Terms, Issue One, April 2004. UK
Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
2004.
branch line
A railway line that runs off a main line and

generally carries less trains.

branch pipe
The pipe connecting the brake pipe to the air

brake equipment on rolling stock.

broad gauge (track)
Track gauge of 1600 mm (5' 3").

broken rail
A square or angular sudden rupture, transverse

separation of the head, web and foot of the rail.
This type of failure usually occurs in very cold
weather and is often caused by concentrated
loadings (overstressing) from rollingstock or
track maintenance operations.

Terminology'.
broken rail detection
The detection of broken rails, usually through

failure of track circuits which use the rails as
conductors.

buckle (track)
A substantial displacement of track from its

original design alignment caused by
longitudinal thermal stresses overcoming the
lateral resistance of the track.

buffer
A cushioning device mounted on the extreme

ends of rolling stock to absorb shocks arising
during coupling and motion.
AS7524
buffer lock
Entanglement of the buffers of adjacent rolling

stock whilst traversing curves.
AS7524
buffer section
A buffer section consists of isolated and

earthed subsection/s which provide electrical
separation between energised and isolated
overhead line equipment on which maintenance
or repair work is to be carried out. The use of
buffer sections is one of the methods used to
prevent raised pantographs from energising
isolated sections where workers are working on
the overhead line equipment.
buffer stop
A structure erected across and at the end of a

track at main line terminals or dead end sidings
which is intended to stop rolling stock.

buffer stop lights
Red or white lights (usually two, one above the

other) mounted on the buffer stop or at the start
of the sand drag.

2004.
bulk freight
Comprises commodities such as coal, iron ore,
17
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
other minerals or grain.
A wall and floor of concrete or other approved

impervious material, which may form part or
the entire perimeter of a compound and is
designed to prevent the escape of any material
stored within it.

cab display unit (CDU)
A device for use in the driving cabs that

enables the user to receive and return coded
electronic tokens, and to display electronic
Tokens issued to it. The CDU may be
transportable.

2004.
cab secure radio (CSR)
A secure radio communication system between

driver and signaller.

2004.
cab signal
A display in the driving cab of a train, showing

permissible speed or extent of movement
authority, instead of or supplementing lineside
signals.

2004.
cable
An insulated electrical conductor, or group of

conductors separately insulated and contained
within the one insulating sheath.

cable joint
The electrical in-line connection of the

conductors of two lengths of cable and the
insulation and sealing of those connections.

cable pit
A partially buried chamber through which

underground cables run and are accessible at
that point. Frequently installed to facilitate the
pulling of cables through underground
conduits.

cable route
The route and its method of construction for

cables running between equipment locations
(main cables) or between equipment locations
and trackside equipment (tail cables, local
cables).

cable troughing
Lidded ducting for housing cable runs in

surface cable routes, e.g. ground level
troughing GLT or troughing elevated on posts
(pegline).

cabotage
The carriage of a container from a surplus area CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
to an area specified by the owner of that
container, in exchange for which and during the
operator can use the container.
cadweld
Commercial brand of copper aluminothermic

weld commonly used for joining copper cables
to rail, other cables or other steel structure.

call-by
The authority given by a signaller to a driver to

pass a signal at danger.

2004.
calling on signal
Subsidiary signal fixed under the accept/home,

home or home/starting signal for the route
concerned and when showing a proceed
indication authorises the driver to proceed
under control into a section of line which may
be obstructed at any point.

call-on (route class)
A route that is provided to permit a train

movement into a section known to be occupied. Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
2004.
cancel
To withdraw permission for, or to end

previously authorised activities, such as
bund
18

March 2009.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
proceed authorities or work on track

authorities, without completing them. (Written
authorities have the word CANCELLED
written diagonally across them, between two
parallel lines).
cancellingindicator
(AWS)
A lineside sign which denotes that an AWS

warning does not apply to trains in that
direction.
cane railway network
A railway system dedicated to hauling

harvested sugar cane from farms to a raw sugar
factory. Typically 610 mm gauge.
cant
The height difference, at a common location,

AS7509
between the running surface of both rails. Also
known as 'superelevation' or 'cross level'. On
curves in main line track it is usual to incline
the track such that the outer rail in the curve is
higher than the inside rail. The amount of
inclination applied to the track is defined by the
difference in height between the inner and
outer rail, and this height difference is the 'cant'
of the curve, often referred to the 'applied cant'.
The purpose of the applied cant is to allow train
to negotiate the curve at higher speeds whilst
reducing the risk of rollover and reducing
discomfort to passengers. In a similar fashion
to a motorcyclist leaning into a curve, the
inward applied cant of the track counteracts
the outward centrifugal force on the train.
The amount of applied cant to the track is a
compromise. A train travelling at the permitted
line speed would benefit from a higher amount
of applied cant to counteract its higher
centrifugal force as a result of its higher speed.
However, a train that is slow moving, or even
stopped, on the curve requires little applied
cant. Therefore, the amount of applied cant on
a curve is usually between these two
requirements. Therefore: 1. A train
travelling at an intermediate speed such that the
outward centrifugal force is exactly balanced
by the effect of the inward applied cant is said
to be at 'balance speed' or 'equilibrium cant'. In
this situation there is no net lateral force on the
train as the forces inwards and outwards on the
curve are balanced. 2. A train travelling at
line speed such that the outward centrifugal
force is greater than the effect of the inward
applied cant is said to be at 'cant deficiency'. In
this situation there is a net lateral force on the
train towards the outside of the curve. 3. A
train travelling slowly or stopped such that the
outward centrifugal force is less the effect of
the inward applied cant is said to be at 'cant
excess'. In this situation there is a net lateral
force on the train towards the inside of the
curve. Note that the term 'cant imbalance'
indicates a net lateral force on the train that
could be towards the outside of the curve ('cant
deficiency') or towards the inside of the curve
('cant excess'). Generally, the term 'cant' or
'superelevation' is used for intended height
difference in the rails (i.e. where the track is
inclined in a curve), and the term 'cross-level' is
used for unintended height difference (i.e. due
19

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
to track irregularity).
cant ramp
A transition in applied cant to the track, usually AS7509

at the entry or exit to a curve, which by design
varies from a maximum value to zero, or vice
versa, over a prescribed length of track.
cantilever
A structure that incorporates an overhang, to

position a signal head for signal sighting
purposes.

2004.
cantrail
Main longitudinal structural member of vehicle

roof which forms the extreme edges of the
frame.
AS7520
car
Alternative (US) term for vehicle or wagon.
carbon silver contact
Contact surfaces composed of silver

impregnated carbon to prevent contact surfaces
fusing together; this is considered to be a risk
with using metal to metal contacts in signalling
circuits, particularly front contacts of devices
with gravity drop away.

card
Identifies a wagon with a mechanical defect.

Also see defect card.

carriage
A passenger carrying vehicle unit.

catch handle
A handle on a mechanical lever attached to a

latch which holds the lever in a specific
position within the lever frame. Also reffered to 2004.
as catch-rod handle.
catch points
A set of points designed to prevent

unauthorised access to a section of track by
prior intentional derailment of vehicle.
COP DIRN Volume 2 Glossary July 2006

version revised by Worley Parsons and advised to
ITPL by email from RISSB 2nd Feb 09.
catch rod
A rod connected to the catch handle of a

mechanical lever which engages, directly or
through the means of a catch block, with the
quadrant of the interlocking frame, to hold the
lever in the desired position.

category A incidents
These constitute the minimum standard

requirements for incidents and accidents to be
recorded by the owner or operator, or both, for
major incidents and accidents resulting in
serious injury, death or significant damage.

category B incidents
This set of incident types are mainly minor

accidents or occurrences which constitute a
breakdown in normal safety to be recorded by
the owner or operator to enable satisfactory
monitoring and analysis of safety related
occurrences.

catenary wire
In overhead electrification, the uppermost of

the two overhead wires mounted above the
track and supporting the contact wire.

caution (aspect)
An aspect which advises the driver that the next UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
signal may be at danger, requiring the train to
stop. It is indicated by a single yellow (aspect) 2004.
or a semaphore distant arm horizontal.
caution board
A temporary speed board with the word

CAUTION and a speed plate attached to warn
drivers of the speed at which trains are to travel
over the next portion of the line which may be
unsafe at normal speed.
caution fixed signal
An indication provided by a fixed signal. The

next fixed signal may be at STOP .

caution handsignal
A handsignal given to indicate the need for rail
RIC Rule Book Ver. 1.0.
20
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
traffic to proceed but being prepared to stop.

CBI
Abbreviated term for computer based

interlocking.
CCTV
Abbreviated term for closed circuit television. UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
2004.
CDU
Abbreviated term for 'cab display unit'.
CEMS
Abbreviation for 'Crash Energy Management

System'. A system integrated into a vehicle
body design for controlling the energy
absorbed, deceleration and structural
deformation during crashes, in particular
collisions.
centralised traffic
control (CTC)
A system of remotely controlling the points and PTA Network Rules Doc. 9100-000-005 Ver.
signals at a number of interlocked stations,
01/07/2001.
junctions and crossing loops in automatic
signalling areas, from a centralised conrol
room or signal box.
centre throw
The curve throw of the vehicle body towards

the inside of a horizontal curve at the vehicle
centre. The body centre is the position of
maximum inwards curve throw for a
symmetrical vehicle.
AS7507
centre-fed track circuit
A track circuit wherein the current is supplied

at or near the centre with relays at each end.

certification
The process by which an independent

AS7501
competent person certifies the compliance for a
class of rolling stock with the AS7500 series of
Australian standards.
certify
Either: 1. To classify a worker as competent;

or 2. To classify infrastructure or rolling stock
as fit for purpose.

March 2009.
cess
The area from the edge of the ballast profile to

either the edge of the embankment or the toe of
the cutting. cess drain: refers to the surface
drain provided outside the sleepers to drain
water from the ballast.
RailCorp Track Fundamentals TMC202 ver. 2.0

2007. 1st public consultation suggestion.
CFR
Abbreviated term for the US 'Code of Federal

Regulations'.
RISSB Rollingstock Standards Glossary 3 Dec 08
chair
A rail base plate fixed to the sleeper that

provides vertical support to the rail.
channel pin
Grooved, tapered steel pin which is used to

secure a bond wire to form a reliable
connection between the rail and bond wire. It is
driven into the hole in the web of the rail
alongside the bond wire.
check locking
An arrangement to prevent the full stroke of a

lever in a lever frame until such time as the
apparatus controlled by that lever has
completed its movement. Also see
backlocking.

2004.
check rail
Rails placed in track inside the running rail at

particular locations which comes into contact
with the back of the wheel flange to guide
wheels through points and crossings, on curves
and through flangeway gaps in streets.
AS 4292.2-2006 (but re-worded)
checking circuit
Group of circuits used for the operation of

checking apparatus.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
21

2004.
AS7520
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
chock block
See 'derailer'.

chopper coupling
A coupling system between rolling stock which AS7524

consists of a central buffer with a mechanical
hook that drops into a slot in the central buffer.
chromaticity (signal
lenses)
Colour quality expressed numerically.
chromaticity coordinates
Two numbers that fix the position of a point on RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
a colour diagram in order to numerically and
graphically represent the colour of a lens or
light source. The numbers represent the
proportions of two of three primary colours in a
mixture that matches the colour specified.
These proportions are expressed in terms of the
co-ordinates x, y in the CIE colorimetric
system (AS 2633).
circuit
An arrangement of conductors and electrical

apparatus connected to a source of electricity
supply. Also see open circuit.
WAGR Safety Instructions for the Electrified

Area, doc 8100-800-016 rev 2.01 and QR Safety
Electrification Safety Manual V1.0.
circuit breaker
A switch suitable for opening a circuit

automatically as a result of predetermined
conditions, such as those of overcurrent or
undervoltage or by some form of external
control.
QR Safety Electrification Safety Manual V1.0.
circuit controller
A device for opening and closing electric

circuits.

circuit function test to

wiring diagram
This is the energisation of each circuit, or part

of a circuit, and verifying by operation or
disconnection that each and every control
device, fuse and link is effective in controlling
the circuit function in accordance with the
circuit diagram. The specific contacts on
control devices such as relays are not verified.

circuit strap and

function test to wiring
diagram
This is a more in-depth circuit function test. It

is the energisation of each circuit, or part of
circuit, and verifying by operation or
disconnection that each and every control
contact, fuse and link is effective in controlling
the circuit function in accordance with the
circuit diagram. As each control contact is
operated to open the circuit, a strap is applied
across the contact and re-energisation of the
circuit is verified by observation of the
voltmeter and circuit function.

civil infrastructure
General term for all the fixed structures

required for a railway line, i.e. the track and its
foundations, bridges, drains, signals and
overhead electrification. Note: Definition in
AS4292 excludes track, but ANRP includes
track, so be careful with use. AS4292: Track
formation and drainage (but excluding track),
fixed structures beside, over or under the track
or otherwise associated with the railway,
including supports for overhead electrical
traction equipment, supports for signalling and
telecommunications equipment but excluding
those equipments. ANRP: The track, track
formation and drainage, and fixed structures
beside, over or under the track. The term
includes supports for overhead electric traction
equipment and supports for signalling and
telecommunications equipment, but not the
AS 4292.1-2006
RISSB ANRP Glossary
Stage 1 Version 1.0 3 March 2009.
22

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
equipment itself.
clamp lock point
A type of point operating mechanism which

clamps the point switch to the stock rail. It
provides direct switch to stockrail facing point
locking through a vertically operating clamp
arm and includes in-built point switch and lock
detection and is hydraulically powered.

class
A class of rolling stock is a group of vehicles

built to the same design.
AS7501
claw lock point
A point operating mechanism which provides

direct switch to stockrail facing point locking
through a horizontally operating claw arm
which requires external point switch and lock
detection and is powered by a purpose built
electric point machine or electro-pneumatic
(EP) motor.

clear
A proceed indication displayed by a signal.

The highest (least restrictive) proceed
indication displayed by an upper quadrant
semaphore signal. In reference to a track
circuit or block section or signal route, the
absence of a train.

clearance bar
A bar fixed alongside the rail and terminating

at the clearing point of two converging lines.
The clearance bar is interlocked with the points
in such a manner that they cannot be moved
while a train is passing over or standing on the
bar.

clearance board
A board at the end of a temporary speed board

zone with the word CLEARANCE to indicate
to drivers that normal track speed can be
resumed.

clearancehandsignaller
A handsignaller at a clearance location, who

reports the clearance of rail traffic past that
location

March 2009.
clearance lines
The lines painted on the roadway to delineate

the safe clearance between trams and other
road vehicles.

clearance location
A location that, once clear of rail traffic, allows

a following movement. clearance post: A white
post approximately 150 mm above rail level
which shows the clearance point of two
converging lines. Where necessary a white
light is displayed on the clearance post during
dark.

March 2009. RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of
Signalling Terms, Ver. 1, 2008 and RIC Rule
Book ver. 1.0.
clearance point
The nominated point where rail vehicles or

trains are deemed clear of others at converging
points or other locations.

clearing control
A control used on some block telegraph

sections. On sections where clearing control is
in operation, it prevents the block instrument at
B from giving train arrived until the train has
arrived complete within the home signal at B.

clearing point
The point in block signalling beyond the home

signal up to which the line must be clear before
a signalled running Movement can approach
the home Signal.

2004.
clip
Resilient rail fastening.

close up signal
A subsidiary signal fixed on the post of a signal RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
and indicating, when cleared, that the line
23
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
ahead is clear to the next stop signal only.

closed circuit television
(CCTV)
Equipment that is used for remote monitoring

and supervisory purposes, usually at a station
platform or level crossing.
closelyapproaching
Going towards a location at a speed such that

the train crews could not be expected to react in March 2009.
sufficient time to stop.
closing keys
Interlocking keys with bow handles for

securing frames at stations and other places
when closed.
closing lever
A lever, in an interlocking machine, which,

when operated to reverse, will cause the signals Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
on the main line through routes to either
operate automatically or remain in the clear
position.
closing-up signal
A signal that is provided to optimise headways

and/or to provide earlier clearance of junctions
on the approach to stations. It may or may not
form part of the normal aspect sequence.

2004.
closure list
Final index of design details issued to the

tester-in-charge by the design organisation.

2004.
closure rail
A rail located between switch and crossing

components, cut to a length to fit the
requirements of the turnout.

2004.
co-acting signal
An additional signal that is provided in

exceptional situations for sighting reasons. It is
located in the same transverse plane as the
primary signal and displays identical main
aspects.

2004.
co-axial cable
An insulated conductor within a conductive

sleeve covered by an insulating sheath. The
conductor and sleeve form the two conductors
of the one circuit.

coded track circuit
Impulse current track circuit in which the

number, frequency, polarity or duration of the
impulses or several of these characteristics at a
time are utilised in order to permit selection of
action on several receiving apparatus units,
specially adjusted for these and connected to
the same track circuit.

COFC
An abbreviated term for container on flat car.

Terminology'.
cold standby
Form of redundancy in which the secondary

equipment is normally powered down, to be
switched in and begin operating and generating
output after a failure of the primary equipment.
Results in a loss of system function while the
secondary equipment powers up and reaches
operational status.

collar
A facility that prevents the signaller from

operating an item of signalling infrastructure.
Either a physical item preventing the pulling of 2004.
a lever or operation of a button, or an electronic
equivalent indicated on the signallers
workstation. The formal term for collar is
reminder appliance.
collision
A collision between trains, other rolling stock

vehicles or obstructions on main running lines.

colour light signal
A fixed signal which uses coloured electric
24

2004.

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
lights to give the signal indications during both

daylight and dark.

2004.
combiner
Apparatus which, in certain route lever boxes,

allows each route lever to operate controls of
the various apparatus for that route

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
commission
To formally place into active service or use.

March 2009.
common rail
The rail of a single rail track circuit that is

electrically common to one or more adjacent
track circuits or forms the traction return path.
In non-electrified areas the common rail is
bonded with track circuit bonding. In
electrified areas the common rail is known as
the traction return rail and carries the traction
return current. It is therefore bonded with
traction return bonding.

2004.
common return circuit
A term applied where one wire is used for the

return of more than one electric circuit.

communication device
Any device that allows workers to

communicate.

March 2009.
compensator
An appliance with a pair of cranks so

connected as to reverse the direction of travel
in a run of iron rodding, and thereby counteract
the expansion or contraction caused by changes
of temperature.
competentworker (CW)
A worker certified as competent to carry out

the relevant task.
compound
A combination of diamond and turnouts

connecting the intersecting tracks within the
diamond. Single compounds require two sets of
points and double compounds require four sets
of points.
comprehensiveapproach
locking
Approach locking including controls that will

allow the immediate release of approach
locking if no train is approaching the signal. It
uses look back logic to ascertain the line
occupancy between a given signal at danger
and the sighting point of the signal displaying
the first caution aspect for the signal under
consideration.
computer assisted train

orders
A computer system which assists the train

controller in compiling, issuing, cancelling and Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
recording train, mishap and shunt orders and
track warrants, and provides a graphical
representation of the extent of orders and
warrants issued, location of trains and crossings
programmed.
computer based
interlocking (CBI)
A computerised software system for providing

the interlocking between points and signals.

concentrator
A facility to connect several telephone circuits

to one handset.

2004.
concreted track
Track constructed with concrete under and to

the top of the rails.

condition affecting the

network (CAN)
A situation or condition that affects or has the

potential to affect the safety of the network.

March 2009.
conditional clearance
The clearance of a train stop or signal at a

reduced overlap clearance point, conditional
upon trains approaching the train stop or signal
at a reduced speed commensurate with the
requirement of a reduced overlap distance.

25

March 2009.

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
conditional failure
Items of signalling equipment are fail safe

where they are particularly specified, designed,
manufactured, installed, inspected, tested and
maintained such that the chance of an unsafe
side failure is very low. Component parts are
robust, electrical leakage distances are long,
operating characteristics have large margins,
etc.

conditional interlocking
Interlocking between two movable parts

occasioned by the particular positions of other
parts.

conditional locking
Locking Interlocking between two signalling

functions that are dependent upon the state of
other signalling functions.

2004.
conflicting locking
Interlocking between two routes that require

one or more points set in opposite positions.
Also see direct opposing locking.

2004.
conflicting routes
Two or more routes, opposing, converging, or

intersecting, over which train movements
cannot be made simultaneously without
possibility of collision.

conformal contact
Wheel and rail profiles that have aa very

AS7508
similar shape. A measure of that closeness is
that conformal contact should have a maximum
gap of 0.1mm between the undeformed shapes
of the wheel and rail profiles at the gauge
corner.
connecting rod
The rod connecting the spreader bar to the

point lever or other operating mechanism.
PTC Infrastructure Standard NG-TESTD- 2101

ver. 1.0.
consist
Listed order of the vehicles arranged to make

up a complete train.

constant contact side

bearers (CCSB)
Type of side bearer in which they are sprung

and in constant contact with the underside of
the wagon body, as opposed to a sidebearer is
solid and has an air gap.

Railway Terminology'. (but re-worded).
constrained curving
A description related to curving performance of AS7508 (but re-worded)

a rail vehicle. A condition where, as well as the
leading wheelset of a bogie or rigid vehicle
wheelbase being in flange contact with the
outer rail of a curve, the trailing wheelset of the
bogie or rigid vehicle wheelbase is also in
flange contact with the inner rail of the curve.
construction engineer
An engineer engaged to be in charge of a track

or infrastructure work site, or section of line
upgrading program.
construction joints
A joint in a structure made for convenience of

construction. It has to be designed so that the
load-carrying capacity and serviceability of the
structure will be unimpaired by inclusion of the
joint.
contact
A pair of conducting pieces which co-act to

open or close an electric circuit.

contactadjustment
Adjustment of the operating linkages, cams,

armature, or the position of the contact pieces,
to open and close the contact as required in
relation to the operating mechanism.

contact gap
Distance between parts of a contact when open. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
contact proving test
This is an apparatus inspection and apparatus

function test to prove that equipment contacts
26
PTA Network Rules Doc. 9100-000-005 Ver.

01/07/2001.

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
are the correct type, are correctly adjusted and

electrically open and close when the equipment
is operated.
contact resistance
The electrical resistance produced by the

contact of two conductive surfaces.

contact wipe
A wiping action as contact surfaces initially

come together and compress, to provide a
reliable, low resistance electrical contact.

contact wire
A bare solid conductor being the lowest of the CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
two overhead wires mounted directly above the Railway Terminology'.
track centreline. The pantographs of electric
trains press against the underside of this wire
and collect the current required by the train.
contactor
An electromagnetic device, usually a solenoid

with tractive armature, which operates heavy
duty contacts for controlling high current
electrical circuits.

container
An independent unit either open or fully

enclosed designed for intermodal transport of
commodities. Intermodal containers are
designed with standard corner fittings for
positive securing to rail vehicles, road trucks
and sea vessels. container flat
wagon orcontainer flat car: A flat wagon
specially equipped with approved securing
devices for the transport of freight containers.
The wagon may have a full width deck, with
or without apertures, or be of skeletal
construction. container well
wagon or container well car: A well wagon
specially equipped with approved securing
devices for the transport of freight containers.

contenary wire
A bare solid conductor (contact wire) installed

in lieu of catenary wires at stations, under
bridges and at level crossings.

continuity jumper
See 'jumper'.

continuity test
This is the process whereby the wiring is

checked to see that it is in conformity with the
wiring diagrams and that all wires are
continuous from termination point to
termination point. This test is generally carried
out simultaneously with a wire count and
insulation test.

continuous welded rail

(CWR)
Track where the rail is joined by welding (and

other non-moveable joints such as glued
insulated joints) in lengths greater than 300
metres.

Terminology'.
contraction
The shortening of rails under the influence of

falling temperatures.

contractor
Contracting companies, sub-contractors and

rail safety workers working for either of these.
AS 4292.1-2006
contraflexure turnout
A turnout on a curve where the direction of the

turnout diverging move is opposite to the
curve.

control
Operation effecting the working of a function

from a distance. By extension, the whole of the
gear which effect s its working.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
control area
The area of the railway controlled or

supervised by a particular signal box or control
centre, as defined by the signalling plan.

2004.
27
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
control centre
A signal box covering a large area, usually

incorporating other operational functions.

2004.
control circuit
Group of circuits used in electric control.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
control device
A lever, switch, signalling panel button, VDU

monitor target etc which is operated by the
signaller to set points and routes, clear and
replace signals and operate other signalling
functions.

2004.
control indicator
An indicator on the track indicator diagram in

signal boxes worked under the track block
system. When the signaller at B reverses the
accepting lever, the control indicator at A
displays a white light indicating that the section
from A to the clearing point at B is unoccupied
and that B has accepted the train.
control lever
Part of the control equipment which is worked

manually in order to control a function.
control panel
A panel which incorporates a layout of tracks

for the area controlled from the signal box and Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
which contains levers for the control of signals,
routes, points, releases, etc. In certain cases, the
control panel is combined into the track
indicator diagram.
control point
A signal box, including a control centre, gate

box or ground frame.

2004.
control repeater
An indicator on the track indicator diagram in

signal boxes worked under the track block
system. When the signaller at B reverses the
accepting lever, the control repeater at B will
display a green light.

control table
A part of the signalling system specification

that defines the detail of the signalling controls
for each signalling function.

2004.
controlled absolute
signal
A signal that is controlled or operated by a

network control officer or competent worker.
The signal must not be passed at stop without
authority.

March 2009.
controlled automatic
signal
See semi-automatic signal under term

automatic signal.
controlled level crossing
A level crossing with active warning operated

under supervision and interlocked with
protecting signals. It may be monitored by
closed circuit television (CCTV) where the
level crossing is out of sight of the controlling
signal box.

controlled location
A location where a network control officer

controls the signalling and safeworking
operations either on-site or remotely.

March 2009.
controlled signal
A signal that is, or may be, controlled or

operated by a network control officer or
competent worker.

March 2009.
controlled signal
blocking (CSB)
A method used by qualified workers to carry

out work on track using controlled signals set
and kept at STOP.
RIC Rule Book ver. 1.0.
controlled signal
working automatically
A control function that enables a controlled

signal to work automatically. Also see

28

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
automatic reclearing.
2004.
conventional wheelset
A wheelset having two wheels interference

fitted to the axle and two outboard bearings.
AS7514 AS7515 AS7517
converging
(Lines) meeting and joining to become one

line.

March 2009.
converse locking
The provision of locking between functions to

ensure that conditions cannot be broken down,
that is if 1 locks 2, then 2 must lock 1. This
form of locking is provided automatically by
mechanical interlocking. Also known as
reciprocal locking.

2004.
convoy
A group of track vehicles not coupled but

travelling closely together under a single
occupancy authority.

March 2009.
correlation
The comparison of the configuration and

version status of a system with the design
records to ensure that the two are in agreement.

2004.
correspondence
The agreement of the Interlocking with the

detected state of a signalling function.

2004.
correspondenceproving
Checking which ascertains that an apparatus is

in the position corresponding to its controlling
lever or switch.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
correspondence test
This is a through test to verify that a function is RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
in correspondence with its respective
controlling equipment and/or indicating
equipment. It includes an out of
correspondence test to prove that if the function
does not fully respond this is detected.
corridor
The term corridor refers to capital city to

capital city legs. For example, Perth Sydney
freight travels on the Adelaide-Perth corridor
and the Sydney-Adelaide corridor. This is the
preferred term to the traditional Up and
Down trains used by state-based systems.

counter conditional
locking
Interlocking which prevents a condition (upon

which other interlocking is dependent) from
being destroyed.

2004.
counting head
Wheel presence detection equipment that is

fixed to the rail. Each counting head assembly
consists of two counting heads and determines
the number and direction of axles passing it.

2004.
coupler
The mechanism for joining two rail vehicles

AS7524 AS7531
together. coupler carrier: The horizontal
bracket on the headstock of the rolling stock
which supports the coupler shank. coupler head
shelf: A horizontal ledge which is part of the
coupler head which limits the relative vertical
movement between the couplers. coupler
height: The height measured from the top of
rail to the centre of the knuckle of an automatic
coupler or to the horizontal centre line of the
shank of a drawbar. coupler lighting: Lighting
of inter-vehicle coupling equipment.
cow catcher
An extension of vehicle body underneath the

AS7507 AS7520
headstock at a cab end to deflect large obstacles
from the track. Also known as an 'obstacle
deflector' or 'pilot'.
crank
A lever, the arms of which forms an angle,

which pivots around an axis and is used to
transmit motion from one rod to another rod.
29

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
crank handle
A portable handle for insertion in point

machines to enable them to be operated
manually.

creep (rail)
The permanent or progressive longitudinal

movement of rails in track caused by expansion Railway Terminology'. 1st public consultation
or contraction of the rail or the action of traffic. suggestion.
creep monument: A permanent monument
located at the side of the track (i.e. in the cess
or the six foot) to facilitate the accurate
measurement of rail creep. Measurements are
taken between a marker on the monument and
punch marks made on the side of the rail head.
creep signals
Alternative term for loading / unloading

indicators.

2004.
crib crossing
A crossing of tracks with fencing arranged to

orientate pedestrians to look in both directions
before crossing the tracks. These crossings are
usually only provided with passive protection.

critical design stress
In structural design, it is usually taken as either

the yield stress, 80% of the ultimate stress or
the critical buckling stress whichever is less.
AS7520
critical speed
The lowest speed at which hunting is

demonstrated. Can also be used to describe
speed at which a resonant response occurs with
cyclic track irregularities.
AS7509
cross
The passing of two trains travelling in opposite

directions at crossing loops on a single track.

cross bond
A jumper cable cross-connecting the common

rails or centre points of Impedance bonds of
parallel tracks to form a mesh of alternate paths 2004.
for traction return current.
cross level
The difference in level of the two rails in a

AS 4292.2-2006, COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary'
track. Also known as 'superelevation' or 'cant'.
Generally, the term cant or superelevation is
used for intended height difference in the rails
(i.e. where the track is inclined in a curve), and
the term cross-level is used for unintended
height difference (i.e. due to track
irregularity). cross level variation: Can mean
either: 1. The variation of the actual crosslevel at one track position from the design
cross- level at that position; or 2. The variation
in actual cross-level at two longitudinally
separated positions along the track in order to
determine track twist.
cross-arm
A timber arm, usually fastened at right angles

to an electrical service pole, designed to carry
the pins and insulators to which aerial line
wires may be attached. The line wires are
conductors for an electrical circuit e.g.
signalling circuit, telecommunications circuit.
crossing
A track component that enables a wheel

travelling along one rail to pass through the rail Railway Terminology'.
of a track which crosses its path. The most
common types are "V" and "K". Sometimes
called the frog. crossing angle: The angle of
approach between the two roads of a turnout or
diamond crossing. built-up crossing, or welded
crossing: A crossing utilising a hardened,
machined block in the wheel transfer area.
Extension wing and running rails are welded to
30

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
the machined block utilising specialised

techniques. fabricated crossing: A crossing
manufactured from machined and set rails
separated by blocks and suitably fastened as a
unit. K crossing: A crossingwork comprising
two opposing noses, a running wing rail and a
guard wing rail. K crossings are used in
diamond crossingwork assemblies. V crossing:
A crossing comprising a nose and two
wings. crossing number: Crossings may be
designated by a number which refers to the
cotangent of the splay angle or rate of slope
(commonly referred as angle). railway tramway
crossing: A crossingwork assembly at which
railway and tramway tracks intersect. right
angle crossing: A crossing where rails intersect
at approximately 90 degrees.
crossing loop
A length of track connected to the main line by CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
switches at both ends to provide a facility that
Railway Terminology'. (re-worded)
permits trains to both cross and pass each other.
crossingmovement
A movement which allows trains travelling in

opposite directions on single tracks to go past
each other at a station.
crossingwork
An item of trackwork such as a crossing or set CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
of points. crossingwork assembly: An assembly Railway Terminology'.
of crossingwork (e.g. points and crossings),
including lead rails, making up a complete
layout (e.g. turnout or crossover). crossingwork
layout: An assembly of crossingwork and lead
rails providing a track crossing or turning out
function.
crossover
track: A portion of line that is used to divert rail RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3
traffic from one continuing line to
March 2009. CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and
another. train crews: Crew from a pair of trains Dictionary of Railway Terminology'.
heading in opposite directions swap so that the
crews finish their shift from where they started
(generally applies to long distance rail).
CTC
Abbreviated term for 'centralised traffic

control'. A safeworking system of remotely
controlling the points and signals at a number
of locations from a centralised control room.
cubic/dense
Cubic and dense relates to the type of freight

being moved. The two form the ends of the
scale with respect to the weight to space ratio.
Freight which is heavy for the amount of space
it consumes, such as beer or pavers, is referred
to as dense. Freight that is light for the amount
of space it consumes, such as potato chips or
white goods, is referred to as cubic. Cubic
freight is generally carried in taller and longer
containers, such as 12.2m and 14.6m while
dense freight is usually carried in shorter 6.1m
containers or half height containers.

curtain side wagon or

car
A box car in which the side walls consist

entirely or predominantly of weatherproof
flexible panels.

Terminology'.
curve
A track with a continuous change in direction

of alignment by means of an arc. circular
curve: a curve of constant radius. compound
curve: A curve comprising two or more
differing radii but in the same direction. reverse
curve: A curve comprising successive and
closely spaced curves in opposite directions. It
31

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
is usual to connect reverse curves with a

straight. simple curve: A curve with single
radius connecting two straight
lengths. transition curve: A curve of uniformly
varying radii used to connect straight and
curved tracks or curves of different radii.
curve throw
The extent to which a transverse cross- section

of a vehicle is displaced inwards or outwards
from the track centreline on a horizontal curve,
or upwards and downwards on a vertical curve.
AS7507
cut section (line circuit)
The sectioning of line circuits to avoid

exceeding the maximum length allowed, for
instance, in a.c. electrified territory.

2004.
cut section (track

circuit)
A method of reducing the continuous length of

a track circuit by the use of individual track
circuits, but indicated as a single track section
on the signallers panel. Also known as multisection track circuit.

2004.
cut track (track circuit)
A track circuit which has its feed open circuited RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
by the front contacts of the next track relay
ahead so that the track circuit cannot pick up
until the next track circuit picks up.
CWR
Abbreviated term for 'continuous welded rail'.

Track where the rail is joined by welding (and
other non-moveable joints such as glued
insulated joints) in lengths greater than 300
metres.

Terminology'.
danger (aspect)
An indication given by a signal to stop.

2004.
dangerous goods
Goods that are defined as dangerous in the

Australian Dangerous Goods Code.
AS7524.2
dangerous goods licence
Required by State or Territory legislation for

the storage of dangerous goods above minor
thresholds.

dark territory
Track with signalling (automatic) that is not

indicated on any signal box diagram. An
American term for non-signalled territory.

data (signalling)
Site specific geographical and control

information in an electronic form, which may
be of safety-critical nature or otherwise.

2004.
data event logger, data

logger or data recorder
See event recorder.
DC track circuit
A track circuit with a direct current track feed.

DDA
Abbreviated term for the Australian Disability

Discrimination Act 1992.
RISSB Rollingstock Standards Glossary 25 July

07
dead end signal
Shunting signals applying to short movements

from the running line to a dead end siding or
yard.

dead locking
Locking which is not conditional on any other

control.

2004.
dead section
A section of track, either within a track circuit

or between two track circuits, the rails of which Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
are not part of a track circuit for detecting
trains.
deadman system
A vigilance system which reacts by making a
32
AS7511
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
penalty brake application, if a continuous

control input required of the driver is
interrupted or not detected. Also known as an
operator enable system or driver safety
control.
de-energisedoverhead
wiring
Disconnected from any live electrical

equipment, usually by the opening of a circuit
breaker.

de-energisedposition
The position assumed by the moving member

of an electromagnetic device when the device
is deprived of its operating current. Mostly the
moving member opens and closes electrical
contacts which are used in control and/or
indication circuits.

defect card
RED CARD - A card placed in the waybill clip CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
of a wagon to notify all concerned that that
particular vehicle is NOT fit for traffic and
must be repaired prior to returning to traffic.
GREEN CARD - A card placed in the waybill
clip of a vehicle to notify all concerned that
repairs are required on that vehicle, however
the vehicle may remain in traffic until it is
operationally practicable to effect those repairs.
degraded mode
conditions
The state of the part of the railway system

when it continues to operate in a restricted
manner due to the failure of one or more
components.

2004.
delayed action electromechanical treadle
Electro-mechanical treadle the contacts of

which being actuated return to the original,
position after a certain delay.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
delayed yellow (aspect)
A signal to which approach control has been

applied where speed must be reduced before
the next signal, for example warning (route
class).

2004.
demarcation fencing
Easily-seen, continuous worksite safety

boundary markers.

March 2009.
departure train
examination (DX)
DX (roll by) examinations are to be conducted

where possible on departure from a train's
originating location en route. Depending upon
the location and the availability of staff, these
examinations may be performed by examining
staff, train crews, yard or station staff.

dependability
A collective term used to describe the

AS7511
availability performance and its influencing
factors: reliability performance, maintainability
performance and maintenance support
performance. It is non- quantitative.
dependent contact
A changeover contact of a relay where the

contact armature connects to either a front
contact point or a back contact point,
depending on whether the relay is energised or
de-energised.

depression bar
A bar fixed along side the rail at rail level and

when depressed by the flanges of a wheel
prevents the movement of points.

derailer
A specially shaped block placed over one rail

of a siding to protect main line traffic from any
runaway vehicles or unauthorised moves. This
protection is achieved by derailing any
locomotive or wagon that comes in contact
with the derail. In some terminals derails are
also used to prevent unauthorised entry into

33
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
sidings. Alternative device to protect vehicles

rolling away onto the main line: catch point.
derailment
An incident in which one or more wheelsets

run off the track.
AS7519 AS7520
design certification
Certification that the design complies with the

defined standards and requirements.

Terminology'.
design details
Any plans, control tables, engineering details

and data that are required to sufficiently define
the signalling system.

2004.
design integrity test
This is a system interlocking and control

function test similar to the function test to the
control tables, but working from the
operational requirements and signalling
principles, not directly from Interlocking and
control tables or aspect sequence charts.

design neutral
temperature
Design temperature at which there are no

temperature induced stresses in the rail. Used in 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
relation to continuously welded rail or rail with Terminology'.
mechanical joints where a rail joint gap is also
specified.
design verification
A design check made by an independent

competent professional engineer.

Terminology'.
destress
The procedure used to ensure that there is no

longitudinal stress in a rail when it is at a
nominated stress free temperature.

detectable
Rolling stock able to reliably activate track

circuits.
AS7505.4
detection (of points)
The proof of the position of the points (normal

or reverse) to the interlocking equipment.

2004.
detonating signals
Impact explosive devices secured on top of the

rail of the track to be protected, to attract the
attention of train crews.

Terminology'.
detonator
An audible warning device that explodes on

impact, used to attract the attention of drivers
and track vehicle operators.

detonator placer
An appliance for placing one or more

detonators on the running line.

2004.
diamondcrossing
An arrangement of 2 'V' and 2 'K' crossings

together with two pairs of guard rails whereby
one track crosses another.

diesellocomotive
A locomotive in which electric current from a

diesel motor driving generators or alternators is Railway Terminology'.
delivered to traction motors on the axles for
propulsion.
differential
(speedrestriction)
A speed restriction having up to three values,

each of which is applicable to different types of Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
train.
2004.
dimming switch
A switch, located in a signal box, used to

decrease the brightness of colour light signals
at night and increase it during daylight.
dip
A downward variation in the running surface of CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
a rail as may occur at welds or rail ends.
direct fixation
The system of fixation of track directly to a

structure or continuous concrete base.

direct interlocking
Interlocking produced by direct action of the

interlocking apparatus (or groups of apparatus)

34

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
on the fittings interlocked and which is

independent of all other apparatus.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
direct opposing locking
Interlocking between two routes in opposite

directions for which the lie of all points is the
same.

2004.
direct track locking
Locking of movable components, for example,

points when a train is present. This is not
conditional on the points being set or locked.
Also see dead locking.

2004.
direction lever
A non-token system of single line working

usually requiring continuous train detection
through the section. A form of track circuit
block.

2004.
directional travel station A station at which the points are normally set
to allow simultaneous entry and exit of trains
through the up and down lines.

DIRN
Abbreviation for Defined Interstate Rail

Network.
AS75xx series
disc signal
Display a red signal during daylight or

coloured lights at night or where visibility is
reduced. or A shunting signal or subsidiary
signal consisting of a small disc which rotates
to indicate a change of aspect.

Railway Terminology'. UK Railway Group
disconnected signal
A signal that has been adjusted to ensure that it

shows only the most restrictive aspect for one
or more of its routes.

2004.
disconnection
The disconnection or restriction of use of

signalling equipment agreed between
maintenance and operations staff to enable
work to be carried out on the equipment. Also
see possession.

2004.
disconnection box
A small housing containing cable terminations

to enable cable size changes or disconnections
to be made.

2004.
distant board
A reflectorised sign that is equivalent to a fixed UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
distant signal. Also see 'landmark'.
2004.
distant lookout
A qualified and competent worker who

provides advance warning to the site lookout.

distant signal
A signal (not itself a stop signal) capable of

displaying a cautionary aspect that informs the
driver of the state of the signals or level
crossing ahead.

2004.
diverging line
Dividing into two lines.

diverging route
In the signalling of junctions, any route that

diverges from the fastest/equal or straight
route.

2004.
DMU
Abbreviated term for diesel multiple unit, a

multiple-unit passenger train in which the
propulsion power is supplied by a diesel
engine.
dog chart
A pictorial representation of the interlocking

elements required to make-up mechanical
locking. An alternative term for locking chart.

2004.
dogspike
A steel fastener used on timber sleepers for

holding down rail at the foot and to maintain
gauge.

DOI
Abbreviated term for 'Department of

Infrastructure' (Victoria).
ARA
websitewww.ara.net.au/RRAcronyms&Definitions
35
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
doll
A short post on a cantilever or gantry, on which UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
is mounted one or more semaphore signals.
2004.
DOTARS
Abbreviated term for 'Department of Transport

and Regional Services'.
ARA
double check gauge
The distance between the guard edges of

double check rails.

double junction
The point of junction of two double track

routes. It comprises two turn outs and a
diamond crossing.

2004.
double light signalling
A system of colour light signalling where a

running signal indication is given by two
colour lights.

double line
Two adjacent, parallel, running lines. In double RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
line areas, trains are generally permitted to
travel in one direction only on each line (except
during bi- directional or single line working).
double line working
The operation of two parallel main lines

carrying traffic in each direction on a separate
track.

Terminology'.
double or delta
crossover
Crossingwork assembly comprising two

crossovers intersecting in the form of a
diamond between the centrelines of the outside
tracks.

double rail track circuit
A track circuit which uses both rails for

signalling purposes. In electrified areas both
rails are also used as traction return rails.

double slip
A combination of a diamond crossing with four UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
point ends without the need of separate
crossings (points).
2004.
double stack
This refers to the practice of stacking one

container on top of another on a wagon. This
allows more containers to be carried for the
given train length, making the trains more
efficient. It is currently only possible to double
stack within the area bounded by Adelaide,
Parkes in western NSW, Perth and Alice
Springs primarily due to tunnels and lower
bridges in the eastern states.
double switched circuits
Circuits which are switched on both the active RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
and common (or positive and negative) sides of Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
the controlled function by each of the
controlling functions.
double track
Consists of two parallel tracks, typically for

trains travelling in opposite directions at the
one time without the need for passing loops.

double yellow (aspect)
A preliminary caution displayed by a colour

light signal in four aspect signalling informing
the driver to expect the next main signal to be
at single yellow.

2004.
down line
In a double line area, the lines are generally

referred to as the down line and up line.
Usually, the down line is used by trains
travelling away from the State Capital.
However, local notices should be referenced to
check this at any location.
DPI
Abbreviation for 'Department of Primary

Industries' (WA).
ARA
DPI (NT)
Abbreviation for 'Department of Planning and

Infrastructure' (NT).
ARA
36

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
draftgear
Components which provide resilience in the

connection of the coupling system to the
structure of the rolling stock.
AS7520 AS7524
draftgear yoke
The component of the drawgear connected to

the coupler within which the draftgear resides.
AS7524
draw ahead (aspect)
A position light subsidiary signal that instructs UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
the driver to draw ahead, for example,
sufficiently to enable a set back move over a
2004.
trailing connection to take place. An alternative
term for calling-on or shunt-ahead signal.
draw hook and screw

coupling
A coupling system between rolling stock which AS7524

can only accept draft loads and relies on
headstock buffers to accept buffing loads.
drawbar
A rigid connection between two items of

rolling stock which is only intended to be
separated in a shop, rather than in normal
operation.
AS7524
drawgear
A set of fittings used to connect railway

vehicles for the purpose of transmitting
longitudinal forces between adjacent vehicles;
connection can be made manually or
automatically.
AS7520 AS7524
drive rod
The rod between the drive mechanism and the

front rod.

driver only operation

(DOO)
A method of working which permits trains to

operate without the need of a guard.

2004.
driver supervisory
system
A system fitted to a vehicle that can monitor

the driver (or train) condition or performance
and apply the train brakes when a measured
condition or performance parameter violates a
required state or limit.
AS7511
driver-alone operation
Operations in which one sole rail safety worker CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
has the responsibility for the control, operations Railway Terminology'.
and procedures of a train.
driversreminder
appliance (DRA)
A device in a driving cab to enable the driver to UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
set a reminder. Whilst set it prevents the driver Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
from taking power.
2004.
DSFAPT
Abbreviation for the Disability Standards for

Accessible Public Transport 2002 and
Amendments which states requirements for
transport providers and operators to meet the
Disability Discrimination Act.
DTEI
Abbreviated term for 'Department of Transport, ARA

Environment and Infrastructure' (SA).
dual control points
A power operated point machine also equipped

for hand operation.
dual gauge crossingwork An assembly of crossingwork arranged to

permit both broad gauge and standard gauge
assembly
traffic on the through and turnout moves.
AS7522.3

dual gauge track
Track that is constructed with a mixture of both CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
standard gauge (1435 mm) and broad gauge
(1600 mm) widths, or standard and narrow
gauge (1067 mm) widths utilising a common
rail.
dual gauge turnout
A turnout incorporating dual gauge

crossingwork units.

dummy hose coupling
A casting, the same shape as a hose coupling,

into which the coupling may be hooked. It is
used to prevent dirt from getting into the brake

37
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
pipe as well as preventing the hose coupling

from being damaged when not in use.
dummy point slide chair
The short point slide chair ahead of the toe of

the switch.

Ver. 1.0.
dunnage
Loose material such as timber, steel or

synthetic beams or wedges laid beneath or
wedged between loads carried by rail to
support, separate or restrain loads and prevent
damage.
duplex
A communication system that can transmit and

receive at the same time, similar to a telephone
system.
duplex lock
A lock operated by an annett key to release

another annett key which is then used to unlock Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
signalling equipment. One key is always held
captive in the duplex lock when the other is
out.
dwarf signal
Small size semaphore or colour light signals

which can be either mechanically or power
worked. These signals are usually used where
they can be easily seen from short distance and
the speed of approaching trains is low, such as
in a shunting yard.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
dynamic behaviour
The performance of the vehicle when moving

along the track.
AS7509
dynamic braking
Braking that uses the momentum of the

locomotive and train to cause a braking effect.
The traction motors are in effect turned into
generators and the power is dissipated as heat
through fan blown grids on the locomotive.


E
earth isolation
Signalling circuits are insulated/isolated from

earth and the presence of any earth fault on
wiring is a definite danger to signalling
circuitry and calls for protective measures to be
taken.
easer (tread) rail
A rail placed with its head along the outside

and close to the head of the running rail and
sloped at the ends to provide a bearing for the
overhanging portion of hollowed out treads of
worn wheels.
electric control centre
A building containing apparatus for ther control CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
of the feeder stations, track sectioning cabins
and equipment associated with the overhead
line equipment.
electric control operator

(ECO)
The worker in charge of the electrical control

room, who controls the power supply to the
overhead traction wiring equipment, and is
responsible for all switching operations and
isolations of electrical equipment.

electric lock
An electromagnetic device which prevents or

restricts the movement of a mechanical lever in
an interlocking frame, or other appliance, from
being partially or completely operated.

electriclocomotive
As distinguished from a diesel locomotive, the

traction motors obtain power from a wire
suspended above the track. Contact is made to
this wire by a pantograph mounted on the roof
of the locomotive.

electric staff
A metal rod of prescribed design used as a
38

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
token to authorise train movements into or

through a block in electric staff territory.
electric staff instrument
An electrically operated instrument, installed at RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

each end of an electric staff section, which
contains and controls the issue of staffs for the
section. The staff instruments are electrically
interlocked so that only one electric staff for
the section can be obtained from either of the
two instruments at any one time. Also referred
to as 'electric train staff instrument'.
electric staff system
A system of safeworking, usually used on

single lines in non track-circuited areas, to
allow trains to travel safely in either direction.
Under normal conditions the authority for a
train to occupy the section is a metal token
known as an electric staff obtained from an
electric train staff instrument. Also referred to
as 'electric train staff system'.

electric staff territory
The portions of line where the electric staff


electric token block
A signalling system used on single lines

controlled by the use of physical tokens, only
one of which can be released from the
instruments for a section at any one time. The
released token is the prime authority to enter
the token section.

2004.
electric token
instrument
The equipment in a signal box for the operation UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
of electric token block. Contains one or more
electric tokens.
2004.
electric traction
infrastructure
Equipment and systems associated with the

supply and reticulation of electricity for
traction purposes, but excluding elements of
civil infrastructure supporting or otherwise
associated with the equipment or systems.

and CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
electric train
A train comprising one or more electric

multiple units or a train hauled by an electric
locomotive.

electricalcontrol
Control, the operation of which is effected by a

device using electric current.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
electricaldepression bar
Apparatus with a bar and contacts which are

operated when the wheels of a vehicle depress
the bar.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
electrical interlocking
Interlocking utilising the action of an electric

current and which may act on a piece of
apparatus by: a) immobilising its control lever
(by electric lock) b) making inoperative the
actuating of its control

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
electricalsection or
subsection
A length or part of overhead traction wiring

equipment which may be isolated from all
other lengths of overhead line equipment by the
operation of overhead line isolators.
electrical system
operator
See electric control operator.
electrified area
Any section of track equipped with overhead

line equipment, or any substation or supply
substation used to provide power for electric
trains.

electrolysis bond
A device for electrically connecting a buried

utility service (pipeline or cable) to adjacent
DC traction return rails, to prevent electrolysis

39
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
damage to the service by stray traction currents.

The electrolysis bond incorporates equipment
for the control of magnitude and direction of
current flowing between the buried service and
traction rails.
electromagnetic
interference (EMI)
The signalling electrical system requires to be

protected against and have immunity to
electrical interference in its operating
environment and is required to not generate
electrical interference that adversely affects
other important systems in its environment.
This is called electromagnetic compatibility.
Electromagnetic interference includes radiated
interference due to magnetic induction,
capacitive coupling and radio transmissions.

electro-mechanical
interlocking
An interlocking area with an interlocking

machine controlling both power and
mechanically operated signalling field
equipment.

electro-mechanical
repeater
Repeater, the indications of which are given by

one or more arms (or needles) operated by
electric current.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
electronictoken
An electronic message transmitted by radio

between a signal box and train. It performs the
function of a token but no physical token is
required. Also see RETB.

2004.
electronicallyassisted
train order (EATO)
Train orders transmitted electronically to train

crews.

electro-pneumatic signal
box
A signal box from which the operation of

apparatus is effected by means of electric
circuits controlling pneumatic motors.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
EMC
Abbreviation for electromagnetic

compatibility.
AS7505
emergencyalarm
A direct communication channel to alert a

signaller in an adjacent signalling centre to an
emergency. provided in track circuit block
territory as a replacement for emergency bell
communication.

2004.
emergency brake
application
Maximum brake application made when a train

must be stopped in the minimum distance
possible, initiated by the driver or other crew
member, or by a fault in the brake system such
as rupture to the brake pipe, air hoses becoming
disconnected, etc.
emergencychangeover
contactor
A contactor which changes over the load on a

power supply to the emergency standby supply
when the normal power supplies fails and
changes it back when the normal power supply
is restored.

emergencycrossover
A crossover in a double line automatic section

where the points at both ends of the crossover
are directly protected by automatic signals and
the points are XL locked.

emergency exit
A supplementary means of escape from a

compartment, other than by the normal access
doors.
AS7522
emergencyindicator
A lineside sign that informs the driver of an

emergency speed restriction ahead.

2004.
emergency isolation
A de-energising of part or the whole of the

overhead traction line equipment in an

40
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
emergency.
emergencylighting
Lighting powered from a separate source (eg.

AS7531
battery) to the vehicle's main power source,
providing illumination for evacuation purposes.
emergencymanual
release
A bypassing of the safeguards built into an

interlocking. Some failures of equipment
within the interlocking will prevent the
signalling of trains. Under certain controlled
conditions and prescribed procedures it is
sometimes acceptable for the safeguard to be
momentarily bypassed to allow the signalling
to be operated.
emergency release
A device, usually sealed, to permit the

operation of a signalling function in case of
emergency or failure. emergency release
2004.
key: Keys that when removed from their
emergency release lock hold protecting signals
at stop and permit the emergency operation of
points. emergency release lock: Equipment
which is interlocked with protecting signals and
holds an emergency release key used to release
points in an emergency.
emergency
replacementswitch
A switch or button located in the signal box

that enables the signaller to replace an
automatic signal to danger in an emergency.
The signal is not proved to be replaced. Also
see replacement switch and emergency
signals on control.
emergency roof entrance A roof hatch or an area identified on the roof

exterior for emergency services to cut through
to gain access the rollingstock interior.


2004.
AS7522
emergency services
organisation
See Model Rail Safety Bill for definition.
emergency signals on
control (ESOC)
Provided (generally in areas controlled by CBI) UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
to replace all signals to danger in an area
controlled by an interlocking, either: 1. in
2004.
response to a traffic emergency, or 2. where
the interlocking fails to respond to commands.
emergency
speedrestriction
A temporary speed restriction not shown in the

weekly operating notice, or which is more
restrictive than shown, or which applies at a
time not shown.
emergency switch
machine lock (ESML)
Equipment which is interlocked with protecting RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
signals and the controlling mechanisms of
power operated points so that the points can be
manually operated when required in an
emergency.
emergency switch
machine lock key
Key held in the signal box to unlock emergency RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
equipment cupboard housing ESML handle.
EMI
Abbreviation for electromagnetic

interference.
EMU
Abbreviation for electric multiple unit, a

multiple- unit passenger train in which the
propulsion power is provided by electric power
supplied from an external source such as
overhead wires.
EN
Abbreviated term for Euronorm, or European AS7514

Standard.
end batter (rail)
A permanent plastic deformation of a rail end

at a joint resulting from wheel impacts.
41


2004.
AS7505

Terminology'.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
end of train detector
A receiver mounted in the track which detects

the passing of a transmitter (end-of-trainmarker) mounted on the end of a train. On non
track circuited lines, can be used at turnout
clearance points to provide an indication to the
signalling system that a train is in clear.

end post
See insulation end post.

end throw
The curve throw towards the outside of a

AS7507
horizontal curve at the vehicle end which is the
position of maximum outwards curve throw for
a uniform vehicle.
end-of-train marker
A physical device to indicate end-of-train

fitted to the trailing end of the last vehicle of a
train.

Terminology'.
energise
To provide an electrically operated device with

its operating current or voltage.

engineeringtoken
A type of electronic token that gives

engineering staff possession of the line.

2004.
enhanced permissible
speed (EPS)
The permitted speed (higher than permissible

speed) that applies to a specific type of train
over a section of line.

2004.
entrance exit (NX)
A type of route control system of interlocking

whereby the signaller operates one pushbutton
at the commencement (entrance) of the
required route and a second at the finish (exit)
of the route. This action initiates the setting of
all points required by the route.

entrance-exit free lever

signal box
Free lever signal box in which the control of a

route is effected by joint operation of two
levers corresponding to the extremities of the
route.

2004.
EP
Abbreviated term for electro-pneumatic.

EP points indication box
Contacts within a box mounted on track

between the point switches and activated by the Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
facing point lock plunger lock slide on facing
points with an electro-pneumatic (EP) point
operating mechanism. The contacts verify the
position of the plunger.
EP points plunger lock
An electrically operated lock which locks the

facing point lock plunger lock slide on a set of
electro- pneumatic (EP) operated facing points
to prevent unlocking of the points except as
required and provided critical track locking is
not against the movement of the points.

EPS
Abbreviated term for enhanced permissible

speed.

2004.
equilibrium cant
See cant.
ERTMS
Abbreviated term for European Rail Traffic

Management System.

2004.
ETCS
Abbreviated term for European Train Control

System.

2004.
European rail traffic

management system
(ERTMS)
A system for managing rail traffic, enabling it

to operate on compatible signalling systems
across European borders.

2004.
42
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
European train control

system (ETCS)
A three level, unified, modular automatic train

protection specification to enhance
interoperability across Europe.

evaluator equipment
Computing equipment provided to compare the

outputs from the counting heads located at the
extremities of an axle counter section.

2004.
event recorder
A device installed on rolling stock capable of

AS7527
recording multiple input parameters, in digital
or analogue format, related to the operation of
the rolling stock. Also known as a data logger
or data recorder.
exclusiveoccupancy
Sole use of a track section by a single train or

track workers.

exit signal
The signal or buffer stop/board to which a train

traversing a route is directed.

2004.
expansion
The lengthening or rails under the influence of

rising temperatures.

expansion switches
A crossingwork assembly which allows relative CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
longitudinal movement between consecutive
rails on the same leg while also providing
continuous vertical support for wheels.
extendable
A container which can be extended to

accommodate long freight such as structural
steel.

facing (direction)
The direction of rail traffic over points where

the train meets the toe of the switch rail first.

2004.
facingmovement
A wheelset movement through a set of points

from the toe end to the heel end i.e. a
Terms, Ver. 1, 2008 and PTC Infrastructure
movement of a train over points which are
Standard NG-TE-STD- 2101 Ver. 1.0.
facing points for the direction in which the train
is moving.
facing point lock (FPL)
A mechanical means of physically locking

points so they cannot be moved, may be
provided independently or incorporated in a
2004.
point machine. facing point lock
(economical): A facing point lock mechanically
operated by the same lever that operates the
point switches (as distinct from a facing point
lock operated by a separate lever). facing point
lock bar: A lifting bar to prevent the unlocking
of facing points while a train is passing over
them. facing point lock test: A test generally
carried out by inserting an obstruction gauge
between the stockrail and the closing switch of
facing points to confirm that the facing point
lock of the point operating mechanism cannot
complete its operation and to confirm that the
points detection indicates that the points are not
safe for the passage of trains.
facing points
Those switches over which trains or vehicles

from one line diverge onto two lines and the
points of the switch blades are facing towards
approaching traffic.
1st public consultation suggestion.
fail-safe
The capability of an item or a system to ensure

that any failure in a predictable or specified
mode will result only in that item or system
reaching and remaining in a safe condition.

43
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
failure mode and effects

analysis (FMEA)
A procedure by which potential failure modes

in a technical system are analysed. An FMEA
can be extended to perform what is called
failure modes, effects and critical analysis
(FMECA). In a FMECA, each failure mode
identified is ranked according to the combined
influence of its likelihood of occurrence and
the severity of its consequences.

false clear
A condition where a train detection section

indicates the line is unoccupied when it is
occupied by a train.

2004.
false proceed
A proceed authority issued in unsafe or

potentially unsafe conditions.

fastening
This definition is for rail fastenings, of which

there are two main types: rail fastening: A
combination of baseplates and fasteners used to
attach the rail to the bearer that may include
spikes, pads, clips, insulators and anchors or
proprietary fastening systems such as Pandrol
and Rex; or joint fastening: The fishplates and
fastenings utilised to join rails together.
fatigue
The term fatigue could refer to either: 1.

Fatigue of a worker from bodily or mental
exertion; or 2. Fatigue of a material that is the
weakening of material subjected to stress.
fault tree analysis
A systems engineering method for representing

the logical combinations of various system
states and possible causes which can contribute
to a specified event (called the top event).

FDM
Abbreviated term for frequency division

multiplex.

2004.
feeder
A transmission line conductor or cable in the

electrical power system.

feeder station
A building containing electrical equipment to

which the traction power supplies from the
electricity authority are brought, and from
which the overhead line system is fed.

female half (crossing)
See nose rail.

fender vehicle
A vehicle placed next to a loaded vehicle to

provide additional protection or clearance for
extended loads or dangerous goods.

Terminology'.
fibre-optic indicator
An indicator using optical fibres to provide the

required illuminated indication. Uses include
standard and miniature alphanumeric route
indicators, close doors, right away and off
indicators.

2004.
fibre-optic signal
A colour light signal that uses fibre-optic

technology to combine the red, yellow and
green aspects into one aperture to generate the
appropriate aspect. Other uses include banner
and position light signals.

2004.
field blocking
Vital blocking which makes use of a vital relay

located at the controlled point or remote
controlled interlocking.

field lubricated bearings
Bearings that require lubricant to be added

during the service period.
AS7516
field side of rail
The side of the rail opposite the gauge face.

field welding
The welding of rails in, or beside the track by
44
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
any welding process.
first caution
A signal which gives the driver the first

indication of a need to stop at a signal ahead.
Also see Caution (Aspect) and Preliminary
Caution (Aspect).

2004.
first wheel replacement
A control applied to a signal which replaces it

to its most restrictive aspect immediately after
the front of the train has passed that signal.
Also see Last Wheel Replacement.

2004.
fishbolt
An oval neck bolt used for fastening fish plates

(with oval holes) at joints.

fishing angle
The slope of the underside of the head or top

side of the flange of the rail.

fishing face
The sloped face under the head or on top of the

flange of the rail.

fishplate
A steel component normally used in pairs for

the purpose of joining rail ends together.

fishplate bond
Provided to ensure electrical continuity

between two rails mechanically connected.

2004.
fishplates, junction
Fishplates designed to provide connection and

support to rails of different sections.

fishplates, weld repair
Fishplates designed to provide clearance at rail CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
welds. These fish plates are utilised at defective Railway Terminology'.
or suspect welds to provide rail joining in the
event of a weld failure.
fit for purpose
Able to be used for the required function.

five foot
A term used to identify the area between the

rails of broad gauge track.

fixed block
A train separation system based on the

segmentation of the track into a series of
blocks. It is intended that a space consisting of
one or more blocks is to exist between trains.

Terminology'.
fixed distant signal
A distant signal that is only capable of

displaying a caution. Also see distant board.

2004.
fixed heel points
Points which utilise permanently fastened heel

blocks. Localised flexing of the switch occurs
ahead of the fixed heel and the switch rail
continues beyond the heel.

Ver. 1.0.
fixed nose vee
A vee where the nose of the vee is fixed. Most

conventional vees are fixed nose.
COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' July 2006 version

revised by Worley Parsons and advised to ITPL by
email from RSSB 2nd Feb 09.
fixed point
A point or location in the track where the rail is

fixed and cannot move longitudinally relative
to the sleepers and ballast. This may include
such locations as turnouts, level crossings and
transition points from dog spiked timber
sleepered track to resilient fastened concrete
sleepered track. or Third rail crossingwork
designed to permit the standard gauge or broad
gauge track to turn out. The diverge move is
effected by the use of ramped manganese
blocks on which the wheel flange runs and
guard rails.

Terminology' and 1st public consultation
suggestion. PTC Infrastructure Standard NGTESTD- 2101 Ver. 1.0.
fixed signal
A manually or power operated signal which is

permanently located near the line.

Terminology'.
flag attendant
A person appointed to exhibit hand signals.
45
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
01/07/2001.
flange
Term could refer to either: 1. rail flange: The

base or foot of the rail; or 2. wheel flange: The
larger, inner part of the train's wheel. It is used
as a means of the guidance of the train and
keeping it on the track.
flangeway
Gap between the running edge of the rail and

any adjacent rail or feature which restricts the
available movement of the wheel flange.

flangewaypoints
The gap between the back of the open switch

and the running face of the stockrail to allow
passage of the wheel flange.

flangewaywidth
The distance between the running and guarding CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
surfaces of crossingwork or crossingwork
assembly.
flank points
Points which, if traversed by an overrunning

train in the facing direction, could direct that
train away from a route or overlap that has
been set for an authorised train movement.

2004.
flank protection
Protection from overrunning movements

approaching on converging tracks, usually by
additional point interlocking or train detection.

2004.
flare
The tapering widening at the ends of the

flangeways to gradually engage wheel flanges
and position them to pass through flangeways.

flash butt weld
The fusion welding of rail ends by electric arc

heating and contact under high pressure.

flasher relay
A relay so designed that, when energised, its

contacts open and close at pre-determined
intervals. Flasher relay contacts may be
mechanical or electronic.

flashing beacon
Rotating beacon light or strobe light.
AS7531
flashing double yellow

(aspect)
Displayed by a colour light signal, informs the UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
driver to expect the next main signal at flashing Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
single yellow.
2004.
flashing single yellow

(aspect)
A preliminary caution displayed by a colour

light signal informing the driver to expect the
next main signal at single yellow with junction
indicator set for a diverging route.
flat
Term could be abbrevaition for either: 1. Flatrack or platform base container; or 2. Flat
wagon - a wagon with a full width substantially
flat deck, without side walls and with or
without stanchions, bulkheads and other load
support and restraint systems. Without
container securing devices, used for general
purpose freight carriage.
flat spot
See flat wheel.

flat wheel
Loss of roundness of the tread of a wheel

usually caused by wheelslip or wheel slide.

Railway Terminology' and 1st public consultation
suggestion.
flat wheel detector
Detects the presence of a flattened wheel

surface on a passing train by detecting the
vibration produced by the impact occurring as
the flat portion comes into contact with the rail
surface at each revolution of the wheel. Also
known as a wheel impact detector.

fleeting mode
A controlled automatic signal operating as an

automatic signal is said to be operating in
SKM Signalling Design Principles on the

Victorian Rail Network, SF90133.01, 23 June
46

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
fleeting mode.
2006.
flexible switch
A continuous point switch that is heel-less;

with the heel block bolted solidly through the
switch.

focusing
Alignment of a signal to provide train drivers

with acceptable sighting of signal indications.

fog signal
See 'detonator'.

2004.
foot
See flange.

foot crossing
See pedestrian crossing.

forced drop lock
An electric lock in which the locking member

is mechanically forced down to the locked
position.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
formation
The full width of the top of embankments or

the bottom of cuttings upon which the track is
constructed.

foul
In a position to obstruct rail traffic on an

adjacent line.

foul ballast
Ballast that is contaminated by mud or similar

material, so that water does not drain through
it.
fouling bar
A mechanically operated form of train

detection activated by the flange of a wheel.

2004.
fouling point
The position on a siding or secondary track

beyond which a vehicle will foul the structure
gauge of the main track.

fouling track circuit
A track circuit near where lines converge or

cross and where a train (including the overhang Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
of the train) on the track circuit could be within
the clearance point with other lines.
four aspect signalling
A system of colour light signalling which

provides red, yellow, double yellow and green
aspects in a manner which normally provides a
first caution at least two signals before a signal
at red. See also 4 aspect block.

2004.
four foot
The area between the rails of a standard gauge

railway.

FPL
Abbreviated term for facing point lock.

2004.
free curving
Condition where only the leading wheelset of a

bogie or rigid vehicle wheelbase is in flange
contact in a curve.
AS7508
free welding
Welding without the use of a rail tensor. It is

most commonly the joining of short rails into
long rail strings before destressing.

free-wired interlocking
A relay interlocking that comprises

individually wired relays rather than prewired
sets.

2004.
freight rolling stock
Hauled rolling stock used to transport goods,

materials, etc.
AS75xx series
FreightLink
The track manger for the Tarcoola to Darwin

standard gauge network.
RISSB Roll standard Roll 07-1
frequency division
multiplex (FDM)
A data transmission system that uses unique

frequencies to separate channels over a single

47
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
pair of conductors.
2004.
fringe signal box
The first signal box located along a line beyond UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
the boundary of a controlled area.
2004.
frog
See crossing.

front contact
That contact of a relay which is closed (made)

only when the relay is energised (picked-up).

front rod
The bar or rod connecting the point switches to

which the drive is coupled.

FSK
Abbreviation for frequency shift key.
AS7505
full continuity test (FC)
An air brake examination that confirms the

train crew has control of the train by testing
that there is brake pipe pressure throughout the
train.

Terminology'.
full overlap
An overlap of at least 180 m (or 400 m where

both the stop signal and the preceding caution
signal are both semaphore signals).

2004.
full service brake

application
A full brake application in the normal operating AS7511

mode, without using the emergency position.
full train examination

(FX1)
Performed by examining staff after final

marshalling of non tested loading, prior to
comeencement of journey consisting of: full
mechanical examination; complete air brake
test; brake pipe leakage test; issue of a train
examiners certificate for interstate freight
trains.
full train examination

(FX2)
Performed by train crew when examining staff CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
are unavailable after final marshalling and
attachment of locomotive to non tested loading,
prior to comeencement of journey consisting
of: - general mechanical examination; complete train air brake test.
full train inspection (FX) An examination which checks the mechanical

condition of all vehicles in the train, confirms
the security of all loads and equipment on the
train, and confirms the correct operation of the
braking system throughout the train. It also
identifies any vehicles on the train with nonfunctioning brakes, and checks the make up of
the train and confirms that it is consistent with
safe and efficient operations of the train.


Terminology'.
function test to control

tables
This is the operation of the equipment from the

control panel, keyboard, levers, switches, or
VDU (Visual Display Unit) to verify that the
system operates safely in accordance with the
electrical interlocking and controls
incorporated in the design drawings, namely
the control tables.

functional safety
The capacity of a safeworking system to

maintain safe train operation with protection
against unsafe outcomes due to failure of:
system software system hardware
signaller-driver communication signaller
analysis or decision making driver
comprehension, judgement or response

ganger
Old term for person responsible for

maintenance of a section of track.

gangway
The intercar walking surface provided between
AS7522.3
48
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
adjoining passenger vehicles.

gantry
A signal structure spanning one or more tracks

and having two or more points of support.

2004.
gantry crane
An overhead crane spanning one or more rail

tracks and roadway to allow transfer of loading
from a road vehicle, or a rail wagon, to another
wagon. The crane may be either running on its
own rails or be rubber tyred to allow it to move
around a terminal. Often referred to as RTG
(rubber tyred gantry) or straddle crane.

gauge (track)
The distance between the inside running (or

gauge) faces of the two rails, measured
between points 16 mm below the top of the rail
heads.

Terminology'.
gauge conversion
The process of changing the track gauge from

one gauge to another, e.g. broad gauge to
standard gauge.

gauge corner
Transition surface separating the rail running

surface from the rail side.

gauge face
The inner side of the running rail head, i.e. the

side of the rail head where the track gauge is
measured and could be contact by the wheel
flange. Also running face.

suggestion.
gauge face angle
The angle between a line perpendicular to the

sleeper plane (i.e. the plane of the track) and
the line tangent to the rail gauge face where
wheel flange contact occurs.

Terminology'.
gauge indicator
Gauge indicators are a special form of

signalling route indicators which indicate to the Victorian Rail Network, SF90133.01, 23 June
driver on a dual gauge track, which gauge of
2006.
track he is being signalled towards.
gauge point
The point on the side of the rail head 16mm

beneath the top surface of the rail at which
track gauge is measured.

gauge side (track)
The side of the rail within the track gauge.

gauge, guard rail
The distance between the guarding face of a

guard rail and running edge of a running rail,
measured across the track at right angles to the
running edge.

gauntlet (track)
A section of track where the two lines of track

overlap so that one rail of each track is within
the rail gauge of the other.

GCP
Abbreviated term for grade crossing

predictor, a microprocessor-controlled system
that is deployed to continually monitor the
approach to level crossings. It applies a
constant a.c. signal to the track and measures
the level of the resulting voltage. This varies
with the approaching train which alters the
track impedance. The voltage and its rate of
change are used to determine the train speed,
train arrival time and to activate the crossing
protection equipment at the appropriate time.
AS7505
general inspections
Essentially visual inspections but may include

some elementary site testing and measurement.
They should include the requirements of a
patrol inspection in addition to inspection of all
readily visible elements of the infrastructure
and elements known to contain critical defects.

Terminology'.
49
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
general purpose flat

wagon
A wagon with a full width substantially flat

deck, without side walls and with or without
stanchions, bulkheads and other load support
and restraint systems.

Terminology'.
general train inspection

(GX)
An examination conducted by appropriately

qualified employees (normally locomotive
drivers) at those times and locations where
other staff qualified to conduct an FX
inspection are not available.

geographicalinterlocking An interlocking in which standard preassembled modules are provided for each
signalling function, arranged and electrically
interconnected in a geographical manner. Also
see free-wired interlocking.

2004.
geographical panel
Control panel reproducing schematically the

position of the tracks and the aspects of signals
etc., with their respective control switches or
buttons.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
give up seat
A person must vacate a seat which is

designated for elderly or disabled passengers
on a rail or road vehicle if asked to do so by an
authorised person. The holder of a student
concession ticket must vacate a seat on a rail or
road vehicle on which there are no empty seats
if asked to do so by an authorised person.

glued insulated joint
An insulated rail joint in which the rails,

fishplates and components are glued.

gold flashed contact
Contact surfaces treated with a thin film of gold RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
to provide a reliable, low resistance, clean
electrical contact, particularly in low voltage
circuits.
goods line
A running line that is not required to be

signalled to the standard required for passenger
trains.

2004.
GPL
Abbreviated term for ground position light

signal.

2004.
grabrail
A short rail that is generally placed in a

horizontal or vertical orientation to steady or
assist a person carrying out a movement or
action.
AS7522
grade
The rate of slope of the surface of the track in

the direction of its length.

grade control device
A wagon fitting which slows the release of the

brakes. It has three positions: EX for exhaust
which means the brakes are operating
normally, IP which is an intermediate delay
position and HP which is maximum delay.

gradeseparation
The crossing of a track by another track,

roadway or pedestrian pathway by an
underbridge or overbridge, rather than crossing
at the same elevation.

gradient
A measure of the rate at which the railway is

inclined (rising or falling). Gradients are
signed +ve (rising) or ve (falling) in respect of 2004.
the direction of travel.
grading rings
Buried earth electrode system which encircles

the structure to be protected. The purpose of
the grading ring is to prevent the rise of
hazardous step and touch voltage potentials.

green (aspect)
Displayed by a colour light signal, indicates to
50
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
the driver that, in three or four aspect

signalling, the next signal will be displaying a
proceed aspect. Also see two position / two
aspect signalling.

2004.
green card
See defect card.
groove
The flangeway gap between the running edge

and check of a tramway rail, crossing or
installation.

groove, deep (crossing

design)
Crossingwork design with a sufficiently deep

flangeway depth which ensures wheel tread
contact with the running surface in the wheel
transfer area.

groove,
Crossingwork design with a shallow flangeway CMC 'Glossary for
shallow
depth which provides for wheel flange bearing

and
NCOP and Dictionary
(crossing
thus no contact of the wheel tread with the

normal
of Railway
design)
running surface.
Terminology'.
gross mass
Nominal total mass of rolling stock including

maximum payload, provisioning, maximum
service capacity of crew and passengers and
wheels at nominal new diameter.
AS7508 AS7514
gross tonne kilometre
Gross tonne kilometres is a measure calculated

by multiplying the gross weight of a train (ie
the weight of the locomotives and wagons plus
the payload) by the distance travelled.

ground fault detector
A detector similar to a slip detector but

installed vertically to detect vertical
displacement of the ground, including ground
heave due to related ground movement.

ground frame
A small track side interlocking machine used

for manual points operation at yards, sidings,
crossovers and loops.

ground position light

signal (GPL)
A position light signal mounted at ground level. UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
2004.
ground shunt signal
A shunting signal mounted at ground level.

2004.
ground switch panel
A ground frame which uses only switches

and/or buttons as operating devices.

2004.
GSM-R
Global system for mobile communications railways.

2004.
guaranteed power
supply
See secure power supply.
guard
A qualified worker on a passenger train who

carries out safeworking duties and is
responsible for the safety and supervision of
passengers. Where required, the guard assists
the driver in the management of the train and
its associated equipment.

guard edge
The side of the guard rail head which makes

contact with the backs of the wheels.

guard rail
A rail (inside or outside the running rail) used

to restrain lateral movement of a derailed
wheelset. Used to protect structures or control
the lateral movement of the wheelset on
bridges or in other higher risk situations.

Terminology'.
51
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
guardrail
A rail or series of rails acting as an obstacle or

barrier to a person falling from an elevated
position, or to moving to a position of danger.
A guardrail may also serve as a single or
multiple handrail.
AS7522
guards indicator
A lunar white light in a case inscribed guards RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
indicator provided on the platform which,
when illuminated, indicates to the guard of a
train that the signal at the departure end of the
platform is showing a proceed indication. The
guard would not give the right away signal to
the driver to depart until there is an indication
that the platform exit signal is clear.
guards keys
Interlocking keys, with bow handles, for

securing interlocking frames at intermediate
sidings on double lines.

HABD
Abbreviated term for hot axle box detector.

2004.
hand (points)
Term used to denote the turnout direction of

points.

hand brake
A mechanical device used to secure a rail

vehicle against movement. Can also include
spring parking brakes.

hand points
Points not interlocked and worked manually by

an independent lever adjacent to the points.

2004.
hand signal
A signal given by hand movements, with or

without a flag or light. To give a signal by
hand.

handhold
A locally placed support at a change of level or

direction, or where people are required to stand
or wait, to stabilize themselves against the
motion of the train.
AS7522
handrail
A rail which runs parallel to the access path

and assists movement by allowing the hand to
slide over the top, while providing support to
the person, and allowing for a sudden gripping
action if needed.
AS7522
hardened rail
Rolled rail that has been head-hardened or full

section hardened by in-line or off-line
processes.

hardening process
The procedure of increasing the hardness of rail CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
or other material to improve wear
characteristics. Commonly employed processes
for rails are heat treatment and work hardening.
haul
To move rail traffic using a motive power

source at the leading end.

hazard
A source or a situation with a potential to harm

someone (injury or illness) or damage property
or the environment.

hazard and operability

study (HAZOP)
A structured study to identify all deviations

from design intent with undesirable effects on
safety or operability.

2004.
hazard identification
The process of recognising that a hazard exists

and defining its characteristics.

HAZID
Abbreviated term for hazard identification.

2004.
52
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
HAZOP
Abbreviated term for hazard and operability

study.

2004.
head
That part of the rail which provides a running

and guiding surface for the wheel. Also
referred to as ball.

head- hardened rail
Rolled rail in which the head has a hardened

zone extending inwards from its top and side
surfaces.

headlamp
Lamp that forms part of a headlight.
AS7531
headlight
Main bright light(s) on the front of rolling

stock.
AS7531
heads level (points)
The position on a half set of points at which

both the switch and stock rail top running
surfaces are at the same level. It corresponds to
the commencement of switch head top
machining.

headway
The distance or time between two or more

trains needing to use the same section of the
track, either in the same or opposite directions.
heat number
Markings on the centreline of the web of the

rail in depressed numerals and letters. It
indicates the cast, ingot and portion of ingot
from which the rail was made. The heat
number is repeated several times on a standard
rail length and is on the opposite side of the
web from the Rolling Brand. Quality assurance
records include the rail Heat Number and
permit the chemistry of the rail to be traced.

heat treatment
A heating and quenching process used to

increase the hardness of rails or steel
components. The most common processes are
furnace heating and oil/water quenching and
flame heating and air quenching.

heavy haul
The term for transportation by rail of bulk

commodities.

heavy track equipment
Track maintenance machines or items of

equipment which under normal conditions
cannot be removed from the track manually by
two workers. A road- rail vehicle that can only
be removed from track at locations such as
level crossings or machinery used where
thermit welding is undertaken is regarded as
heavy track equipment.

Terminology'.
heel
The end of points about which the switch

pivots.

heel block
The block at the heel end of points about which CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
the switch pivots.
heel less points
See 'fixed heel points'.
heelmechanism
The mechanism which provides support

pivoting at the heel of a tramway switch.

helper engines
A locomotive not assigned to a train for the

whole journey. These units are normally
marshalled in with the power consist under the
control of the train crew but may, at times, be
utilised as manned helpers at the rear, or
anywhere within the train consist, to assist in
moving a train over a ruling grade.

heritage rolling stock
Rolling stock preserved or restored for its

historical value.
AS75xx series
53
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
high risk failure
A wrong side failure where no other part of the

signalling system provides protection. Also
known as an unprotected wrong side failure.

2004.
high voltage impulse

track circuit
A track circuit fed by high voltage pulses of

particular shape and size which are recognised
by a receiver and special track relay.

high-rail vehicle
A vehicle that is capable of running on both

road and rail. Often these are standard road
vehicles that have a pair of flanged rail wheels
on the front and rear. Generally the vehicle
accesses the rail via a level crossing, lowers the
rail wheels onto the rails which will guide the
vehicle without the need to steer, and is
propelled by the road wheels that are in contact
with the rails. High-rail equipment is fitted to
inspection, personnel carrying vehicles and
some track construction and maintenance
machines.
high-wide load detector
A device capable of detecting excessive heights RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
or widths on a passing train with respect to
accepted track structure clearances.
hold clear
A term used to designate a device for holding a

signal in any position other than its most
restrictive.

holding test
An air brake examination to check that the

brakes on the last three vehicles of a train will
remain applied for a predetermined time in the
event of a break-away.

Terminology'.
holding track
A track where vehicles are held, within a

terminal, awaiting allocation orders.

home signal or starting

signal
A controlled signal which directly protects

points, level crossings, or other permanent
risks. When cleared, this signal also gives the
driver authority to enter the section provided
that, where required, the driver is in possession
of the authority for the section.

hood
A cover placed above individual aspects of a

colour light signal or route indicator to reduce
phantom aspects due to sunlight. Where
necessary, long hoods may be used.

2004.
hopper wagon (or

hopper car)
A wagon with the floor and/or walls sloping

from the sides and ends to one or more
discharge points or hoppers. Hopper wagons
Terminology'.
may have open or covered tops and incorporate
one or more of: (a) bottom doors (sliding or
swing) for gravity discharge; (b) equipment for
pneumatic pressure discharge; (c) equipment
for vacuum discharge.
horizontal alignment
See alignment.
horsepower
A unit of measurement to gauge the output of a

locomotive that is then used to calculate the
tonnage of loading that the locomotive can pull
over a particular section of track. Now referred
to in kilowatts.

hot axlebox detector

(HABD)
Wayside or train mounted system used to

detect suspected defective axle bearings that
are abnormally hot.
AS7516
hot box
An overheated axle bearing on either a

locomotive or wagon.

hot standby
Form of redundancy in which the spare or

secondary equipment is continuously operating

54
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
and generating output simultaneously with the

primary equipment. Results in no discernible
interruption to system function on failure of the
primary unit.
hot strip (in signal lens)
Popular name for 'close viewing sector'.
hot wheel detector
A device capable of detecting abnormal heating RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
in wheels on passing trains.
housed switch
A point switch which has a guide placed

alongside it (and over it when in the open
position), the purpose of which is to hold wheel
flanges away from the tip of the opposite
switch and/or away from a joggle in the
stockrail (See Stockrail, Joggled).
HREOC
Abbreviated term for Human Rights and Equal AS7522.3

Opportunity Commission.
huck bolts
Trade name for swage lock fastenings.
human factors
The scientific discipline that is concerned with AS 4292.1-2006

the application of information about human
characteristics, capacities, and limitations to the
design of human tasks, machines, machine
systems, and environments.
hunting
Uncontrolled and undesirable cyclic lateral and

yaw displacements of the wheelsets of a
vehicle, generally worsening with increasing
speed.
hydro- pneumatic points Alternative term for train operated points.

2004.

AS7509

2004.
I
IBJ
Abbreviated term for insulated block joint.

2004.
IECC
Abbreviated term for integrated electronic

control centre.

2004.
IFS
Abbreviated term for individual function

switch.

2004.
illegal signal indication
A signal indication that is inconsistent with the

signal aspects and indications used on the
network, or the indications of adjoining signals
and the known condition of the line, or what is
known about occupancy of the line.

illuminated
The internal or external illumination of

signalling equipment.

2004.
illuminated diagram
A signal-box diagram giving, by means of

illumination, automatic indications of the
occupancy or otherwise of the tracks within the 2004.
controlled and/or adjoining areas. It may also
include the automatic indication of the signal
aspects and/or positions and the positions of
points, etc.
ILWS
Abbreviated term for inductive loop warning

system.

2004.
impact analysis
Process for analysing where the specifics of a
55
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
proposed change impact on rail safety taking

into account the accredited rail organisations
risk register, safety performance and
accident/incident register.
impedence bond
A trackside mounted device, connected across

running rails, which will allow a free flow of
traction current between traction return rails
and provide a connection for earthing the
traction return rails and rail side structures
without introducing any imbalance in the
signalling track circuits. impedance bond,
neutral leads: Cables connecting the mid-point
of an impedance bond in one track circuit to the
mid-point of an impedance bond on the
adjoining track circuit or to the traction rail of
an adjoining single rail track circuit.impedance
bond, side leads: Cables each side of the
impedance bond connecting the bond to the
adjacent rails of the track circuit.

UK Railway Group
in a face (or on a face)
Refers to the method of working, or track

replacement, forward continuously from one
point to another.
PTC Infrastructure Standard NG-TE-STD- 2101

Ver. 1.0.
in advance
A position along the line ahead of a given

position, when facing the direction a train
travels on the line. The area through which a
train travels after passing a given position.
Alternative term for beyond.

in clear
A train is 'in clear' when it is within the

clearance point boards for crossing purposes, or Railway Terminology'.
when the entire train is within station
protection and is not foul of an adjacent track.
in rear
A position along the line behind a given

position, when facing the direction a train
travels on the line. The area through which a
train has travelled before reaching a given
position. Alternative term for approach to.
in-bearer points
mechanism
An arrangement of points in which the drive

and detection connectons are located within
purpose- built hollow bearers, rather than in the
spaces between bearers. The drive mechanism
and detector may also be housed in the bearers.
inching movement
A brief train movement used by drivers to warn CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
others that the train is about to move.
incident
incident reporting
system
The computer database system for recording

and responding to incidents.

incident response coordinator
The person or persons nominated by a rail

organisation to provide 24 hour, 7 day point of
contact and to provide incident response
initiation within that organisation.

independent position
light signal
A position light signal not associated with a

main signal.

2004.
independent switches
Points with each point switch of the pair of

point switches separately and independently
interlocked and controlled.

indication lock
An electric lock connected to a mechanical

lever of an interlocking machine to prevent the
full movement and release of interlocking by
the lever until the signals, points or other units
operated, or directly affected by such lever, are

56

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
in the proper position.

indicator
A device used to convey information, usually

visually. lineside indicator: A visual display
device at or near the lineside that provides
information relating to the operation of a train.
An indicator may be provided in conjunction
with a signal to qualify or amplify the
instruction conveyed by the signal. signal box
indicator: A visual device which displays the
position or condition of an item of signalling
equipment.

indirect interlocking
Interlocking between two movable parts not

effected directly in the system constituted by
these two parts, but existing nevertheless by
reason of the presence of direct interlocking
between the parts in question and another part
external to that system.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
indirect opposing route

locking
Two complete routes that are conflicting in that UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
they require at least one set of points in a
different position. However, cancellation of
2004.
one route with a train part way through the
route releases the locking on these points
which, when they become free, create the
conditions for direct opposing locking to be set.
Indirect opposing locking is applied to prevent
the setting of the route that has become
opposing.
individual wheel L/V
The ratio of the lateral force to the vertical

force between the wheel and rail on any
individual wheel that is used as a measure for
the likelihood of a vehicle to derail by flange
climbing.
AS7509
infrastructure
See civil infrastructure, electrical

infrastructure or signalling and
telecommunications infrastructure.

March 2009.
infrastructure
maintenance rolling
stock
Track machines and road-rail vehicles. Also

known as on track vehicles.
AS75xx series series
inhibit
To avoid/suppress the initiation of a driver

supervisory system brake application.
Suppression is a term that is also commonly
used for this function.
AS7511
insert (sleeper)
One or more of the fastening components that

is cast in the sleeper at the time of manufacture. Railway Terminology'.
in-sleeper point machine A hollow steel sleeper containing the drive and
lock mechanism (usually claw lock, pawl lock
or similar) and the detection connections. The
sleeper may also contain the operating
mechanism and detector or these may be
attached to the end of the sleeper. Also see inbearer point machine.

instrumented wheelset
An item of test equipment which includes a

wheelset equipped with strain gauges and
processing electronics such that the lateral and
vertical forces between each wheel and rail can
be measured while the rolling stock is in
motion.
AS7509
insulated block joint
A joint in which electrical insulation is

provided between adjoining rails. Assembled
from insulating end posts, ferrules and side
pieces or manufactured as a glued insulated
joint.

57
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
insulated joint
Special fishplate joint ensuring insulation of a

rail with respect to the adjacent rail.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
insulated overlap span
An overlap span arranged with insulation

between the two sections of overhead line
equipment so that by the opening of an isolator
or by the removal of connections, one section
may be electrically separated from the other.

insulated rail

fitted with insulated rail joints to electrically
separate the sections. Also known as the signal 2004.
rail.
insulated rail joint (IRJ)
A rail joint manufactured from components and CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
assembled such that the joined rails are
electrically insulated from each other.
insulated section
Stretch of track one or each rail of which is

insulated.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
insulated track rails
A section of rails of line insulated electrically

at the ends of each section, also insulated
against the other rail of the same track. An
insulated section may be confined to only one
rail.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
insulating ferrule
In insulated joints with metal fishplates,

ferrules provided to insulate the fishbolts.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
insulating side plate
In insulated joints with metal fishplates, plate

provided to insulate the fishplate.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
insulation channel
A preformed channel manufactured from

insulating material which is installed between
the rails and fishplates to provide electrical
isolation between the fish plates and rails at
insulated joints.

insulation end
The insulating material of similar cross section

to
CMC 'Glossary for
post
rail which is installed between rail ends to

provide
NCOP and Dictionary
electrical isolation between one rail and the

other
of Railway
at an insulated joint.
Terminology'.
insulation ferrule
A tube manufactured from insulating material

which is fitted to a fastener to provide electrical Railway Terminology'.
isolation between the fastener and the rails and
or fish plates at an insulated joint.
insulation resistance
The electrical resistance offered by the

insulation on any current-carrying part or
conductor.
insulation test
This is a test of the resistance of the insulation RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
between an electrical circuit conductor and
'earth or directly between the conductors of
two separate electrical circuits. The test is made
at a specified voltage which is high compared
to the circuit voltage.
intact
A train is 'intact' when all the vehicles are

coupled together and the lead locomotive and
the last vehicle are displaying the correct
signals.

integrated
electroniccontrol centre
A computerised signalling control centre that

usually incorporates SSI and ARS. Signalling

58

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
(IECC)
indications, train descriptions and other

information are displayed on VDUs, and routes
are set by tracker ball, keyboard or
automatically by ARS.
2004.
interfacecoordination
plan
interim accreditation
See temporary accreditation.

interlinking
Box-to-box controls to ensure enforcement of

electrical sequential locking, proving of home
and distant on and berth clear before
transmitting line clear and the acceptance of
second train.

2004.
interlock (or
interlocking)
Interaction of equipment controlling points

and/or signals designed so that no conflicting
movements can be signalled.
interlocked points
A set or series of points the control of which is

interlocked with other functions of the
interlocking.

interlockingautomatic
coupler
An automatic coupler with a different profile

on the coupler head to prevent over-riding
and/or telescoping in the event of collision.
AS7524.2
interlocking frame
An alternative term for lever frame.

2004.
interlocking key
A means of obtaining the effect of interlocking

by the release and transfer of a captive key and
without the physical connection between the
items of equipment concerned.

intermediate block home A signal controlling the exit from an

intermediate block section.
signal

2004.
intermediate block
section
A train detected portion of line between the

section signal and the intermediate block home
signal, both of which are operated from the
same signal box. The intermediate block
section is situated between adjacent signal
boxes so as to improve overall headway.
intermediateelectric
train staff instrument
Provided at junctions and sidings within an

electric train staff section to restore the staff
instruments at each end of the section to phase
when a train has been admitted to the branch
line or stored in a siding. The intermediate
electric train staff instrument also allows a train
to enter an electric train staff section from a
branch line or siding.
intermediate siding
A siding in a section provided for purposes

other than crossing or passing of trains.
intermediate
tokeninstrument
A mid section token instrument, usually located UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
at a ground frame and associated with shutting- Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
in facilities.
2004.
intermediate vehicle (or

intermediate car)
A passenger vehicle without a drivers

compartment and not intended or equipped to
operate as the lead vehicle in a MUC or MCS
consist. Intermediate vehicles may be powered
or non- powered.
intermodal traffic
Freight moving via at least two different modes CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
of transport, eg rail to road, rail to sea etc. Used Railway Terminology'.
to describe freight in modules which can be
transported by more than one mode (rail, road,
sea or air). The usual form of intermodal
59

2004.


Terminology'.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
freight is containerised freight, which has

proven to be the most convenient to transfer
between modes. Because of this the terms
intermodal and containerised are often
interchanged.
interoperabilit y
A term used to mean the possibility of

uninterrupted movement of trains from
differing countries (states) across international
(state) borders.

interrupter (track
circuit)
Device designed to break the feed current to a

track circuit in certain cases (derailment of a
train at catch points, etc).

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
intersection of heads
(points or crossings)
The position on crossingwork at which the

inside of the rail head, at full section, contacts
the running edge of the other rail head. It
corresponds to the commencement of head side
machining.
intersection point (IP)
The intersection point of the centre lines of two CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
tracks, tangent from the crossing.
InterstateStandard
Gauge Network
Standard gauge track, mostly under control of

ARTC, connecting the mainland Australian
state capital cities.
interstate system
Any railway system or part of a railway

system, designated by its owner as a route to be 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
used for movement of interstate traffic.
Terminology'.
IPITC
Abbreviation for intelligent processor island

track circuit.
AS7505
IRJ
Abbreviated term for insulated rail joint.

2004.
irregular incident
An occurrence on a railway or tramway system

that is not an accident but involves a breach of
the operating rules or procedures of the system.

irregular signal
indications
A signal which is displaying a non-valid

indication, e.g. a colour light signal which is
displaying no light or an irregular combination
of colour lights or irregular flashing lights, or a
semaphore signal with an abnormal signal arm
indication which in combination with other
failures may bring the system to an unsafe
condition.

isolated
Disconnected from all possible sources of

electricity supply by means of visible breaks or
length of insulation of value appropriate to the
voltage.

isolation
The disengagement of a system by an

authorised procedure either for maintenance
purposes or to enable the rolling stock to
continue to operate under special conditions
when the device has failed.
AS7511
isolationprotection
Measures to prevent the energisation of

isolated/de-energised overhead line equipment
by the passage of pantographs.

ITSRR
Abbreviated term for 'Independent Transport &

Reliability Regulator' (NSW).
ARA
JIS
Abbreviation for Japanese Industrial

Standards.
AS7519
joint (rail)
The location where two rails or trackwork

components are connected.

AS75xx series series standards
60
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
joint hopping
Where fast-moving short vehicles pass from

one track circuit to the next, the difference
between the pick-up and drop-away times can
cause the vehicle to momentarily be
undetected. Also called block skip.

2004.
jointoccupancy: trainobstruction
Allows, under defined conditions, a train and a CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
track obstruction to occupy a track section
concurrently either under planned
circumstances(e.g. track maintenance works) or
in an emergency (e.g. clearance of an
accidental track obstruction).
jointoccupancy: traintrain
Allows, under defined conditions, two or more

trains to occupy a section of track concurrently
either under planned circumstances (e.g. main
line shunting) or in an emergency (e.g.
recovery of a disabled train).
jointless track circuit

(JTC)
A track circuit which does not require insulated UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
rail joints at its extremities. The extremities are Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
defined by the use of electrically tuned zones.
2004.
JTC
Abbreviated term for jointless track circuit.

2004.
jumbo
Jumbo refers to container height and

specifically to those containers which are over
2.7m or 9ft in height.

jumper
A length of conductor provided with clamps for CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
use as a temporary electrical connection to
bridge across a gap, for example, in a pipe,
running rail, cable sheath, and catenary system.
And: An interconnecting cable between
vehicles in a train to provide electrical
continuity.
junction indicator
An Indicator provided at a junction signal to

inform the driver which way a junction is set,
by means of a line of white lights. See route
indicator and position light junction
indicator.

2004.
junction joint
The connecting joint of rails of differing rail

sections.

junction repeater signal
A junction repeater is displayed at the signal in

rear of the signal at the junction, when that
signal is cleared, to inform the driver which
way the junction is set. It consists of five lunar
white lights inclined towards the direction the
route ahead is set. Generally used to provide
drivers of heavy freight trains with advance
information that a route through a high speed
turnout is clear. This is different from turnout
repeater.

junction signal
A signal protecting facing points over which

more than one main route is available. In
colour light signalled areas, the term junction
signal also applies where there are facing
points ahead of the signal and the straightahead route is not a main signalled route,
although it might appear to a driver to be an
available route.

2004.
junction weld
A weld used to join two rails of differing

sections.

just culture
An occurrence investigation environment

which acknowledges human error and
encourages honest reporting of errors whilst
AS 4292.1-2006
61

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
establishing clear accountability for errors.
K
K crossing
See crossing.
key
See insulation end post.
key locking
The locking is transmitted from the

interlocking frame (or equivalent) to the
signalling function to be released by means of a 2004.
key. It can be applied to ground frame points or
level crossings.
key staff
A train staff or electric staff with a key fitted

permanently at one end. This key operates an
annett lock.

key switch
Special type of switch which may only be

actuated by means of a special type of key.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
key token
A type of token normally used for electric

token block.

2004.
kilometrelocation
The distance in kilometres from a set point,

used to identify a specific place in a section.

Terminology'.
kinematic outline
A two-dimensional cross-section of the shape

AS7507
of a vehicle that consists of the static outline
plus the maximum permitted allowance for
vertical bounce upwards plus lateral and roll
movements in response to a steady-state cant
deficiency force at maximum permitted cant
deficiency (or the maximum permitted installed
cant) and dynamic movements in response to
track irregularity.
king lever
A lever which when operated alters the

Interlocking between other levers. It is usually
provided for the purpose of switching out a
signal box.

2004.
kink
A non-intentional permanent sharp bend or

curve in a rail. A kink indicates a defect.

knee (crossing)
The central or narrowest part of a fabricated

vee crossing at the set of wing rails.

knuckle (rolling stock)
The pivoting casting that fits into the coupling

head and rotates about a vertical pin to either
the open position (to engage a mating coupler)
or to the closed position (when fully engaged).

knuckle (track)
The central or narrowest part of a fabricated K

crossing at the set of wing rails. It corresponds
to the centre position between the noses of the
crossing.

ladder junction
A sequence of points on a multi-track route

arranged as a series of crossovers.

2004.
lamp proving
A system that ensures the required lamp(s) are

lit, for example, by measuring the current
drawn by the lamp(s).

2004.
lamp repeater
Repeater, the indications of which are given by

lamps which are either lit or extinguished.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
landmark
Provided instead of a distant signal at places

where it is necessary, in all cases, for trains to

62
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
approach with caution.

last wheel replacement
A control applied to a signal which replaces it

to its most restrictive aspect only after the
whole train has passed that signal. Also see
first wheel replacement.

2004.
lateral
The direction across the track, parallel to the

line joining the top of the rail heads.
lateral track shifting

force
The lateral force exerted by each wheelset,

tending to shift the rails and sleepers laterally
in the ballast.
AS7508
lateral wheel to rail

force
The lateral force between an individual wheel

and the rail including components at the wheel
tread and/or flange, depending on the contact
conditions.
AS7508
lead investigator
A person appointed by the responsible

authority, who is charged with the
responsibility for the organisation, conduct and
control of the investigation and for the
production of the final investigation report,
generally referred to in this Standard as 'the
investigator'.
AS 4292.7-2006
lead rail
The rail in a crossingwork assembly between

the heel of a set of points and the adjoining
crossing.

leaky co-axial cable
A special co-axial cable which radiates radio

transmission signals continuously along its
length.

LED Signal
Abbreviated term for light emitting diode

signal.

2004.
left behinds
A left behind container is a container booked

on a particular service that does not ultimately
travel on the service it was booked on.

less than container load

(LCL)
Many freight forwarders consolidate

consignments which are less than a full
container load into full containers for transport
by rail. (Historical usage was 'less than car
load'.)

level crossing
A location where the railway line and a road or

pedestrian walkway cross paths on the same
level. open level crossing: A public level
crossing which provides unrestricted access for
vehicles and pedestrians to cross the line and
which is protected only by warning
signs. private level crossing: A level crossing
which provides access for vehicles and
pedestrians to cross the line to private property
and which is protected by swing gates or cattle
grids.

March 2009. RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of
level crossing accident
A collision involving a train with either a road

vehicle or a person at a level crossing,
including a pedestrian crossing.

level crossing test
This is an operational test of level crossing

control circuits to check for adequate protection Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
time, time of operation, etc. The checks are
made by comparison with track plans, control
tables etc.
lever (or switch) plate
An identification plate fixed to a lever (or

adjacent to a switch), describing the lever /
switch function together with the order of
pulling details. Also known as pull plate,
63

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
lever lead, tablet or badge.

lever (worked to
maintain locking)
A lever not controlling any signalling function

but remaining connected to the mechanical
locking. It is not considered to be a spare lever.

2004.
lever bands
Contacts housed in a circuit controller that is

associated with a lever.

2004.
lever frame
A frame in which the levers working signals

and points in an area are mounted together and
interlocked as required by the layout.

2004.
lever lead
Alternative term for lever (or switch) plate.

2004.
lever lock
An electro-mechanical mechanism fitted to

hold (and release) the lever in a predetermined
position. May be combined with a circuit
controller.

2004.
lever rod
The rod connecting the point lever and crank.
PTC Infrastructure Standard NG-TE-STD- 2101

Ver. 1.0.
lever sleeve
Piece of equipment placed over a lever as a

blocking facility to physically prevent it from
being operated.

lever stick
A circuit in track circuited areas, which insures RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
that a signal lever is returned by the signaller to Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
the normal or normal indication position after
each train movement before the signal can be
again cleared.
lift (container)
A lift is the picking up and placing of a

container either on or off a wagon.

lift (track)
To raise and pack the track to the required

design level.

lifting bar
When this type of bar is operated, it rises to rail RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
surface level and falls again once it is in
position. If a train is passing over the bar, the
wheels prevent the bar from lifting and
consequently prevent the associated points
from being unlocked or operated.
light emitting diode

(LED) signal
A colour light signal that uses light emitting

diode technology in place of incandescent
lamps and coloured filters. LED signals can
2004.
be arranged to combine the Red, Yellow and
Green Aspects into one aperture to generate the
appropriate aspect.
light engine
See light locomotive.

light in colour light

aspect
Luminous indication constituting the whole or

part of a signal.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
light locomotive
One or more locomotives coupled without

vehicles.

light rail network
A passenger-carrying railway system operating

with trams or other similar shorter length,
lower speed and lower axle-load self-propelled
vehicles. Typically used in urban areas and
often having a shared right-of-way with road
traffic.
light rail stop
Any place designated for the picking up or

setting down of passengers on a light rail route.

light rail vehicle
A vehicle used on a light rail system.

64
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
light signals
Display coloured lights during day and night.

light track equipment
Any small track maintenance machine or item

of equipment that, under normal conditions,
can be removed from the track by two workers.
A lightly loaded road-rail vehicle that can be
safely removed from the track may be regarded
as light track equipment.

Terminology'.
light unit
Assembly inside a sealed casing of all the parts

(lamp, optical apparatus, coloured glass,
terminals etc) necessary to exhibit a lights
aspect.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
limit of authority
A physical track location to which a train can

be given an authority to proceed. It may be a
sign or a signal capable of displaying a stop
indication or a specific kilometre location.

Terminology'.
limit of shunt board
A notice board on a running line indicating a

point beyond which shunting movements must
not be made.

limit of shunt indicator

(LOS)
A special type of position light signal or sign to UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
terminate a shunting movement along a line in Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
the wrong direction.
2004.
line
Horizontal alignment of the rails. Line is

generally measured using the offset at a defined Railway Terminology'.
point along a chord of defined length. For
vertical alignment see top.
line blocked (LB)
The normal state of a block section when no

permission has been given for a train to enter it. Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
2004.
line capacity
For a given section of line, the practical

maximum number of trains per hour permitted
by the signalling system.

line clear (LC)
The state of the block section after a train has

been accepted but before it has entered the
block section.

2004.
line clear release
The signaller can only pull the lever for the

section signal if line clear is obtained from the
box ahead. The lever is released either for one
pull or one train.

2004.
line haul
The term used to describe the movement of

trains outside of terminals and yards with
shunting employees.

line pole
The poles in an overhead line route which carry RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
the cross-arms supporting the line wires or
cables.
line relay
A relay receiving its operating energy through

conductors of which the track rails form no
part.

line wires
Electrical circuit single conductor wires or

cables erected on an overhead line route.

lining
The process of establishing the track to the

design vertical and horizontal alignment for
tangents and curves.

lit
The internal illumination of signalling

equipment.

2004.
livery
Rolling stock exterior colour scheme and

markings.
AS7531
livestockincident
Incident involving an animal(s) large enough to AS 4292.1. CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and
damage a vehicle struck by train on track or in Dictionary of Railway Terminology'.
65
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
vicinity of track.
loading / unloading
indicators
Indicators that relay movement instructions to

drivers when controlling trains in sidings. Also
known as toton or creep signals.

2004.
loading gauge
The device used to ascertain whether a load on

a vehicle exceeds any height or width
restrictions imposed over the line on which the
loading is to travel. This is necessary because
of clearances of structures, overhead bridges
and tunnels, etc. Smaller than the structure
gauge.

loading outline
An outline drawing or specification that

describes the maximum permissible dimensions Railway Terminology'.
and shape of loading for transit over a
nominated route.
local control panel
An interlocking machine that may be switched

to and from local control, but is capable of
being switched to remote control.

local earth
Portable appliance for establishing electrical

connection between de-energised overhead
traction wiring equipment and traction earth.

locallycontrolled station
A block station where the switches and signals

are controlled from a panel in the station
building, or interlocking frame in a signal
cabin, at the block station.

location
The designated name used to describe a place

on the railway.

Terminology'.
location (cases)
One or more signalling lineside apparatus

housings at a particular site and the equipment
contained therein.

2004.
location ahead sign
A sign marking the approach to a location and

the location's recognition by its designated
name.

lock circuit controller
Electric circuit controller, the position of which International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

depends on that of the point lock.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
lock drop contact
A proving contact fitted to a gravity operated

electric lock. The contact is closed when the
lock is in its locking position.

lock proving
Checking the position of a point lock.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
lock rod
A bar or rod connecting the point switches to

which the facing point lock is attached or on
which the facing point lock operates. Usually
placed as close as possible to the tip of the
switch.

lock slide
The part of the clamp lock point mechanism

which unlocks, moves and relocks the switches. Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
2004.
lock spike
See springspike.

lock stretcher
A stretcher bar that is secured by a facing point

lock.

2004.
locked
The state of any signalling function or item of

equipment when it is conditionally or
unconditionally prevented from changing state
or position by other parts of the signalling

2004.
66
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
system.
locking bar
A fouling bar, provided for mechanically

worked facing points, that acts in conjunction
with the facing point lock, preventing the
unlocking of the points during the passage of a
train. It has generally been superseded by more
modern forms of train detection.

locking chart
A drawing showing in graphical form, the

layout of mechanical locking for a lever frame.

2004.
locking dog
A steel block attached to a locking bar or tappet RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
of an interlocking machine, by means of which Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
locking between levers is accomplished.
locking level
The interlocking level where controls between

signalling functions are required to be satisfied
before a route can be set.

2004.
locking level release
Controls that are required to be satisfied before

the locking on a route or a section of a route is
released. Controls on conflicting routes are
released by the train clearing track sections. If
required, controls on opposing routes are
released by the train timed to a stand on an
appropriate track section. Also see route
locking.

2004.
lockout
A system which allows a person requiring

access to the track to provide personal
protection by restricting or preventing the
signalling of trains.

2004.
locomotive
Self-propelled, non-passenger-carrying railway

vehicles used for hauling or propelling other
(typically freight or passenger) rolling stock.

locomotive rolling stock
See locomotive.
long route
A route combining one or more other routes.

2004.
long section token
A type of token covering more than one single

line section, usually in radio electronic token
block areas.

2004.
long train
A freight train of 800m or more in length.
AS7519.2
long welded rail
Track where the rail is welded into lengths

between 110 m and 300 m, with the rail lengths 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
joined by fishplated joints. Some thermal
Terminology'.
expansion is provided for at the joints.
lookout (site lookout)
A qualified and competent worker who will

remain in close proximity to workers who
require lookout protection and will warn
workers of the approach of a train/on-track
vehicle in ample time to make sure workers
and/or equipment are moved to a position of
safety.

loop
See balloon loop, crossing loop or refuge

loop.

LOS
Abbreviated term for limit of shunt indicator.

2004.
louvre car (or

louvre wagon)
A box wagon in which the wall panels include

louvres or similar devices for ventilation.

Terminology'.
low risk failure
A wrong side failure where another part of the

signalling system provides an acceptable level

67
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
of protection. Also known as a protected

wrong side failure.
2004.
low speed
A speed, which will enable a train movement to COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
be stopped within half the distance the line is
seen to be clear ahead, which does not exceed
Terminology'.
25 km/h.
low speed (indication)

signal
A signal indication consisting of a small green RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
light fixed below the stop indication on a
running signal. The low speed indication is
provided to facilitate working where closer
headway is desired for following trains and
permits a train to approach and pass the signal
at a restricted speed, usually 25 kph in trainstop
fitted areas. Used also at crossing loops in
single line areas where overlaps for crossing
moves are minimal.
low visibility
Visibility restricted by fog, mist, rain, dust,

snow, low light or other similar cause.

lower quadrant
A term applied to a semaphore signal whose

clear position is designated by the arm below
horizontal.

2004.
lunar white
One of the standard colours used in railway

signalling established by specification for
roundels, lenses, association of American
railroads (aar) manual, namely, red, yellow,
green, lunar white for roundels, lenses. Lunar
white is white with a blue tinge.

magnetic latch relay
A relay, the armature of which remains at full

stroke in its last energised position when its
control circuit is opened.

main (route class)
Route from one main signal to the next that

allows running movements. It requires the
section and overlap to be clear.

2004.
main arm
An arm of a semaphore main signal controlling

a running movement.

2004.
main aspect
An aspect displayed by a colour light or

semaphore signal controlling a running
movement.

2004.
main cable
A twin or multicore lineside cable carrying

signalling functions or power supplies between
apparatus cases or equipment rooms.

2004.
main line
The line normally used for running trains

through and between locations.

Terminology'.
main line indicator
Wayside Indicators provided in train order

working territory to indicate to a driver
travelling on the authority of train order, that
the interlocking equipment, such as points and
level crossings, are set for the train to proceed.

main signal
A colour light signal capable of displaying a

main aspect or a semaphore distant or stop
signal.

2004.
maintained locking
An alternative to the term route locking.

2004.
maintainers panel
An indication panel that repeats the indications

sent to the Signaller and allows the maintainer
to monitor the state of the interlocking. It

2004.
68
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
generally contains additional fault condition

indications.
maintainersterminal
This commonly consists of a VDU, keyboard

and printer, and is used to obtain essential fault
diagnostic information.

2004.
maintenanceprovider
An organisation contracted to perform

maintenance on infrastructure or rolling stock.

maintenancereleases
A releasing switch provided on bi-directionally

signalled double lines to enable maintenance
staff to block the section for signalling
movements in the reverse direction.

major accident
An occurrence that has been classified as a

major emergency, requiring a sustained
response by emergency service personnel, e.g.:
a collision or major derailment involving a
passenger or freight train which results in
multiple deaths/injuries and response by
emergency service personnel.

major derailment
All derailments exceeding the limits defining

minor derailment.
AS7516
male half (crossing)
See scarf rail.

manifest
A complete list of the units (containers) being

carried by a service on a given date, itemised
by the wagons on which they are being carried.

manual block working
A method of special working which ensures

sole occupancy by manually maintaining the
block behind a rail traffic movement.

mark off
Identify wagon with a mechanical defect.

marker light
Light indicating the front of a train.
AS7531
marker light signal
A small light fixed to a single light colour light

signal post for the purpose of indicating the
location of a signal in the event of the main
signal light having failed. Off-set to the right
on an automatic signal and directly underneath
the main signal on a controlled signal.

marshal
To arrange the order of vehicles in a trains

consist.

marshalling yard
A train yard where shunting is performed as

well as the stabling, light maintenance,
inspection, and queuing of trains.

master roster
The planned roster that would operate if there

were no operational or crewing changes. It
contains all work allocated to a depot. The
work is formulated into shifts and arranged into
work lines.
master train
Planned trains to fulfil planned transit legs. The CMC 'Glossary for
plan
train details include the route and timetable, the NCOP and Dictionary
freight capacity, planned transit legs,
fuelling stops,
of Railway
wagon attach/detach locations and crew

changes.
Terminology'.
material change
Where a proposed change to an accredited rail

organisation accredited activities and/or safety
management system which may be reasonably
expected to impact upon safety, or have the
potential to do so.

material safety data

sheet (MSDS)
A document that provides information on the

identification, hazards, precautions for use and

69
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
safe handling of a specific product.

maximum service mass
Represents the mass of the vehicle in full

working order (includes passengers and / or
crew).
AS7520
maximum track speed
The speed displayed on speed boards.

may
Indicates the existence of an option.
AS 4292.1-2006
mechanical
Operated without any form of power

assistance.

2004.
mechanical insulated
joint
A mechanical joint incorporating insulating

channels, ferrules and end posts designed to
electrically insulate the joined rails.

mechanical interlocking
An interlocking area where the points and

signals are directly connected by wires and
rods to the levers of a mechanical interlocking
machine and are operated by the signaller or
other qualified employee.

mechanical rail joint
A rail joint made by mechanical means (as

opposed to welding), generally using bolted
fishplated sliding joints that are designed
within limits to allow the rail to expand and
contract with temperature.

Terminology'.
mechanically jointed rail Track where the rail less than 110 metres in
length is joined by mechanical rail joints.
track

Terminology'.
merchant bar
Commodity metal shapes such as angles,

channels, flats, rounds, squares and strips.
metal flow
Extrusion or flow of steel on the running

surface of the rail head.

micro-switch
An electrical contact, usually sealed, with a

snap- action, very short changeover movement
activated by a plunger.

mid-platform signal
A Signal provided to enable two trains to be

positioned at a platform by the use of block
Signalling techniques. It may or may not form
part of the standard aspect sequence.

2004.
miniature alphanumeric
route indicator (MARI)
An alphanumeric display presented to the

driver to indicate the route set. It is for short
range use (category three performance).
Formerly known as stencil indicator.

2004.
miniature lever
Electrical control switches within relay

interlocking control units.

miniature lever frame
A lever frame of miniature levers for the

control of power operated signalling. Also see
power frame.

2004.
minimum static height
The case of a stationary vehicle fitted with

AS7507
condemned diameter wheels combined with the
suspension fully compressed to 'solid'
condition, maximum permissible wear in bogie
centre plates, pivots or any other surface which
may reduce the height of the bogie or vehicle,
body deflection under load and including fully
deflated airsprings, where applicable.
minor derailment
Rolling stock derailed for less than sixty (60)

AS7516
metres and less than sixteen (16) kilometres per
hour.
minor incident
A minor occurrence that can be managed

without external assistance from emergency
service personnel, e.g. derailments; minor
70

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
injuries, etc.
misconsign- ment
Freight that is dispatched to an incorrect

destination.

mixed gauge turnout
A turnout consisting of two or more track

gauges where one or more gauges diverge. A
turnout in which all gauges diverge is called a
full mixed gauge turnout.

MLRI
Abbreviated term for multi-lamp route

indicator.

2004.
mobile radio
A radio mounted in a locomotive, track

machine or terminal machinery and has an
externally mounted antenna. A mobile radio
usually puts out a stronger signal than a
portable radio.

modified continuity test

(MC)
Performed by examining staff or train crew

when locomotives are changed or loading is
detached consisting of a continuity test.

Terminology'.
modified or partial train

examination - MX

when attaching pre-air tested and preRailway Terminology'.
mechanically examined vehicles to a
locomotive or train. A maximum of two
separate blocks may be placed within a train
consist at any location consisting of - brake
pipe leakage test; continuity test; issue of train
examiners certificate for interstate freight trains
(if the examination is performed by a train
examiner).

examination - MX1

when attaching non tested loading to a
previously tested train or when vehicles on an
existing train are remarshalled consisting of brake pipe leakage test; continuity test; issue of
train examiners certificate for interstate freight
trains (if the examination is performed by a
train examiner).

examination - MX2
An air brake examination that confirms the

correct brake operation on the first three
vehicles beyond the further most amalgamation
point when a locomotive/s or vehicles are
attached or detached from a train.
modified rolling stock
Rolling stock where a change has been

implemented that affects it's compliance with
the requirements in the standard.
AS75xx series
monorail network
A passenger-carrying system in which vehicles

travel over a single broad beam (rather than
two narrow rails connected by sleepers as with
conventional railway rolling stock).
MoT
Abbreviation for 'Ministry of Transport'.
ARA
motion sensing detector
A device used to sense the presence, motion

and direction of travel of a train.

motive power unit
A rail vehicle used to provide the power to

move itself or other vehicles.

motor car carrier
A rail vehicle specially equipped for the

transport of private and light commercial motor 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
vehicles.
Terminology'.
motor operated
Power operated by a motor or similar device

connected to the signal arm (applicable to
semaphore signals). Can also apply to points
and detonator placers.
71


2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
motorail
A rail based trailer for the movements of cars.

movable roundel light

unit (searchlight)
Light unit in which the aspect is given by

means of a mechanism placing a roundel of the
colour required near the focus of the lens unit,
in front of the lamp.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
movement
The operation on rail of a train or other track

vehicle or machine.

Terminology'.
movement authority
Permission for a train to run to a specific

location as a signalled move.

2004.
moving block
A train separation system where a safe space is

maintained ahead of a moving train
commensurate with its speed relative to other
trains, track and train characteristics.

Terminology'.
multi function coupler
Coupler which makes all connections between

the rail vehicles (mechanical, pneumatic and
electrical) without human intervention, in
contrast to automatic couplers which just
handle the mechanical aspects.
AS7524
multiple car set (MCS)
Two or more compatible and easily separable

single unit vehicles coupled together to form an 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
operating consist. A MCS may include all
Terminology'.
powered vehicles or a combination of powered
and trailer vehicles.
multiplecoupled
locomotives
Where locomotives are multi-coupled, one

crew is in control of, and operating, more than
one unit, employees must regard the multicoupled locomotives, for the purpose of train
signalling and operation as one locomotive.
multiple unit
Term could refer to: 1. When two or more

locomotives are coupled in such a manner that
all the units are controlled by the driver from
one control stand - usually in the leading
locomotive; or 2. A multiple-unit passenger
train in which the propulsion power is supplied
by a diesel engine (see DMU) or by electric
power supplied from an external source such as
overhead wires (see EMU).
multiple unit consist

(MUC)
A semi-permanently coupled consist of

powered multiple unit vehicles, with or without 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
trailer vehicles, and a driving position in each
Terminology'.
end vehicle.
multiple- aspect
signalling
A fixed colour light signal capable of giving

three or more aspects.

multi-section (track
circuit)
See cut-section (track circuit).

2004.
must
The word must indicates that a statement is

mandatory.

narrow gauge
The track gauge of 1067mm (3 6).

NBDR
A series of positions provided on a lever of a

mechanical or power frame for operating
points. When operated, the lever can be locked 2004.
in the Normal, B (normal checklock), D
(reverse checklock), Reverse positions
respectively. (Other nominated positions are A,

72
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
C and E.)
neck
A small line of track in a yard used for the

shunting of a locomotive.
negligible risk railure
A failure which does not result in the protection UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
provided by the signalling system being
reduced. Also known as a right side failure.
2004.
Also see fail-safe,.
nestedcontainers
Nested containers refers to the transport of

multiple empty containers to a location using a
single slot on a particular wagon.

net tonne kilometre
Net tonne kilometres is a measure of the

payload of wagons (the net tonnes) multiplied
by the distance travelled.

net train weight
The weight of hauled vehicles in a train consist. CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
network
See railway network.

network control
The function responsible for managing train

paths and issuing occupancy authorities.

network registered
Rolling stock that the track manager can

consider for train or route acceptance.
AS7501
networkregistration
The process used by a track manager to permit

initiation of the train acceptance process.
AS7501
neutral relay
A relay which operates in response to a predetermined change of the current in the

controlling circuit, irrespective of the direction
of the current.

neutral section
An arrangement of insulators and earthed

equipment introduced into the overhead line
equipment and designed to ensure that two
adjacent electrical sections are kept separated
even during the passage of the pantographs of
electric trains.

neutral temperature
The rail temperature at which the track has no

longitudinal thermal stresses.

nonautomatic signal
See automatic signal.
non bulk freight
General freight, comprising containerised

freight, steel, motor vehicles, paper products
and other general merchandise.

non conformal contact
Contact between the wheel throat and rail

gauge corner giving a gap of more than 0.4mm
between their undeformed shapes.
AS7508
non detectable
Rolling stock that does not activate track

circuits.
AS7505-4
non electrified route
Not equipped to supply power to electric trains. CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
non field lubricated

bearings
Bearings that do not require any lubricant to be

added during the service period.
AS7516
non- interlocked points

(on signalled running
lines)
Points which are not interlocked with the

signalling and which must be securely locked
by spike, point clips or clamps, and XL locks.

non-passable
A signal is designated non-passable because it

protects an area of conflict or other
infrastructure such that a significant hazard
would arise in the event of it being passed at
danger without authority. Such signals cannot
be passed at danger without specific authority
from the signaller, in accordance with the rule
book. Non-passable signals are usually
controlled signals. Also see absolute signal.

2004.
73

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
non-safety related
A description applied to those parts of the

signalling system whose failure or nonavailability does not directly endanger rail
traffic or reduce the integrity of the signalling
system.

2004.
non-storage
A term used when pre-selection (storage) of a
RailCorp ESG 007 -
operation
route is not provided and where the control to
(anti pre-
move points can only be set up if the points are
selection)
free or available at the moment the control is
non-vital
applied.
Signalling equipment and circuits are
considered non vital where failure to function
correctly would not cause an unsafe outcome of
the signalling system. Non-vital equipment and
circuits do not affect the safe operation of the
signalling system. Also see non-safety
related
non-vital blocking
Non-vital blocking is blocking which is

incorporated in an operator Interface or train
control system to inhibit specific controls to
call routes and points from being sent out to an
interlocking.

normal (aspect)
The most restrictive aspect of a controlled

signal, or the aspect of an automatic signal
which is displayed when no trains are present
and no routes set.

2004.
normal (function)
Position of a lever or switch when in the unoperated or quiescent state.

2004.
normal (points)
The normal position of points is defined by the

signalling plan. By convention, points in the
normal position are set to give optimum
protection to other routes. The normal position
of a crossover is to give parallel routes.

2004.
normal contact
A term used to designate a current carrying

contact when the operating mechanism is in the Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
normal position.
normal direction
On a line for which the signalling is provided

for one direction only, Normal applies to the
signalled direction. On a bi-directional line,
normal applies to the direction of the
predominant traffic flow.

2004.
normal position
The position in which signal and other devices

are assumed to normally lie, according to rule,
convention or otherwise, i.e., stop aspect
displayed, points set for main track, devices
energised or de- energised, etc. The normal
position generally refers to the position where
the protection is applied e.g. signals at stop,
releases locked and not available.

normal speed
A speed that does not exceed the speed limit

currently in force for the locality and class of
train.

Terminology'.
normalise
Cancellation of a set route and release of the

interlocking including approach locking, but
not including route locking being maintained
by a train within the route.

nose
The machined or point end of a crossing near

the point of intersection.

nose rail
The rail used to manufacture the nose of a
74
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
crossing. It forms a V with the scarf rail. Also

referred to as female half of vee.
nose to nose interlocking Directional interlocking which may be

cancelled, under certain conditions, to permit
entry to an occupied track. Also known as
enclenchement de nez a nez.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
NTC
Abbreviation for 'National Transport

Commission'.
ARA
null count test
This is a check against the circuit book analysis RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
sheets to verify that there are no wires
terminated on spare contacts of relays and other
operating mechanisms, nor on spare fuses,
links, terminals, and all other spare termination
points.
number light
Backlit vehicle number.
AS7531
NX
Abbreviated term for entrance-exit system.

2004.
O
obscuration
A situation where there is an interruption of the UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
drivers line of sight to an element. total
obscuration occurs when the entire surface area 2004.
of the element is hidden from the drivers view.
Partial obscuration occurs when part of the
surface area is hidden from view.
obstacle deflector
An extension of vehicle body underneath the

AS7507
headstock at a cab end to deflect large obstacles
from the track, also known as a 'cow-catcher' or
'pilot'.
obstruction
Any defect in the track or track formation, or

obstacle on, above or adjacent to the track
which will prevent the safe passage of trains.

OCC
Abbreviated term for occupied.

2004.
occupancy
Presence of rail traffic or track workers on

track.

March 2009.
occupancy authority
Any formal permit of a kind described in this

Standard issued to a train crew or work site
safety supervisor allowing occupancy or
obstruction of one or more track sections.
AS 4292.5-2006
occupation crossing
Level crossing provided for a private roadway.

occupied (OCC)
A track section having any part of a train

present upon it.

2004.
occupied line
A portion of a line between two successive

signals which are capable of displaying a stop
aspect, or between such a signal and the end of
the line, on which a train, or a part of a train, is
already positioned.

2004.
occurrence
A general term for accidents and incidents

which lead to injury or loss, or which are
considered by the responsible authority to have
the potential to compromise safety.
AS 4292.1-2006, AS 4292.7-2006
OCS
Abbreviated term for one control switch.

2004.
OCU
Abbreviated term for operators control unit.
75
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
2004.
off (aspect)
A proceed aspect in a colour light signal, or the UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
arm of a semaphore signal or disc signal
inclined at 45 degrees or more, or distant signal 2004.
other than at its most restrictive aspect.
off and on signal

proving
Checking whether the signal is off (open) or

on (closed).

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
off indicator
An indicator that displays the word Off, to

indicate that the signal ahead is cleared prior to
starting the train, usually associated with a
platform starting signal. Also see guards
indicator

2004.
offset (curve)
The distance from the centre of a chord to the

running edge of a curved rail.

offset couplers
Automatic couplers where there is a vertical

mismatch between the centreline of the
coupling head and the centreline of the coupler
shank.
AS7524.2
OL
Abbreviated term for overlap.

2004.
on (aspect)
A red aspect in a colour light signal, or the arm UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
of a semaphore signal in the horizontal
position, denoting stop or caution, or distant 2004.
signal at most restrictive aspect.
on or near the track
The space within 3 metres of the nearest rail

when measured horizontally and at any level
above or below the rail when measured
vertically, unless in a position of safety.

Terminology'.
on time running
Measures the proportion of train trips which

arrive within a given time of the scheduled
arrival time.

on track machine (or on

track vehicle)
Any power operated, self-propelled, flange

wheel mounted maintenance machine or
recorder vehicle, excluding road/rail vehicles
and other small machines placed on and off
track by hand or lifting equipment on site, such
as re-sleepering plant.

one control switch

(OCS)
A type of route setting control panel having one RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
switch (or other device) to control each route.
one pull (one shot)
See 'one train release'.

2004.
one spot
A repair facility designed to bring vehicles in

need of repair to a central depot fully equipped
with materials, handling equipment, tools and
spares.

one train release
Allows the signaller to operate the section

signal only once, for each line clear. Also
known as one pull or one shot.

2004.
one train working
Methods of signalling a single line, where only UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
one train is permitted at a time either with a
train staff [OT(S)] or without a train staff [OT]. 2004.
one-train staff
instrument
A designated container for the safe storage of

one one-train staff at the signal box or token
control point.
on-site test
These are tests using signalling power supplies RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
of equipment and circuits installed in signalling Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
76

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
structures with the track side equipment

connected.
open ballasted track
Track comprising rails, fastenings, sleepers and COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
ballast. It does not include track comprising
slab or embedded systems, or track on transom Terminology'.
deck bridges.
open channel
A system which allows all radio users to take

part in all conversations.

March 2009.
open circuit
The condition applying when a circuit is

incomplete, as by the opening of a switch, or
by the omission of a connection in the circuit,
thus preventing current from flowing.

open level crossing
Level crossing provided for a public roadway.

open wagon (or open

car)
A wagon with substantially vertical sides and

ends, a flat floor and an open top, with or
without doors in the side walls or floor.
operating headway
The minimum spacing between trains, based on RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
the specified maximum line capacity in trains
per hour.
operating notice
diagram
A simplified layout plan for publication in, or

with, the signalling alterations section of an
operating notice, for example WON, PON.

2004.
operating restriction
A restriction on the operation of rollingstock

(e.g. reduced speed, axle load) to provide an
appropriate level of risk in response to a
specific infrastructure condition.

Terminology'.
operational specification The technical specifications for rail operations

on a route, including time of entry to and exit
from the route, duration of use of the route,
technical specification of rolling stock and rail
infrastructure facilities, and safeworking
standards.

operational use
The manner in which the equipment is used for

the purposes of running trains.

2004.
operations controller
A qualified employee authorised and

responsible to regulate and control all
movements over prescribed sections of a
railway in accordance with authorised systems
of safeworking.

operator
The person or body responsible by reason of

ownership, control or management, for the
provision, maintenance or operation of trains,
or a combination of these, or a person or body
acting on its behalf.
operator interface
The interface between the signalling system

and the signaller which provides all the
information and functionality needed by the
signaller to control and monitor the signalling
system.

operator interface
station (OIS)
Any microprocessor based man-machine

interface, typically any graphic user interface
(GUI) using a keyboard, mouse and any array
of visual display units (VDUs) to form a
workstation for the purpose of train control.

opposing train
Any train other than a following train which, if

it continued beyond a nominated signal, would
cross over or occupy the same track as another
train.

77
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
organisation
A track manager or an operator, or a person or

a body that is both track manager and operator.

Terminology'.
OSS
An overspeed sensor system as applied to a

TPWS.

2004.
OT(S)
Abbreviated term for one train working with a

train staff.

2004.
OTSI
Abbreviated term for 'Office of Transport

Safety Investigations' (NSW).
ARA
out of gauge loads
A vehicle load that does not conform to the

relevant loading outline.
AS7507
out of gauge rolling

stock
Any vehicle that does not conform to a

reference rolling stock outline applicable to a
particular route.
AS7507
out of use
Non-operational equipment that is still

connected to the infrastructure.

2004.
outer home signal
An outer home signal is a controlled signal

which controls the movement of trains over the Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
portion of line between that signal and the next
signal in advance where a risk may only exist
under certain circumstances. For example, a
risk may exist for an approaching train when
another train is required to shunt back outside a
home signal towards the outer home signal.
outline project
specification (OPS)
The requirements for a signalling scheme,

formulated at the feasibility stage of a project.

2004.
overhaul
Actions carried out at the end of the service

period to return the item to a condition that
should give reliable operation for a further full
service period.
AS7516
overhead line equipment The structures and overhead equipment

necessary for the traction power supply for
electric rolling stock.

overhead traction wiring See overhead line equipment.

equipment
Any bearing visibly overheating, or running
overheated bearing
hotter than other bearings on same vehicle.

AS7516
Victorian Rail Network, SF90133.01, 23 June
2006.
overlap
The overlap of a signal is an extension of a

track circuit beyond a stop signal to provide a
margin of safety beyond that signal. The
overlap must be unoccupied and free of
opposing signal locking before the signal is
permitted to show a proceed aspect.
overlap maintenance
If a choice of overlaps exists beyond a stop

signal then the clearing of the signal in rear will Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
lock any facing points in the overlap beyond
the stop signal to prevent the operation of those
points towards an overlap that is not free, or is
occupied (running signals); overlap
maintenance will maintain that locking when
an approaching train has passed the signal in
rear.
overlap span
An overlapping of the ends of two lengths of

overhead line equipment, arranged in such a
manner that the pantographs of electric trains
can pass smoothly and without break of contact
from one contact wire to the next over the same
78
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
track.
overlay
A detection device designed to detect the

approach of a train in addition to the normal
track circuit train detection is referred to as an
overlay device.
AS7505
overlay track circuit
A track circuit installed on a section of track

over which one or more existing track circuits
are operating. Overlay track circuits are usually 2004.
audio- frequency systems, configured so that
the main and overlay track circuits operate
independently of each other. Normally used for
detecting the passage of a train at or past a
specific position.
overlength train (OL)
A train is overlength if its length exceeds the

holding capacity of a designated running track
at a crossing station.

override
A facility provided in respect to some remote

interlockings for use during failure of the
remote control equipment. It enables all signals
to be replaced to danger or nominated routes to
be set for automatic working. Limited selective
routing at junctions is sometimes provided.
Also known as through routes.

2004.
overrun
Passing the end of movement authority. The

conventional terminology for an overrun is a
signal passed at danger (SPAD).

2004.
oversetting
The setting of a following movement before the UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
previous movement has cleared the route
and/or overlap. Also known as restroking or
2004.
pumping.
overview
A signalling diagram or display that shows the UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
whole of the area being controlled, usually with Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
reduced detail.
2004.
owner / manager
See track manager.

Terminology'.
P2 force
Total vertical force (static plus 'low frequency'

dynamic forces) per wheel when the rolling
stock operates over a defined angular
discontinuity (ramp) in the rail vertical profile,
representing an idealised dipped rail joint.
AS7508
Pacific National
Freight train operator throughout all Australian

states and track manager for the Victorian
regional broad gauge network.
RISSB Roll standards (various)
package axle bearings
A single packaged (or cartridge) unit,

containing all the bearing assembly parts, preset, lubricated and sealed for assembly on the
axle.
AS7516
packing
The process for consolidating the ballast under

the sleepers, timbers or bearers for the proper
support of the track.

pad
An item manufactured from elastic, electrically

insulated or low friction material which is
placed under the rail and intended to perform a
specific function, e.g. vibration isolation,
electrical insulation.

Pandrol
A trade name, Pandrol supplies plates and

resilient fastenings.

panel (track)
A section of plain track or crossingwork
79
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
comprising rails, track fastenings and sleepers

(tie bars if applicable) which has been
assembled for transport or installation into
track as a unit.
panel processor
A microprocessor interfacing between the

operator interface and the signalling
interlocking and building the information sets
required from the input data elements.

pantograph
An apparatus fixed to the roof of electric

traction vehicles to draw current from the
overhead supply.

March 2009.
parallelbonding
The bonding of both rails of a turnout such that

they are connected in parallel with the other
straight rails comprising the track circuit.

2004.
part worn rail
Any recycled rail that has previously carried

traffic, including rail used for closures and
inserts.

Terminology'.
pass
The process of one train overtaking another

travelling in the same direction at a crossing
loop on single track.

Terminology'.
passable
A signal which is able to be passed at danger

without specific authority from the signaller, in Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
accordance with the rule book. passable signals 2004.
are usually automatic, semi-automatic or
intermediate block signals. Also see Permissive
Signal
passengerkilometre
Unit of measure representing the transport of

one passenger over a distance of one kilometre. Railway Terminology'.
passenger line
A line signalled to the standard required for

trains conveying passengers.

2004.
passenger rolling stock
Rolling stock that carries people and facilities

for these people. Excludes locomotive and
infrastructure maintenance rolling stock.
passengervehicle (or
passenger car)
See passenger rolling stock.

passing contact
Contact which closes or opens for a short

period only and usually when the controller is
operated in a certain direction only, e.g. normal
to reverse.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
passing loop
A passing loop is a section of track that runs

parallel and connected at both ends to the main Railway Terminology'.
line. This allows, for example, two trains in
oposite directions to cross each other, or a
faster train to pass and overtake a slower one
that is waiting in the loop. Passing loops are
generally used on lines with only one track, and
allows for increased running capabilities and
minimalised running times.
passingmovement
See pass.

passive level crossing

warning system
Control of the movement of vehicular or

pedestrian traffic across a railway level
crossing by signs or devices, none of which are
activated during the approach or passage of a
train, and which rely on the road user detecting
the approach or presence of a train by direct
observation.
COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary'.
path
A train path is the right to use consecutive

sections of rail track for defined periods of
time.

80
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
patrol inspections
Visual inspections for obvious unsafe

conditions, changed conditions, or evidence of
high rates of deterioration of the infrastructure
that indicate unacceptable risk to operations.
Patrols should be sufficient to enable the need
for more detailed inspections to be determined.

Terminology'.
patrolman
A person who patrols/inspects a section of line.

2004.
patrolmanslockout
device (PLOD)
A type of lockout system that allows a

patrolman, with the permission of the signaller,
to prevent the signalled movement of traffic,
for example, in one direction only on a bidirectional Line.

2004.
pedestrian crossing
A crossing at substantially the same level as a

railway track that is used by pedestrians to
cross the railway track

per way patroller
An approved person having responsibility for

regular permanent way inspections to ensure
the safety of the line.

01/07/2001.
periodical operating
notice (PON)
An operating notice published bi-monthly. This UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
is an official notice giving details of weekly
operating notice information, specified
2004.
operations publications, and other publication
changes, for example, of the sectional
appendix.
periodical ticket
A ticket valid for more than one day.
permanent rail joint
Non-welded rail joints intended for use in track COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
in the long term. They include fishplated joints, 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
glued insulated joints and expansion joints.
Terminology'.
permanentspeed board
A fixed board which indicates to the driver the

maximum allowable speed for trains on the
portion of line ahead up to the next speed
board.

permanent
speedrestriction (PSR)
The normal speed restriction for the operation

of trains over a section of line.

2004.
permanent way
The system of earthworks, drainage, structures,

and trackwork (but excluding signalling and
communications systems) completed to the
required clearance, grade and alignment in
readiness for traffic.

permissible rollingstock
outline
The outline that defines the limiting crossCOP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
sectional geometry for rollingstock and its load 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
including kinematic effects. It includes the
Terminology'.
static rollingstock outline and the affects of
vehicle centre and end throw, track tolerances
and dynamic rollingstock limits. Also referred
to as rollingstock outline or maximum
kinematic rollingstock outline. Also equivalent
to the permissible rollingstock outline defined
in AS 4292.
permissible speed
The maximum allowable safe speed over a

section of line which applies to all trains when
not operating at an EPS. Normally identified in
the sectional appendix, and sometimes shown
as a differential speed.

2004.
permissiblestructure
outline
The outline relative to the track cross-section

that defines the limiting cross-sectional
geometry which no part of any structure or

81

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
trackside fixture may infringe.

permissive block
working
A system whereby two or more trains travelling COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
in the same direction and spaced a block apart, 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
may consecutively enter a block section of
Terminology'.
single line on signal indication.
permissive signal
1. A signal that can be passed at stop without

the authority of a signaller or Special Proceed
Authority, if it is considered safe to do. (NSW)
2. A fixed signal designated as a permissive
normally controlled by the passage of trains. Its
normal indication is a PA. (ARTC)
permissive working
A system whereby a train, or two or more

trains, travelling in the same direction may
enter a single line indication on signal
indication and are permitted to proceed at low
speed to the preceding train or next stop
indication.
phantom aspect
An aspect displayed by a colour light signal,

different from the aspect intended, caused by a Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
light from an external source being reflected by
the optical system of the signal. Also see
masking.
phantom overlap (POL)
A calculated full overlap that does not

correspond to a physical track section joint. It
is used where an overlap distance falls short of
a set of points and those points are not locked.

2004.
phantom restricted
overlap (PROL)
An overlap that contains the special features of

a phantom overlap and a restricted overlap.

2004.
pick-up
The energisation of an electromagnetic device

to pick up and close its front contacts.

pick-up value
The electrical value which, when applied to an

electromagnetic instrument, will cause the
moving member to move to the position which
will just close the front contacts or visually
indicate its energised position.

piggyback
Transporting complete road trailers on railway

flat wagons.

pilot
A person fully acquainted with a section of

track that supervises drivers or track machine
operators through a section of track or
worksite.

pilot staff
A metal staff that authorises travel through a

pilot staff section.

pilot staff lock
An annett lock at a single line starting signal

which holds a half pilot staff for the single line Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
section. Removal of the half pilot staff operates
a pilot staff lock contact which disconnects the
section control circuits and prevents the starting
signals at each end of the section from clearing.
pilot staff notice (PSN)
A form used to give details of pilot staff

working.
pilot staff ticket
A written authority issued after a driver or track CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
vehicle operator has seen the pilot staff or half- Railway Terminology'.
staff for a section.
pilot staff with key
A staff in two halves with a key at each end.

Each half is secured in a pilot staff lock box at Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
each end of a single line track block or track
control signalling section. For use in the case of
starting signal failure or obstruction on the
single line.
82
AS7531

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
pilot staff working
A method of working rail traffic when the

normal system of safeworking is not available.

pilotman
A person who has been appointed to manage

the passage of trains over a single line during
the failure of equipment, during repairs or due
to an obstruction.

2004.
pin
A round spike used to fasten some types of

plates to timbers or a connecting pin used in
point spreader bars and connecting rods.

pivot light
A light that is common to both on and off

aspects of a position light signal, or the
common lamp of a PLJI where more than one
diverging route exists.

2004.
plain axle bearings
Bearings using sliding motion between the

moving load-bearing surfaces.
AS7516
plate
A steel plate fitted between the rail and sleeper

or timber to spread the load on the sleeper.
Plates may be double shoulder, clip fastening,
taper, level or cant to suit requirements, see
below: clip fastening: A rail support plate
designed for resilient fastenings.double
shoulder: A rail support plate designed with a
shoulder on each side of the rail foot which is
normally used with dogspikes. graduated cant
plate: A plate under the rail which changes rail
cant from 1:20 on open track to zero cant at
crossing work over 3 adjacent timbers. They
are marked A (1:30), B (1:40) or C (1:80) to
indicate the cant. rail base plate: A rail support
plate between the rail and bearer at
crossingwork. The plate may be level or taper.

plateau
The level elevated platform in a flangeway or a

flange bearing third rail transfer or crossing
unit which reduces excessive wear and batter
on the nose.

platform sharing
Permitting two passenger trains to occupy a

platform line simultaneously, other than for the
purposes of attaching, detaching or removing
vehicles, without the existence of a midplatform signal.

2004.
platform starting signal
A stop signal located such that either the

longest passenger (or empty coaching stock)
train authorised to use the platform would, if
stopped at the signal, still have a portion of the
passenger accommodation alongside the
platform, or the leading end of the train passes
over the AWS equipment associated with the
signal before it is despatched from the
platform.

2004.
PLOD
Abbreviated term for patrolmans lockout

device.

2004.
plug bond
A traction bond with the termination on each

end of the bond consisting of a cylindrical plug Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
which forms a close fit in a hole drilled in the
rail web. It is secured in place by the expanding
action of a bond plug being driven into a hole
through its centre.
plug in relay
A relay designed to plug into a plug board. The

electrical connections are permanently made to
the plug board allowing the relays to be
changed without any disconnection of
83

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
individual wires. The plug boards are usually

pin coded to prevent an incorrect type of relay
being fitted.
plunger
A button that is depressed to activate signalling UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
equipment.
2004.
plunger (facing point

lock)
The part of a facing point lock which secures

the lock rod to the plunger stand when the
points switch is locked.

plunger proving of
switch blades
Check of the blades of a switch effected by the

driving in of a spring piston under the action of
a switch blade at the end of its movement
towards the stock rail.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
PN
Abbreviated term for Pacific National.
ARA
point (s)
A track component that provides a path for a

wheel to transfer from one track to another and 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
usually consists of a section of bent and planed Terminology'.
rail (known as the switch rail) and its
connecting parts (for example switch rod
brackets, reinforcing bars and high strength tips
where appropriate). The term point is also used
to describe the end of the switch rail that is
machined into a sharp tip.
point blade
The machined pivoting or flexing running rail

component of a half set of points.

point clamp
A lockable heavy duty clamp for manually

securing a point switch to the stockrail for an
extended period.

point clip
A lockable clip for manually securing a point

switch to the stock rail.

point contact
The fixed contact piece for either a front or

back contact of a relay.

point detector
A device for proving that points are correctly

set before a signal can be cleared to authorise
passage of a train over the points.

2004.
point end
One pair of switch rails in a set of points.

2004.
point extension iron
A bracket bolted to the toe of a point switch

which provides an extended connection point
for point detector rods.

point handle
A collective term for crank handle and pump

handle.

2004.
point indicator
electrical: A colour light signal for indicating

the position of points or derail. mechanical: A
device mechanically actuated by a lever, or a
points switch, to indicate the position of the
points

point machine
The encased equipment for the powered

operation of a set of points.
point machine
with hand crank or long lever: Point machine,
the action of which, in the event of removal or
failure of the motive power, may be effected by
hand, under certain conditions, by means of a
movable crank or a lever connected to the
motor.

2004 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
point operating
mechanism
A mechanism for changing the direction a set

of points is lying.

84
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
point pawl lock
A point operating mechanism which provides

direct switch to stockrail facing point locking
through a vertically operating pawl arm which
requires external point switch and lock
detection and is powered by a purpose built
electric point machine or electro-pneumatic
(EP) motor.

point slide chair
A rail base plate under the stock rail and

switch. It provides vertical support to the stock
rail and a horizontal surface for the switch to
slide on. Chairs are attached to the stock rail
and to the timber under the points.

point switch
A movable tapered track rail, the point of

which is designed to fit against the stock rail.
The pointed end of the switch rail (switch
blade) is referred to as the toe and the other
end, the pivot end, as the heel. asymmetric
point switch: A design of switch in which the
switch rail cross section is asymmetric about its
vertical axis and the height of the switch rail is
approximately 2/3 the height of the stockrail.
Points with asymmetric switches are also
tangential. point switch rollers: A roller under a
point switch and fixed to the stockrail, which
lifts the point switch off the slide plate as the
switch moves from the closed to the open
position and vice versa. Several rollers can be
fitted along each point switch to facilitate
movement, especially for heavy switches on
super elevated track.
point zone telephone
A telephone in the vicinity of one or more

points for use by a shunter, other operating
staff or maintenance staff to communicate
directly with the signaller in connection with
the operation of the points.
points
A set of points permits rail traffic to change

from one track to another. Points are normally
referred to as left or right hand denoting the
turnout direction as viewed from the toe end.
points and crossings
Track structures which provide for one track to

join or cross another.
AS 4292.2-2006
points correspondence

test
This is a test to ensure that the position of a set

of points is in agreement with that required by
the interlocking.

points fixed
Third rail crossingwork designed to permit the
CMC 'Glossary for

2004.
standard gauge or broad gauge track to turn NCOP and Dictionary

out.
The diverge move is effected by the use of
ramped
of Railway
manganese blocks on which the wheel flange

runs
Terminology'.
and guard rails.

points fixed heel
Points which utilise permanently fastened heel

blocks. Localised flexing of the switch occurs
ahead of the fixed heel and the switch rail
continues beyond the heel.

polarised circuit
A circuit path in which the flow of electric

current is reversed from time to time.

polarity reversal
(phasing)
The reversal of the polarity between similar

adjoining track circuits across the insulating
block joints to prevent the possibility of one

85
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
track circuit feed falsely energising the relay of

the adjoining track circuit in the event of
breakdown of the insulating block joints.
polarpak
The polarpak is a 40 kilowatt diesel engine

driven portable generator unit fitted to some 5pack well wagons to provide in-transit power
for refrigerated containers.

polyphase relay
An alternating current relay having two or

more windings, operating on an induction
motor principle, all windings of which must be
properly energised.

PON
Abbreviated term for periodical operating

notice.

2004.
POSA
Abbreviated term of proceed on sight

authority.

2004.
position light ground

signal (PLGS)
An alternative term for ground position light

(GPL), or independent position light signal.

2004.
position light junction

indicator (PLJI)
An indicator which displays the route at a

signal by means of a line of white lights.

2004.
position light signal
A light signal, other than a main signal, that

gives its indication by the position and colour
of its lights.

2004.
position of safety
A position of safety is a place where no track

worksite protection is provided and is either: - Railway Terminology'.
a properly constructed refuge to an approved
design; - behind the safety line on a platform; a place where a structure or physical barrier
has been erected to provide protection but
includes subways and overhead bridges; - a
place that is not on or near the track.
positive train
identification (PTI)
A system that identifies a train directly from

equipment on board the train for the purposes
of train description, rather than from a train
describer.
positive train
An American automatic train protection system RailCorp ESG 007 -
separation
specification evolving from their advanced

train
(PTS)
control system specification. The positive train

2004.
separation system is intended to overlay

existing
signalling systems to provide enforcement
and is
transmission based using radio links to the
train.
possession
Possessions transfer control of a section of

track from the train control system to a separate Railway Terminology'.
body for purposes such as major track repair or
reconstruction. Trains other than those under
the control of the separate body are denied
access to the tracks. Also see disconnection.
possession protection
officer
The qualified worker responsible for

coordinating protection of worksites under a
local possession authority (LPA). Also see
protection officer.

March 2009.
power car (or

power vehicle)
A vehicle that contains the equipment and

facilities necessary to produce, convert or

86
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
distribute the power required for propulsion,

control and auxiliary purposes.
Terminology'.
power frame
A lever frame controlling power operated

equipment. Also see miniature lever frame.

2004.
power interlocking
An interlocking area where the points and

signals are operated electrically, hydraulically
or pneumatically. They are controlled by a
signaller using an interlocking machine or relay
interlocking control unit.
power interlocking
machine
An interlocking machine with small

mechanical type levers or pistol grip slide
levers with mechanical interlocking provided
between the levers which operate circuit
controllers for a power interlocking.

power signal box
A signal box from which the signalman

controls the working of the apparatus by means
of any power supply (pneumatic, electric,
hydraulic). with free levers or thumb
switches: Power signal box with route or
individual levers, in which the control levers or
switches are always free and where
interlocking is effected by the operation of
electrical interlocking acting only on the
control circuits. with individual levers: Power
signal box from which the operation of each
lever controls the working of only one
apparatus or of a group of associated
apparatus. with route levers: Power signal box
where all the signalling apparatus, the
movement of which is necessary to ensure
complete setting up of the specified route, are
simultaneously operated by route levers. This
operation may be effected by one lever per
route (or part of a rpoute) or two levers
corresponding to the extremities of the route
(or part of a route).

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
power supply
conditioner
A device which filters and corrects the

waveform and voltage of a mains power supply Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
for sensitive electronic equipment.
power worked signal
Fixed signals worked by electricity or

compressed air.

preliminarycaution
(aspect)
A signal aspect which informs the driver to

expect the next signal to be at caution. It is
indicated by a double yellow aspect.

2004.
preliminaryrouting
indicator (PRI)
An indicator associated with a junction, giving

the driver prior information about which route
is set at the junction.

2004.
prescribed train
A train laden in excess of a specified

percentage of the maximum load that can be
hauled by the motive power unit, for that
portion of line.

preselection
The selection of a signalling function prior to

the condition becoming available, so that it is
automatically set when some other function is
restored.

2004.
pre-set shunt
Where facing shunting signals exist in the line

of route of other route classes these will be
cleared (generally automatically) before the
main (presetting) signal clears.

2004.
pre-settingcontrol
A control which is carried out automatically

when the safety conditions required are

87
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
satisfied.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
pre-site test
These are tests of manufactured equipment and

circuits using temporary power supplies prior
to site installation. These are not certification
tests, but rather quality control tests.

prestressed concrete
sleeper
A sleeper utilising compressed concrete and

prestressing tendons to resist flexure.

prestressing tendon
A strand or wire within a sleeper, which under

tension, compresses the concrete.

prevent shunt
The prevent shunt of a track circuit is the

maximum value of the resistance which, placed Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
between the two rails of a track circuit, will
2004.
prevent the energisation of the track relay.
PRI
Abbreviated term for preliminary routing

indicator.

2004.
prime length (rail)
See standard length rail.

principles
Principles describe fundamentals applicable to COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
all railways. Principles defined in the code may 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
include a list of factors that should be
Terminology'.
considered.
private siding
A siding owned and maintained by a person

who does not own, control or manage the
running line with which the siding connects.

proceed aspect
Any signal aspect which permits the driver to

pass the signal.

2004.
proceed indication
Any signal indication other than stop.

proceed on sight
authority (POSA)
A signal aspect for use during lineside

signalling failures to instruct the driver to enter
a signal section and proceed at such a speed
that the train can be stopped short of any
obstruction.

2004.
processing capacity
The maximum number of control and

indication input/output processing cycles per
unit of time that can be handled without
incurring any cycle processing delay. For any
given system this will result in a maximum
number of field objects the system is able to
control, which is also a function of the
complexity of the controlling / interlocking
logic between the field objects.

processing speed
The speed with which the system processes a

control or indication input, and outputs the
required response to the field or signaller
respectively.

prohibition notice
If an authorised officer is of the opinion that at CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
any railway premises there is occurring or is
about to occur any activity that involves or will
involve an immediate risk to the health or
safety of any person, the authorised officer may
give to the person who has or may be
reasonably presumed to have control over the
activity a notice prohibiting the carrying on of
the activity until the matters that give or will
give rise to the risk are remedied.
propelling movement
A movement where the driver is not driving

from the leading cab of the leading vehicle.
88

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
protected level crossing
A level crossing with automatic flashing lights

warning signals with or without bells and half
boom gates.

protected wrong side

failure
A wrong side failure where another part of the

signalling system provides an acceptable level
of protection. Also known as a low risk
failure.

2004.
protecting signal
A signal that protects a train from conflicting

movements and/or obstructions.

2004.
protection active (track

crossing)
Track crossing incorporating physical barriers, CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
warning signs, line marking, lights and audible Railway Terminology'.
devices to alert vehicular or pedestrain traffic
that a train is approaching or crossing.
Examples include gates, booms, flashing lights,
bells and sirens.
protection officer
The worker responsible for safety and

AS 4292.5-2006
protection of personnel at a track worksite and
ensuring that the site is safe for the operation of
trains. Also see 'worksite supervisor' and 'work
site safety supervisor'.
protection passive (track Track crossing incorporating line markings and

or warning or advisory signs to alert vehicular
crossing)
or pedestrain traffic that they are approaching a
crossing and to take care.

protocol
A set of rules that govern the operation of

functional units to achieve communication. In
data transmission, mainly based on message
structures and timing.

proved
Evidence provided by electrical or other means

that a function is in a specified state.

2004.
provisioning centre
An area in which locomotives are fuelled and

serviced prior to entering traffic for pilot
working (shunting) or main line trains.

proximity detector
An induction loop device in the track which is

operated electromagnetically by the proximity
of a rail vehicle above the detector.

PSR
Abbreviated term for permanent speed

restriction.

2004.
PTA of WAnetwork
Abbreviation for Perth metropolitan narrow

gauge network.
PTI
Abbreviated term for positive train

identification.

2004.
PTSV
Abbreviation for Public Transport Safety

Victoria.
public timetable
Contains the list of scheduled passenger

services (but not a complete list of all train
movements as per working timetable).

pull apart
A rail failure where the ends separate

producing a gap in the rail.

pull plate
Alternative term for lever (or switch) plate,

tablet or badge.

2004.
pull rod
The rod connecting the spreader bar and (point PTC Infrastructure Standard NG-TE-STD- 2101
lever) crank to facilitate operation of the points. Ver. 1.0.
pulling list
The listed sequence in which point and signal

controls must be operated to set routes.
89

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
pulsating (light)
A regular variation in light intensity, used to

distinguish the indication from a steady light of Railway Terminology'.
the same colour.
pulsatingcurrent fed
track circuit
Track circuit in which the current is

successively switched off and established,
possibly reversed, and operating on the total
effect of the action which each interruption or
impulse of current causes in the receiving
apparatus without consideration of the
frequency or duration of the impulses.
pump handle
A portable handle for the manual operation of a UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
clamp lock or a set of train operated points.
2004.
pumping
See oversetting.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.

2004.
Q
QR
Train operator and track manager for the

narrow gauge network that covers most of
Queensland and the standard gauge route that
extends from the NSW/QLD border to Acacia
Ridge, Fisherman's Island (Brisbane docks) and
Roma Street (Brisbane).
QR narrow gauge
network
Queensland narrow gauge network.

07
QR network
Queensland narrow and standard gauge

network.
QR standard gauge
network
QLD/NSW border to Brisbane standard gauge

network.

07
QT
Abbreviation for Queensland Transport.
ARA
qualified worker
A worker certified as competent to carry out

the relevant task.

Terminology'.
queuing
Time spent by a train at terminals or

intermediate points while waiting on rail traffic
ahead to clear.

quick pick relay
A relay which, when energy is applied, will

pick up quicker than an ordinary relay.

quick release relay
A relay which, when the controlling circuit is

opened or completely shunted, will drop away
quicker than an ordinary relay.

RA
Abbreviated term for right away indicator.

2004.
RAC
Abbreviation for 'Railway Association of

Canada'.
http://www.railcan.ca/
radio electronic token

block (RETB)
A signalling system used mainly on single

lines, where an electronic token is transmitted
between the controlling signal box and train.

2004.
rail
The rolled steel section used to guide wheelsets CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
of rolling stock. The most common rails are
Tee head which is the Australian Standard. Rail
is described by weight per unit length, i.e.
kilograms/metre (kg/m) commonly reduced to
kg and pounds per yard (lb/yd) commonly
reduced to lb.
90
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
rail anchor
A fastening which is attached to the foot of the CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
rail and against the sleeper to transfer
longitudinal forces to the sleepers and in turn to
the track structure. Rail anchors are utilised to
resist rail creep and expansion and contraction
in long rail.
rail base plate
This type of plate is used for crossingwork

assemblies utilising resilient rail fastenings.
rail bond
A cable fixed across a break or joint in one rail, RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3
or between two rails to provide a path for
March 2009.
traction return current or track-circuits.
rail brace
A cast or fabricated component which supports

the rail in a vertical position.

rail buckle
Misalignment of the rails generally caused by

high rail stresses due to high temperatures.

rail cascaded
Rail which has been removed from one track

and relayed on another track.

rail circuit
Train Detection equipment using the rails in an

electric circuit, which detects the presence of a
train (as opposed to its absence). Also see
track circuit and overlay track circuit.

2004.
rail combined wear
Rail wear where both side and top wear are

significant. Combined wear may be calculated
by determining the loss of cross-sectional area
as a percentage of the original area of the head.

Terminology'.
rail contact stress
Stress in rail head from local deformation in the AS7508

region of the contact with the wheel. The
magnitude and depth of the maximum stress is
dependent on the tangential and normal forces
and also the curvature of the wheel and rail
surfaces. High rail contact stresses will
accelerate the deterioration of the rail through a
mechanism termed rolling contact fatigue.
rail corridor
The land between the rail fences over which a

railway line passes.

rail defect
A surface or internal defect in the rail which

may affect the serviceable life of the rail.

rail fastenings
Devices for holding rail to sleepers or to a base CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
plate, which is in turn held to the sleeper.
Direct fixation of rail to the timber sleeper is by
dog spike, lock spike, or screw spike against
the edge of the rail foot, either with or without
a baseplate. Indirect fixation is achieved by
resilient or elastic fastenings holding rail to the
baseplate and one of the spike types holding the
baseplate to the sleeper. With concrete or steel
sleepers elastic fastenings hold the rail directly
to the sleeper through inserts or shoulders. The
main elastic fastenings in use on Australian
railways are fist, pandrol, safelock and
trak-lok.
rail gauge corner
The section of the crown of the rail on the side

towards the track centreline which has a slope
of between 10 degrees and 50 degrees to the
line joining the highest points on the two rails.
AS7508
rail inclination
See cant (rail).

rail level
The level of the top of the rail in track. On a

curve the inner or low leg is used for
measurements.

rail motor
Self propelled passenger rail vehicle.
91

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
rail network
See railway network.

rail operator
A generic term that refers to an accredited

operator of rolling stock.

rail pad
The bearing between the rail and the sleeper.

rail safety regulator
A state or territory government body

responsible for ensuring compliance with the
local rail safety legislation.
AS7501
rail safety worker
A person performing or responsible for safetyrelated work, be that person a paid member of
the staff of the railway, a contractor,
subcontractor or an employee of either, or a
volunteer.
AS 4292.1-2006
rail seat
The area on top of the sleeper on which the rail

sits extending between the field and gauge
shoulders.

rail side wear
Rail wear that normally occurs in the high leg

of curved track and has only a minimal amount
of top wear. Side wear can be measured either
by determining the width of the rail 16mm
below the running surface in mm, or the loss of
head area as a percentage of the original head
area.

Terminology'.
rail surface defect
A rail surface condition, for example

corrugation, checking and rust, which does not
permit an adequate ultrasonic test.

Terminology'.
railtemperature
The temperature of rail as recorded on the

shade side of the rail web at the time of
working.

rail top wear
Rail wear that normally occurs on the top

running surface of the rail in tangent track or
the low legs of curves. Usually has a minimal
side wear component.

Terminology'.
rail traffic
Trains and track vehicles.

rail vehicle
Vehicle that operates on or uses a railway track

for the carriage of passengers or freight and
includes a train, carriage and wagon. Term 'rail
vehicle' generally used where the context
requires, or is enhanced by, a differentiation
between rail and road vehicles.
COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary'
rail vehicle classification
A four character group indicating the owner,

type of vehicle and operating characteristics.

rail vehicle classification

check letters
A letter determined by special formula, which

is included in all vehicle identification numbers Railway Terminology'.
as a suffix.
rail vehicle detection

territory
The portions of line where the system of

safeworking relies on track circuiting or axle
counters.
rail, asymmetrical
An irregular shaped rail of low height and thick CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
web, which is used primarily for the
manufacture of switches for tangential turnout
points. The short length of the switch rail
permits resilient rail fastening of the gauge side
of the stock rail.
rail, closure
A length of rail shorter than standard length

which is used to join sections of longer rails or
to join turnout components.
92


suggestion.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
rail, common
A rail in third rail or dual gauge trackwork

which is utilised by traffic of both gauges.

rail, control cooled
The process of controlling the cooling rate of

rolled rail to eliminate hydrogen inclusions.

rail, head hardened
Rail which has had the head heat treated after

rolling to increase the hardness. The hardness
increase is generally in the order of 80 Brinell
hardness points.

rail, plain carbon
Rail typically used by railways. It contains

carbon in the order of 0.6-0.8% and manganese Railway Terminology'.
of 0.6-1.0%.
rail, primary
Unwelded rail, comprising standard length and

approved short length rails as supplied by the
manufacturer.

rail, recycled
See rail, serviceable.

rail, running
A rail on which the wheel is supported and

guided.

rail, serviceable
Previously used rail which is in a suitable

condition for reuse in trackwork.

rail, transposed
Rail which has been removed from track and

relayed, generally on the same track, but with
the running edge transposed, i.e. former field
side placed on gauge side.

rail-connect
To connect overhead wiring supply to the

traction return rail to ensure the immediate
discharge of electricity if the overhead wiring
becomes live.

Railcorp
The NSW Government organisation constituted CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
under the Transport Administration Act 1988,
that manages and provides access to the
government owned rail network of NSW.
RailCorp network
Sydney metropolitan standard gauge network.
AS7505
railguard
A deflector mounted in front of the leading

wheels of a vehicle to deflect small objects
from the rails. Also known as 'lifeguards' or
'guard-irons'.
AS7507
railway
A guided system designed for the movement of

rollingstock, which has the capability of
transporting passengers, freight or both on a
track together with its infrastructure and
associated sidings, and includes a heavy
railway, light railway, an inclined railway or a
tramway including a street tramway, having a
nominal gauge in each case not less than
600mm, but excludes crane type runways and
slipways.
AS 4292.1-2006
railway employee
An employee or contractor of an owner or

operator who performs railway safety work and Railway Terminology'.
includes a person who performs railway safety
work on a voluntary or unpaid basis.
railwayfunctional area
Railway functional areas are: (a) Infrastructure CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
- All aspects relating to the provision of track,
civil and electrical infrastructure. (b) Rolling
Stock - All aspects relating to the provision of
items of rolling stock. (c) Signals and
Communications - All aspects relating to the
provision of signalling, telecommunications
and train monitoring equipment. (d) Traffic
Management i) All aspects relating to
provision and implementation of traffic (train)
93
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
control and uniform safeworking rules,

regulations and procedures, and relevant
aspects of train integrity. ii) All aspects
relating to the provision and implementation of
train movement, planning, marshalling, consist
requirements, dispatch, crewing and inspection
and relevant aspects of train integrity.
railwayinfrastructure
Facilities other than rolling stock necessary for

a railway to operate safely including railway
track, associated track structures, over- or
under-track structures, supports (including
supports for railway equipment or items
associated with the use of a railway), tunnels,
bridges, stations, platforms, train control
systems, signalling systems, communication
systems, electric traction infrastructure,
buildings, workshops and associated
equipment.
AS 4292.1-2006
railwayinfrastructure
See civil infrastructure.

railway network
A railway system within Australia owned or

AS7509
managed by a track manager. Some railway
networks are connected to others and permit
interoperability. Other railway networks are not
connected to others.
railway operation
Any one or more of the following: (a) the

construction and maintenance, or the
construction or maintenance, of infrastructure
of a railway; (b) the operation or movement, or
causing the operation or movement, by any
means, of any rolling stock on a railway,
including operating a railway service if the
operator of the service operates or moves, or
causes the operation or movement of, rolling
stock; (c) the construction and maintenance,
or construction or maintenance, of rolling
stock.
railway owner /
manager
See track manager.

railway safety audits
A system of regular audits to verify whether

railway safety activities comply with the
planned arrangements and to determine the
effectiveness of the railway safety system.

railway service
A passenger service or a freight service; or the

service of providing (or providing and
operating) railway infrastructure for another
industry participant.

railway track
See track.

railway workplace
(a) a place that is, or at which is located, rail

transport infrastructure or other rail
infrastructure; (b) another place used by an
accredited person to conduct activities in
relation to managing a railway or operating
rolling stock on a railway.

rake
Vehicles, usually not formed as a train, moved

as a unit during shunting and marshalling.

ramp (crocodile)
Metallic ramp placed between track rails which International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
may be electrically energised and which, by
contact with a pick-up carried by the train,
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
actuates the repeater mechanism.
ramp (flange)
That portion within a flangeway where the
94
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
wheel flange makes initial contact and is

gradually elevated to the plateau.
ready to start indicator
A non-preferred term for right away

indicator.

2004.
ready to start plunger
A non-preferred term for right away plunger.

2004.
realignment
The process of re-establishing the track to the

design horizontal and vertical alignment for
tangents and curves.
rear
Alternative term for approach to.

2004.
REB
Abbreviated term for relocatable equipment

building.

2004.
reballasting
The process for replacing or adding additional

ballast to the existing ballast.

reciprocal locking
The provision of locking between functions to

ensure that conditions cannot be broken down,
that is if 1 locks 2, then 2 must lock 1. This
form of locking is provided automatically by
mechanical interlocking. Also known as
converse locking.

2004.
red (aspect)
Displayed by a colour light signal, indicates to

the driver to stop at that signal.

2004.
red bond
A traction return cable which, if disconnected, UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
could result in either the bond itself or the
equipment to which it was connected rising to a 2004.
dangerously high potential. The bond is
identified by red colour.
red card
See defect card.

Terminology'.
reduced overlap
An overlap that is shorter than the minimum

permitted length of a full overlap, where the
permitted approach speed is below a specified
level which still allows an unrestricted
approach to a signal at danger.

2004.
reefer
U.S. slang for a refrigerated wagon. A box

wagon with insulated walls, roof and floor,
with or without provision for the application of
refrigeration equipment. Sometimes used to
refer to refrigerated containers.

re-enterable cable joint
A form of cable joint housing which is not

permanently sealed, permitting subsequent
access to the joint interior without destruction
of the housing or cable.

re-enterablecable route
A cable route where the cables can be added or

removed from the route e.g. surface troughing
or underground conduit.

reflective delineators
Reflectors or reflective decals / sheeting.
AS7531
refrigerated wagon
A box wagon with insulated walls, roof and

floor, with or without provision for the
application of refrigeration equipment.

Terminology'.
refuge loop
A running line in double-line territory, with

entry and exit ends connected to a main line,
that is used to hold a train or track vehicle to

95
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
allow other rail traffic to cross or pass.

regulating
The mechanical process of forming the ballast

to the standard track profile.

regulator
See rail safety regulator.

relay
An electro-mechanical switching device used

in many types of signalling systems.

2004.
relayinterlocking
A power interlocking area where the

interlocking between lever functions is
achieved electrically by interdependent relay
circuits. The signaller operates the levers on a
relay interlocking control unit. relay
interlocking control unit: An interlocking
control unit, which is fitted with electrical
switches called miniature levers (either
pushbutton, toggle key or rotary switch type).
The miniature levers do not directly operate the
points and signals. Instead, they operate
interdependent electrical relays which check
that there are no conflicting movements set
before the required points and signals are
operated.

2004. RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
release
The removal of locking on a function, for

example, the removal of route locking or the
unlocking of a function such as a ground frame. 2004.
release speed
The calculated speed of a train approaching a

signal at which the signal is permitted to clear
to a less restrictive aspect.

2004.
releasing switch
An electric lock located adjacent to a ground

frame which when energised enables a switch
to be turned to release a key to unlock the
ground frame. The releasing switch is
interlocked with the signalling.

reliability
The ability of an item of equipment or a system AS 4292.4-2006, CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and
to perform a required function under stated
conditions for a stated period of time or at a
given point in time.
relief point
A nominated crew change location.

relief train
Is a breakdown or other train, locomotive or

locomotives coupled proceeding to clear an
obstruction or assist a disabled train.

relocatableequipment
building (REB)
A walk-in apparatus housing.

2004.
reminder appliance
A device or control used to remind the signaller UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
that a function such as a button, switch or lever Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
should not be operated/should only be operated 2004.
under certain conditions. Also see collar.
remote control override
An alternate, simpler system provided to keep

traffic moving in the event of failure of
electronic remote control equipment whereby
certain signal routes can be set to automatic
operation.

remote controlled
location
A location where signals and/or points are

controlled by a qualified worker at another
location.

remote controlled
signalling (RCS)
Safeworking where train movements are

governed by aspects displayed in colour light
signals which are controlled from a remote

96
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
location and by the passage of trains.

remote controlled
station
A block station where the switches and signals

are controlled from a location remote from that
block station.

removable exit window
A removal system where the emergency

window glazing is hinged opened, or removed
as a complete integral unit.
repeater
A device conveying information as to the

condition of an operated unit. An alternative
term for an indicator (in a signal box).

Terms, Ver. 1, 2008 UK Railway Group
repeater mechanism on
engines
Apparatus ensuring acoustic repeating of

certain signals and the recording of their
indication by means of devices installed in the
cabs of locomotives.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
repeater signal
A signal provided at some locations to give

drivers and track vehicle operators better
information about the indication of the next
signal.

replacement (of signals)
The change from a proceed aspect to red when

the conditions required by the interlocking
aspect level cease to be satisfied. Replacement
upon a train entering the route may be delayed
(second track and/or last wheel) if required for
propelling movements. Also refers to the
change of aspect of a distant signal to caution.

2004.
replacement switch
A switch or button located in the signal box

that enables the signaller to replace an
automatic Signal to danger. The signal is
proved to be at red and alight. Also see
emergency replacement switch.

2004.
REPOS
Abbreviation for road environment percentage

occurrence spectrum.
AS7519
reserve (railway)
The area of land intended for a specific

purpose, e.g. pedestrian, railway.

resetting
Placing equipment or systems (for example

axle counters) into a state which is suitable for
restoration to service.

2004.
residual risk
The remaining level of risk after risk treatment

measures have been taken.

resilient rail fastening
A fastening that provides a degree of elasticity COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
between the sleeper and rail with the aim of
avoiding the loosening of the fastening due to
Terminology'.
vibration, as well as enhancing the ability of
the fastening system to resist longitudinal creep
forces and buckling forces associated with
continuously welded rail (CWR).
resleepering
The process of replacing existing sleepers with

new or serviceable sleepers.

resonated impedance
bond
An impedance bond provided with a secondary

winding, connected to a capacitor, to increase
the impedance of the bond to track circuit
currents.

restoration to service
Accepting reset equipment or systems back into UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
service.
2004.
restrictedoverlap (ROL)
An overlap that is shorter than the minimum

permitted length of a full overlap, which is
available only when the preceding signal is
subject to approach control by selection of a
warning class route.
97

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
restroking
See oversetting.

2004.
RETB
Abbreviated term for radio electronic token

block.

2004.
return conductor
A conductor attached to the overhead traction

wiring equipment structures that carries return
traction current.

reverse(function)
Position of a lever (or switch) when it is pulled

fully in the lever frame (or operated).

2004.
reverse (points)
The opposite position to normal (points).

2004.
reverse contact
A term used to designate a current carrying

contact when the operating mechanism is in the Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
reverse position.
reversible line
Non-preferred term for a bi-directional line.
right away hand signal
An indication given to a train crew that

passengers have left or boarded the train safely. Railway Terminology'.
May also be referred to as 'right of way'.
right away indicator

(RA)
An indicator that displays RA to inform the

driver that a train may start from a platform.

2004.
right away plunger
The plunger or other device used to initiate the

operation of a right away indicator.

2004.
right of way
The whole of the land contained within the

boundaries of the railway reserve.

right running direction
The normal direction of travel on unidirectional RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3
lines.
March 2009.
right side failure
A failure which does not result in the protection UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
provided by the signalling system being
reduced. Also known as a negligible risk
2004.
failure. Also see fail-safe.
rigid check of switch

blade
Check of the switch blade by a connection

coupled rigidly and continuously to the switch
blade.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
riser block
A block within the flangeway which

incorporates ramps and a plateau for the
purpose of elevating a wheel tread over a gap.

RISSB
Abbreviation for Railway Industry Safety and

Standards Board. A wholly owned entity of
the Australasian Railway Association (ARA),
responsible for development and management
of the Australian Code of Practice (ACOP).
AS7501
RLAP
Abbreviation for 'Regulatory Legislative

Advisory Panel'.
ARA
road
The term used to describe a designated rail

track within the terminal area or shunting yard.
The term to make a road refers to the setting
of points, signals etc and the clearing of derail
devices so that a particular track path is clear
for rail traffic.

road rail vehicle
A road vehicle fitted with retractable rail

guidance wheels. Also see hi-rail vehicle.

Terminology'.
98

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
rockfall detector
A detector installed to detect large objects

falling from a cliff or slope above the track and
operated when trip wires between fixed points
are broken or stretched. Used to raise alarms
and/or place protecting signals to stop.

rodding
The rods connecting a remote point operating

lever and the points.

ROL
Abbreviated term for restricted overlap.

2004.
roll-by
A visual inspection of a train to identify

equipment, loading security or other defects or
failure whilst the train is moving.
roller axle bearings
Bearings using rolling elements between the

moving load-bearing surfaces (cylindrical,
spherical and taper rollers).
AS7516
rolling brand (rail)
A brand rolled into the centreline of the web of CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
the rail in raised letters and numerals. It
indicates the rail manufacturer and month and
year of manufacture. Australian Standard rails
are also branded with the year of the Australian
Standard to which the rail conforms. The
rolling brand is repeated several times on a
standard rail length.
rolling stock
Any vehicle that operates on, or intends to

operate on, or uses a railway track, including
any loading on such a vehicle, but excluding a
vehicle designed for both on- and off-track use
when not operating on the track. Rolling stock
is a collective term for a large range of rail
vehicles of various types, including
locomotives, freight wagons, passenger cars,
track machines and road-rail vehicles.
AS7501 AS7507
rolling stock gauge
See rolling stock outline.

rolling stock operation
Includes provision, maintenance or movement

of rolling stock.

rolling stock outline
A generic term for the three-dimensional size

of a railway vehicle including its movements
that consists of three specific parts, the static
outline, kinematic outline and swept outline.
AS7507
rolling stock provider
A person provides rolling stock if the person,

as part of an undertaking carried on by him, her Railway Terminology'.
or it, designs, constructs, maintains, repairs or
alters the rolling stock.
rollover
Derailment mechanism where the rolling stock

rolls over onto its side, pivoting about the
wheels on that side.
AS7509
rotary contact
Contact where the moving contact piece is a

conductive segment on a rotary drum which
turns to bring the segment into contact with the
fixed contact piece.

route
The path along a section of track between one

signal and the next, along which an authorised
movement is to be made.

2004.
route class
A category of route which determines the type

of signal controls to be provided. Also see
call-on, main, shunt and POSA.

2004.
route control system

interlocking
A system whereby a route is set and the signal RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
leading over it is cleared by the signaller
operating a route setting button or buttons. Two
99
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
types are in use, one being the Entrance-Exit

or Push-Push type whereby the signaller
operates one pushbutton at the
commencement and a second at the finish of
the route. The other is the one control switch
(OCS) type whereby a separate switch or pushbutton is provided for each route on a signal
and the signaller operates the switch or pushbutton for the route required. The interlocking
between routes may be relay interlocking or
computer based interlocking.
route holding
An alternative to the term route locking.

2004.
route indicator
An indicator working in conjunction with a

signal indication. It is provided at the
divergence of two or more lines, and indicates
to the driver the route to be taken by the train.

2004.
route lever (one way)
Route lever (or push-button) which, once

operated, returns immediately to normal and
which is to be moved in the same way whether
a route is to be established or released.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
route locking
A form of Interlocking which maintains the

locking associated with a route in use until after Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
the train has passed clear of the equipment
2004.
being locked (for example, points or opposing
signal). The release may be effective only after
a time delay. Also known as maintained
locking or route holding.
route relay interlocking

(RRI)
A relay based interlocking system controlled

from a route setting panel. Usually refers to a
free-wired interlocking.
route setting
A system in which all points in a route are set

to the required positions, and the signal at the
entrance to the route cleared by the operation of 2004.
one or two control functions.
route signalling
System of signalling in which the signals

indicate the state of occupancy and conditions
on the track ahead, and the route which the
train is authorised to follow.

routine test
A test conducted on every vehicle that will be

registered to operate. Also see type test.
AS7507 AS7508
RRI
Abbreviated term for route relay interlocking. UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
2004.
RSPSC
Abbreviated term for 'Rail Safety Package

Steering Committee'.
ARA
RSRP
Abbreviated term for 'Rail Safety Regulators

Panel'.
ARA
RSSB
Abbreviation for Railway Safety and

Standards Board for the UK railways.
AS7505
rubber tyred gantry
See gantry crane.

Terminology'.
ruling grade
The steepest grade on the route that limits the

through load permitted to be hauled by the
respective classes of locomotives.

run
A sequence of trips assigned to be worked by a

particular set of rollingstock

run through
A movement through trailing points set in the

wrong position. Damage to the point

100

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
mechanism and switch rail usually results.
2004.
running edge
The side or edge of a rail or trackwork

component where the inside edge of the wheel
flange makes contact.

running face
The inside face of the head of a running rail

which contacts the flange of the train wheel.
(also gauge face).

running inspection
An inspection of a train prior to the start of its

journey to ensure no faults are found.

running line
A line (other than a siding) that is used for the

through movement of trains.
running move
derailment
Any derailment occurring in the normal

forward movement of a train on a running line
after it has fully completed its marshalling and
pre-journey examination.

running movement
Any movement on running lines authorised by

a proceed authority (PA).

Terminology'.
running repairs
Minor repairs carried out on locomotives or

wagons without removing them from traffic.

running signal
A fixed signal placed near a running line to

authorise and control running movements
between one signal and the next. Also an
alternative term for main signal.

Railway Terminology'. UK Railway Group
running surface
The crown or top surface of a rail or trackwork

component which supports the wheel tread.

safe system of work
Formal method of work devised from taking

account of all likely sources of danger to
provide for the safety of those involved,
affected by, or in the vicinity of the work.

2004.
safety action
An action which is proposed or has been taken

to address a particular safety deficiency which
has come to light during an investigation.
AS 4292.7-2006
safety case
A formal presentation of evidence, arguments

and assumptions aimed at providing assurance Railway Terminology'.
that a system, product or other change to the
railway has met its safety requirements and that
the safety requirements are adequate.
safety critical
Directly influencing safety (when applied to

equipment or systems).

2004.
safety critical worker
A worker whose action or inaction may lead

directly to a serious incident affecting the rail
network.

safety culture
The product of individual and group values,

attitudes, perceptions, competencies and
patterns of behaviour that determine
commitment to, and the style and proficiency
of, an organisation's health and safety
management.
AS 4292.1-2006
safety data register
The list of key safety-related characteristics of

a particular (class of) rolling stock as listed in
the AS 7500 series of Australian Rolling Stock
Standards.
AS7501
safety deficiency
Any situation related to the operation or

management of the railway system that can
reasonably be regarded as having the
potentialto adversely affect the safety of
AS 4292.7-2006
101
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
railway operations.
safety integrity
The probability of a safety-related system

performing its required safety function under
the required conditions and within the required
time interval.

safety interface
agreement
see interface coordination plan.

safetymanagement plan

safetymanagement
system
Any system whose primary objective is to

achieve safe rail operations. Under coregulation the Accreditation Authority has the
role of defining the minimum requirement
forwhat must be included in a specific safety
management system. Generally AS 4292 is
used for this purpose and is seen as a minimum
advisory standard that describes what
procedures should be in a safety management
system. Track managers and operators are free
to nominate equivalent or superior standards
for their safety management system.

safety related
Having the potential to influence safety (when

applied to equipment or systems).

2004.
safety related system
A system by which the safe operation of

equipment or process is achieved, either as an
integral part of the control function or as a
system designed to respond to a hazardous
condition independently of the control function.
safety related work
Safety activity in one or more of the following:

(a)
Driving and operation of trains. (b)
Control of the movement of trains. (c) The
design, construction, repair, maintenance,
upgrading, inspection or testing of track,
rollingstock, civil and electric traction
infrastructure, and signalling and
telecommunications equipment. (d)
Development, design, implementation and
management of safety related processes. (e)
Any other duties prescribed by an organisation
as safety-related work.
AS 4292.1-2006
safety related worker
See rail safety worker.

safetyvalidation
A systematic and structured process to ensure

that all risks associated with a change are
identified and are reduced to as low as
reasonably practicable (ALARP) before the
change is implemented.
AS 4292.1-2006
safeworking system
An integrated system of operating procedures

and technology for the safe operation of trains
and the protection of people and property on or
about the railway.
AS 4292.3-2006, AS 4292.4-2006
sand drag
A section of line covered in sand or other

retarding material on a dead-end line, provided
in special instances to retard an overrunning
movement. Also known as an arrestor.

2004.
SARI
Abbreviated term for standard alphanumeric

route indicator.

2004.
SAS SPAD
Abbreviated term for start against signal

SPAD. (Colloquially ding, ding and away.)

102
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
2004.
SCADA system
A supervisory control and data acquisition

telemetry system.

scarf
The position on a crossing where a (scarf) rail

joins into a machined notch in the nose rail.

scarf rail
The rail forming a V which joins the nose rail

at the machined notch. Also referred to as the
male half of vee.

scheduling
Scheduling is the process of co-ordinating

arrival and departure times for train services at
the beginnning, intermediate and destination
locations of a journey. This scheduling meets
the requirements of individual railway
operators, their customers and the integration
of other planned and unplanned requirements
such as maintenance.

scheme plan
A longitudinal scaled or dimensioned track

layout plan that is produced to depict new or
altered signalling systems. Also see signalling
plan.

2004.
scissor(crossover)
Two intersecting crossovers.

SCOT
Abbreviated term for 'Standing Committee of

Transport'.
ARA
SCOT rail group
Sub-committee of the Standing Committee of

Transport.
ARA
scotch block
A wedge to prevent the movement of stationary UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
vehicles or the open switch rail of a set of
points.
2004.
screwspike
A threaded fastener used to attach plates to

sleepers.

SCT
Abbreviated term for surface concrete

troughing.

2004.
SCWO (track circuit)
Abbreviated term for showing clear when

occupied.

2004.
SDS
Abbreviated term for signallers display subsystem.

2004.
sealed release
An emergency release which requires a seal to

be broken prior to operation.

2004.
searchlight signal
A colour light signal that can display red,

yellow and green aspects from a single optical Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
assembly. Modern forms employ LED or fibre 2004.
optic technology; heritage types change aspect
by placing separate coloured lenses in front of a
single lamp.
seat utilisation
A measure of the total number of passengers

per train divided by the total seating.

section
The line between two successive interlockings

or block locations.

Terminology'.
sectioninsulator
Insulation introduced into the contact/catenary CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
wires between two electrical subsections of
overhead line equipment, arranged so that the
pantographs may pass from one subsection to
the other smoothly and without break of
electrical contact whilst still providing isolation
103
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
between the subsections.

section running time
The train running time between one block

station and the block station in advance.

section signal
A stop signal controlling the entrance to a

block section or Intermediate block section
ahead. Also see home signal, starting signal
and advanced starting signal.

2004.
section token
A type of electronic token for an RETB

section.

2004.
sectionalappendix
A document produced by the infrastructure

controller providing route specific information
relevant to train operating and trackside staff.

2004.
sectional route release
Route releasing designed to release

sequentially, usually one track section at a time
behind the train.

2004.
sectional route release

locking
Route locking, the action of which ceases on

those points over which the train has run and
on the corresponding protecting points.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
secure
To place and keep something in a known or

prepared place or position to safeguard it
against accidental or unauthorised access or
movement.

March 2009.
secure power supply
A power supply system that can be relied upon

to keep certain safety-critical signalling
functions operating for a predetermined
minimum time, in the event of a total incoming
supply failure.

2004.
security
Protection of persons, property and railway

operation by means of arrangements to reduce
the risk of harm from criminal acts of other
parties such as theft, assault, sabotage and
terrorism.
AS 4292.1-2006
selection
The logic by which signals are allowed to show RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
a proceed indication only when all conditions
have been satisfied.
self- normalisingpoints
An alternative term for self-restored points.

2004.
self-propelled passenger
rolling stock
Non-locomotive hauled passenger-carrying

rolling stock, e.g. multiple unit trains and rail
motors.
self-restoredpoints
Power operated points which are automatically UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
returned by the interlocking to the normal
position to provide protection after a movement 2004.
via the points reverse. Normalisation occurs
after the route has been released and the track
section has been clear for a predetermined time.
semaphore signal
A signal which informs a driver by means of

the position of a mechanical arm during
daylight and by coloured lights during
darkness.
semi automatic signal
See automatic signal.
sense and brake unit
End of train device which forms part of the end

of train monitoring system (ETMS). Sends a
signal to the in-cab integrated function display
(IFD).
sequentialinterlocking
Interlocking which compels a certain sequential International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

order in the working of the levers.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
104

2004.

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
sequential locking
Locking applied to successive running signals

to enforce the replacement of one lever (arm or Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
aspect) before the lever controlling the signal in 2004.
rear is free to be pulled. This locking is nonreciprocal and may be performed electrically or
mechanically.
series bonding
The fail safe method of bonding track circuits

with rail sections connected in series, such that
a single failure results in the track circuit
showing occupied.

2004.
series/parallelbonding
The bonding of one rail of a turnout as series

bonding and the other rail of the turnout as
parallel bonding.

serious safeworking
breach
Significant departure from safeworking

procedures, other than passing a signal at stop,
which could compromise safety.

service braking distance
The distance to stop a train under normal

braking, when travelling at its maximum
permissible speed for the line, and with regard
to the performance capability of the train and
its location.

Terminology'.
service period
The period of time in service use until

scheduled withdrawal for the next overhaul.
AS7516 AS7517
serviceprovider
An organisation contracted to an operator to

provide locomotives, wagons and crews or
other service to enable the operation of the train
on the network.
serviceable material
Previously used or part worn material which is

suitable for re-use.

set (points)
Refers to the interlocking function which

controls the movement of the points to their
correct position. Successful completion of the
setting process results in correspondence.

2004.
set back
To move in the direction opposite to that

provided in the proceed authority.

set in rail
A permanent sharp bend or curve in a rail.

set to work test
This is not a certification test but part of the

process of setting the equipment to work
correctly. It is the initial powering up of the
signalling circuitry and local apparatus at a
relay room or location case to test that it is able
to carry out its function correctly.

setting
The interlocking function controlling the

movement of points or other moveable
components to the correct position.

2004.
SFAIRP
Abbreviation for 'so far as is reasonably

practicable'.
ARA
shall
Indicates that a statement is mandatory.
AS 4292.1-2006
shelf mounted plug in

relay
A conversion unit which directly replaces a

shelf type relay. Once installed, any further
relay replacement is by replacing the plug in
relay portion of the assembly.

shelf type relay
A relay designed for installation on a shelf or

other flat surface. The electrical connections
are made to individual terminals on its top
surface.

shieldingimpedance
track circuit
A series resistor, parallel inductance

impedance unit inserted in a single rail 50
Hertz AC track relay circuit to limit, divert and

105
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
prevent traction return DC current affecting the

AC track relay.
short welded rail
Track where the rail is welded into lengths less

than 110m, with the rail lengths joined by
mechanical joints.

Terminology'
should
Indicates a recommendation.
AS 4292.1-2006, AS 4292.2-2006, AS 4292.32006, AS 4292.4-2006, AS 4292.5-2006
shunt
1. Operations: The movement of trains or rail

vehicles for the purpose of marshalling trains
or altering their consist. 2. Electrical: A bypath introduced into an electric circuit.
3. Route class: A Route used for low-speed
nonpassenger movements.
1. COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC

Terminology'. 2. RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary
of Signalling Terms, Ver. 1, 2008. 3. UK
Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
2004.
shunt access
Used in train order territory only. Authority to

occupy the location for shunting purposes.

shunt ahead signal
Subsidiary signals fixed on the post of a

home/starting or starting signal, and giving
authority for the signal to be passed for
shunting purposes only into a single line
section.

2004.
shunt locomotive
1. A locomotive used solely for movement of

vehicles in a yard or terminal; 2. A locomotive
assigned to shunting duties.

shunt token
A type of electronic token for shunting

movements, usually in RETB controlled areas
of the railway.

2004.
shunt, train
A by-path in a track circuit formed by the

wheels and axles of a vehicle occupying that
section of the track, the value of which is
usually expressed in ohms to indicate the
efficiency of the operation of the track circuit.

2004.
shunt-ahead signal
A type of subsidiary signal authorising

shunting movements ahead of a section signal.
Also see draw ahead (aspect).

2004.
shunter
A qualified worker who directs train

movements for amalgamation, division or
altering train consists.

shunting and emergency

movements
Any movement authorised by a proceed

restricted authority (PRA), work authority
(WA) or shunt authority (SHA).

Terminology'.
shunting frame
A manned control point (usually elevated) that

can be released by a power signal box for local
shunting movements.

2004.
shunting movement
The movement of trains or vehicles other than

normal passage along running lines.

2004.
shunting sensitivity
The shunting sensitivity of a track circuit is

expressed in terms of its drop shunt value.

shunting signal
A fixed signal provided to authorise and

control shunting movements.

shunting yard
A system of tracks, within defined limits, used

for shunting.

March 2009.
shut-in
Clear of, and protected from, the running line.

2004.
side bearers
Brackets or assemblies on both sides of the

longitudinal centre of a bogie that limit the roll
of the underframe on the bogie bolster.
AS7509
side light
A small aperture at the side of a colour light
106
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
signal repeating the main aspect and giving a

close-up indication.
siding
A section of railway track, connected by points

to a running line or another siding, on which
rolling stock can be placed clear of the running
line and normally used for purposes such as
stabling, loading, rollingstock maintenance or
passing of trains.
sighting distance
The distance along the track where a limit of

authority or warning prior to a limit of
authority can be first reasonably viewed by the
train crew of an approaching train, and the
physical location of that limit of authority
warning. Also referred to as sighting point.

Terminology'.
signal
A visual display device which conveys

instructions or provides prior warning of
instructions regarding the drivers authority to
proceed.

2004.
signal aspect
The displayed pattern or position of lights or

arms used to give a signal indication.

signal backlight
A light displayed at the back of a signal to

show that the aspect is illuminated.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
signal box
The place where points, signals, interlocking

apparatus or signal control panels are operated.

signal box diagram
A diagrammatic representation of the area

controlled by the signal box exhibited in the
signal box for the guidance of the signaller.

2004.
signal circuit controller
Electric circuit controller, the position of which International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

depends on that of the arm or of the target of a Signalling and security apparatus for railways,
signal. It is used to check that signal.
IEC, AS 1852 1970.
signal head
The part of a colour light signal from which the UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
aspects are displayed.
2004.
signalidentification plate The plate attached to the signal post for unique
identification of the signal. Also reffered to as
name plate.

2004.
signalindication
The visual indication of the position or aspect

of a fixed signal.

signal key switches
A specially fitted device which enables the

aspect of a signal to be restricted to 'red' in the
field.

signal number
The number associated with a signal for

identification.

2004.
signal off
The signal displaying a proceed indication.

signal off indicator
An alternative term for off indicator.

2004.
signal on
The signal at stop.

signal operator
See signaller.

signal passed at danger

(SPAD)
Unauthorized passing of a signal displaying a

stop indication as follows: 1. completely
missed; 2. driver misjudged; 3. Restored as
train approached; 4. other.
AS 4292.1 and CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and

signal position
A term used to describe indications of signals

given by semaphore arms.

107
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
signal post replacement

switch
A switch on or near the post of a colour light

signal which enables the signal to be turned and Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
maintained at red by means of a key.
2004.
signal post telephone

(SPT)
A telephone provided at a signal, enabling the

driver to communicate with the signaller, to
report a fault or incident or to remind the
signaller of the presence of a train detained at
the signal that is displaying a danger aspect.

2004.
signal proving
Checking the aspect or the control of a signal.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
signal rail
An alternative term for insulated railor

'signalling rail'.

2004.
signal repeater
An indicator, in a signal box, which indicates

whether a signal is at stop or clear.

signal route
A section of track from a signal which provides RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
an authority to proceed into that section up to
the next signal, buffer stop, stop board, or limit
of shuntboard, that represents the limit of the
authority to proceed.
signal section
A section of track between two consecutive

running signals in the direction of travel.

signal sighting
The activity of locating a signal for the

purposes of optimum approach view by the
driver.

2004.
signal stick
The disengaging of a signal after it has been

used by a train, to prevent the signal from
subsequently showing a proceed aspect until
2004.
the route has been cancelled and again set. Also
see lever stick
signaller
A qualified worker who issues proceed

authorities, and works points, signals and other Railway Terminology'.
signalling equipment usually located in a signal
box, to manage routes for safe and efficient
transit of rail traffic.
signallers display subsystem (SDS)
The signallers interface with the IECC. The

signaller is able to control signalling functions
and receive indications through the
workstation.
signallers route lists
A list of all point ends and releases between the UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
entrance-exit signals of a signalled route,
showing the position to which each is required 2004.
to be set. Used primarily in degraded mode
operation.
signalling and
telecommunic ations
infrastructure
Signalling equipment and telecommunications

equipment provided and used as part of the
safeworking and operating systems of the
railway, but excluding supports for such
equipment.

signalling and
telecommunic ations
system
A system which provides a means to safely

regulate the movement of trains on a railway
through the use of appropriate technology.

signalling centre
Alternative term for signal box. Also known

as control centre.

2004.
signallingcontrols
Signalling functions that control, release or are

released by other signalling functions for a
particular layout. signalling controls are
expressed in a control table.

2004.
signallingdetection
A system that detects the presence of a train or
AS7505
108

2004.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
system
any other on track vehicle intended to be

detected on a section of track. Systems include
track circuits, axle counters, treadles and global
positioning systems.
signallingdiagram
Non-preferred term for signal box diagram.
signalling
facilitiesdiagram
A plan, produced at an early stage in the

development of a project, showing operating
requirements and infrastructure features,
2004.
including the track layout, stations, level
crossings. It is used as a basis for producing the
scheme plan.
signallingfunction
A signal, set of points or other part of the train

control system.

2004.
signalling plan
A longitudinally scaled or dimensioned track

layout plan showing the signalling functions
with their identities. It generally relates to a
specific signal box control area and is a
derivative of the scheme plan.

2004.
signalling rail

independent from the traction return path and is Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
used only for the track circuit current.
2004.
signalling system
A series of electrical, electronic, electromechanical units brought together to form a

system which controls the safe movement of
trains.
signalling workstation
The generic term used for the signallers display UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
system.
2004.
SIL
Abbreviated term for safety integrity level.

2004.
SIMBIDS
Abbreviated term for simplified bi-directional

signalling.

2004.
similar flexure
A turnout on a curve where the direction of the

turnout diverging move is the same as for the
curve.


2004.

2004.
simplified bi- directional Bi-directional signalling where the signalling in UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
the opposite direction to normal traffic provides Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
signalling (SIMBIDS)
for a lower speed and/or capacity than that in
2004.
the normal direction, and bi-directional
operation is only required in connection with
possessions or emergencies affecting the other
line(s).
single aspect
A colour light signal capable of displaying only UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
one aspect. This may be red (fixed red) or
yellow (fixed distant signal).
2004.
single light signalling
A system of colour light signalling where the

running signal indication is given by a single
colour light (plus a band of three lights for a
turnout indication).
single line
A single running line on which trains can travel RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
in either direction.
single line track block
A track block system of safeworking used on

single lines which allows only one train to be in Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
the section between interlockings at any one
time.
single line working
The operation of a main line upon which trains
109

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
are operated in either direction on a single

track.

Terminology'.
single rail track circuit
A track circuit in which one rail is dedicated

for signalling purposes and contains insulated
joints, the other rail being used as the common
traction retrun current and signalling current
rail.

single slip
A combination of a diamond crossing with two

point ends without the need of separate
crossings (points).

2004.
single track
A line that consists mostly of only one track

where only one train is able to travel/pass at
one time.

single yellow (aspect)
Displayed by a colour light signal, informs the

driver to expect the next main signal to be at
danger.

2004.
single-slippoints
A combination of a crossing and single

connecting track, located within the limits of
the crossing, and made up of a right-hand
switch from the other track, which unite to
form the connecting track without additional
crossings.

single-unit (SU) vehicle
A vehicle designed to operate as a stand-alone

vehicle, with a drivers compartment and
control unit at one or both ends.

Terminology'.
six foot
The area between the closest rails of adjacent

tracks.

skeletal wagon
A wagon whose only longitudinal load bearing

structure between the bogies is the centre sill.
The load support structure consists of lateral
members attached to the centre sill.

Terminology'.
SL lock
A general safeworking padlock with keys held

by authorised operations and engineering staff.

slab track
Track fixed with fixation assemblies to a

concrete slab under the rails.

sleeper
Sleepers are bearers used to hold the rail in

place at the correct gauge and to transmit loads
through the ballast to the formation. They have
traditionally been made of wood but are
gradually being replaced by concrete or steel
sleepers.

slip connection
The connection which permits movement from

one line to another at a diamond crossing. Also
see single slip and double slip.

2004.
slip detector
A device capable of detecting track instability, RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
and operated when the distance over the ground Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
increases between two fixed points being
monitored. The detector is used to raise alarms
and/or place protecting signals to stop.
slot
The freight carrying space on a wagon required CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
to carry a standard 6.1 metre (20 foot)
container. Wagon sizes and train capacities are
typically referred to in slots or teus (twentyfoot equivalent units).
slot ID
A three digit identification code identifying a

particular slot on a wagon.

slotted signal
This is a manually operated mechanical signal

fitted with an electric device (replacer or
reverser), by means of which the signal is
automatically put to the stop position by
interruption of a track circuit or other

12/10/2009.
110
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
controlling device.
slotting
The control of a signalling function that

requires co-operation between two signal boxes Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
or other controlling points.
2004.
slow pick-up relay
A relay which, when energy is applied, will

pick up slower than an ordinary relay.

slow release relay
A relay which, when the controlling circuit is

opened or completely shunted, will drop away
slower than an ordinary relay.

snubbing device
Diode or mechanically operated contacts within UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
the points circuitry that are employed to steer
the high inductive load currents (snubbing)
2004.
away from the point motor. This is in addition
to the clutch mechanism. Also a feature of a
level crossing boom mechanism. Also a term
applied to the friction wedge damping
arrangement in the suspension of a 3-piece
freight bogie.
soffit
The underside of a sleeper.

sole occupancy
The condition under which a block is permitted

to have only one current proceed authority or
work on track authority.

March 2009.
solebar
Main longitudinal structural member of vehicle

underframe which forms the extreme edges of
the frame. Also known as a "side sill".
AS7520
solenoid
An electromagnetic device consisting of a

plunger moving inside an electromagnetic coil,
used to open and close contacts in an electrical
circuit or to open and close a valve in an
electro-pneumatic or hydraulic pressure line.

solid state interlocking

(SSI)
A first generation processor based system for

controlling the interlocking between points and Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
signals, as well as communication with lineside 2004.
signalling functions using a high integrity
microprocessor based technology both for the
central interlocking (multi-processor module MPM) and for the trackside controls (trackside
function modules - TFMs). Also see
computer based Interlocking.
SOY SPAD
Abbreviated term for start on yellow signal

passed at danger.

2004.
space (lever frame)
The term used on a mechanical lever frame

where a lever is removed and the function is no
longer in use

2004.
spacing (sleeper)
The separating distance of sleepers, or rail

supports on slab track, measured from the
centreline of the sleepers or supports.

SPAD
Abbreviation for signal passed at danger.

SPAD indicator
A colour light signal head that displays flashing UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
red over steady red over flashing red in the
event of an associated signal being passed at
2004.
danger without authority.
spare lever
In a lever frame, a lever which is not used for

the operation of any signalling equipment. Also Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
see lever (worked to maintain locking).
2004.
spark gap
An electrical device installed at level crossings CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
in single rail track circuit areas, which is
connected between the rails on both sides of the
111
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
level crossing to afford protection to the

signalling equipment in the event of a fault
between overhead line equipment and the
signalling rail.
spate indicator
A trackside sign which informs the driver that a UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
temporary speed restriction has been
withdrawn earlier than published or not applied 2004.
at all.
special loads officer
An officer whom inspects and assesses loading

to determine compliance with the prescribed
loading outline, configuration, dimensions or
mass limitations.

Terminology'.
special locking
Interlocking between two movable parts

occasioned by the particular position of other
parts.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
specialmodified train
examinations (SM)
A special modified train examination (SM)

shall be conducted by examining staff or the
train crew when transfer movements are
required to cross main line (running) lines
when moving between local sidings.

special proceed
authority (SPA)
A method of special workingin NSW which

may be used when the normal system of
safeworking using proceed authorities is not
available.

special train notice

(STN)
A published notice providing details of train

operations or events that might affect train
operations.

special working
Working rail traffic using a special proceed

authority (SPA), pilot staff working or manual
block working.

March 2009.
speed indicator
A trackside sign which marks the beginning of UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
a speed restriction and indicates the permissible Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
speed. Also see emergency speed restriction. 2004.
speed of divergence
The speed permitted through the diverging

route. Also known as turnout speed.

2004.
speed signalling
System of signalling in which signal

indications of the speed at which a train may
travel, and of any speed change required.

speedsupervision
An electronic system that restricts over

speeding when TASS is in operation and trains
are able to run at enhanced permissible speed.

2004.
spike
A fastener used to attach plates and/or rails to

sleepers, e.g. dogspikes, springspikes,
screwspikes.

spike killed (sleeper or

timber)
The condition of a sleeper or timber in which

dog spikes or screw spikes have been
previously inserted whereby there is
insufficient sound wood available in the region
of the rail flange or sleeper plate for further
installation of spikes.

splay rail
A rail outside the running rails placed at the

start of an internal guard rail used to direct a
derailed wheel to the correct side of a guard
rail.

split detection
The proof and indication of the position of

multiple ended sets of points, individually for
each point end.

2004.
splitting banner
repeating signal
A combination of two banner repeating signals

provided on the approach to a junction signal
due to sighting restrictions.

2004.
112
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
spot
A given position at which work is carried out.

spreader bar
Bars used to hold the points in the correct

position relative to each other.

Terminology'.
spring points
Points equipped with a spring device which

forces the point switches to their original
position after being trailed through and holds
them under spring compression.

springspike
A fastener used to attach sleeper plates to

sleepers on clip fastened track. The spike
comprises two leaves from one piece of spring
steel, folded to produce a square shank and an
eye.

SPT
Abbreviated term for signal post telephone.

2004.
spur (track circuit)
A section of running rail required to be

electrically common to a series bonded rail, but Glossary of Signalling Terms, Issue One, April
which is not itself series bonded.
2004.
SSAIinvestigation
A standard method of investigation known as

system safety accident investigation.

SSI
Abbreviated term for solid state interlocking.

2004.
stable
To leave a train, track vehicle or vehicle

unattended and secured, usually in a siding.

staff
The token used in a train staff system, the

possession of which gives the train permission
to enter a block section.

staff and ticket territory
The portions of line where the staff and ticket


staff and ticket working
A signalling system used on a single line and

employing a single token (train staff). If the
driver does not take the train staff through the
section, a written ticket is issued to authorise
the movement.

2004.
staff station
An interlocking which is provided in order to

work the staff and ticket or electric train staff
system.

staff ticket
A written authority issued after a driver has

seen the staff for a section.

stageworks
The phased installation and commissioning of

signalling equipment, as part of a large
resignalling scheme, often of a temporary
nature as alterations proceed.

2004.
stakeholders
Those people and organizations who may

affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to Railway Terminology'.
be affected by, a decision or activity.
standard
An authorised document, including

specification, procedure, instruction, directive,
rule or regulation, which may set mandatory
requirements.

2004.
standard alphanumeric
route indicator (SARI)
An alphanumeric route indicator having

medium range (category two) performance.
(Formally known as a theatre or multi-lamp
type route indicator.)

2004.
standard gauge
The name given to the gauge of track of

1435mm (4' 8").

standard length rail
The common length of rail supplied by the
113
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
manufacturer.
standing room
The distance along the track between points of

minimum allowable clearance where rolling
stock is permitted to stand.

start against signal

SPAD (SASSPAD)
A signal passed at danger (without authority)

upon a train starting from rest, for example
from a station platform.

2004.
start on yellow SPAD

(SOYSPAD)
A signal passed at dangerr (without authority)

subsequent upon a train starting from rest, for
example from a station platform, on a yellow
aspect.

2004.
starting signal
A controlled signal which, when cleared, gives

the driver authority to enter the section
provided that, where required, the driver is in
possession of the authority for the section.

starting signal control
A control on the starting signal in most block

telegraph sections. This control prevents the
signaller from clearing the starting or
home/starting signal unless the block
instrument is showing line clear.

static clearance
(electrical)
The safe distance between the earthed materials COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
of any structure and the live parts of the
overhead line equipment, under all permissible Terminology'.
conditions and tolerances.
static outline
An outline drawing or specification of a

AS7507
notional vehicle cross-section which prescribes
maximum permissible rolling stock dimensions
under specified conditions of load and
suspension displacements in vertical directions.
The static outline will have an associated
kinematic outline and swept outline.
static switch power

supply
An all electronic emergency changeover device RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
for power supplies.
station protection system A system that alerts the driver to stations and
other trackside features via the use of track
magnets.
AS7511
station yard
All tracks at a station protected by signals or

yard limit boards.

stick (signal)
A term often used to describe a function which

stores or remembers specific conditions of the
signalling equipment. Also known as a latch
in electronic systems. Semi-automatic signals
(see automatic signal) are divided into three
groups, namely stick, semistick and nonstick: stick semi-automatic signal: This is a
signal which will not automatically assume the
warning or clear aspect after it has been put to
stop by interruption of the track circuit, until its
manually operated control has been restored to
the normal position and reversed again. semistick semi-automatic signal: This is a signal
which will not automatically assume the
warning or clear aspect after it has been put to
stop by interruption of the track circuit, until a
manually operated control, other than its own
direct control, has been restored to the normal
position. non-stick semi-automatic signal: This
is a signal which will operate automatically as
long as all contacts (including manually
controlled contacts) other than track relay
contacts, affecting its control, are closed.

2004.
Victorian Rail Industry Operators
Group Standards, Standard Rail Signalling
Naming & Symbol Conventions VRIOGS
012.0.4 Rev.A, 12/10/2009.
stick circuit
A term applied to a circuit used to maintain a
114
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
relay or similar unit energised through its own Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
contact. Signalling relay control circuits may
include approach sticks (re: approach locking),
route sticks (re: route locking), direction sticks
(re: direction proving), track sticks (re: signal
control relay down proving), and/or lever sticks
(re: reclearing of a controlled signal after train
passage).
stock rail
The rail to which a point fits up against in the

closed position. A switch set is made up of the
point and stock rails and associated
components. The term is also sometimes used
loosely to describe other plain rail sections in a
points and crossings structure. joggled stock
rail: A stockrail joggled such that a thick tipped
point switch fits into the set in the stockrail, so
that the running face of the switch lines up with
the running face of the stockrail. With facing
points the opposite point switch is frequently
housed.

Terminology'. RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of
stop block
A structure fixed at the termination of a

running line or siding to arrest slow-moving
vehicles. Also see 'buffer stop'.

2004.
stop board
A safeworking notice board inscribed stop, at

which all trains must stop and must not pass
until authorised.

stop indicator
An indicator showing the word stop, where

the driver must stop the train.

2004.
stop light
Light indicating a brake application.
AS7531
stop signal
Any signal capable of showing a danger aspect. UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
2004.
stopping place
A place at which there is no apparatus provided CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
to control the movement of trains, and is a
stopping place for the setting down or picking
up of passengers.
stored control
Pre-setting control acting on several units, the

movements of which are carried out
successively.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
straddle crane
See gantry crane.

straight-aheadroute
The non-diverging (and usually the fastest)

route from a junction signal.

2004.
stress free temperature
Actual temperature at which there are no

temperature induced stresses in the rail.

Terminology'.
stretcher
A bar connecting the two switch rails in a point

end, keeping them in the correct position
relative to each other. Also see 'lock stretcher'.

2004.
structure bond
A bond connecting the steelwork of an

overhead line structure, bridge, or other metal
structure to the traction earth. This bond is
provided to prevent the rise of hazardous
voltages on structures and steelwork.

structure
A register of all structures that have been built
COP DIRN Volume 2
clearance
inside the structure outline standard for the line
'Glossary' and CMC
register
section and therefore require to be part of a

formal
'Glossary for NCOP
115
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
inspection and assessment process. The

register
and Dictionary of
should detail the structure location and type, Railway Terminology'.

and
structure defects
the clearance standards required at the

location.
Defects in civil or electrical infrastructure items CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
which have the potential to cause accidents
unless urgent corrective action is taken.
structure gauge
See structure outline.

structure outline
The desired minimum outline for structures

along a route.

Terminology'.
subsidiary signal
An additional small semaphore or light signal

provided below a running signal for the
purpose of controlling shunting movements and
movements onto occupied tracks.

substation
A place (including substations, traction

substations, transformer rooms, switchrooms,
March 2009.
sectioning huts, pole-mounted or pad-mounted
transformers) containing high-voltage electrical
equipment.
sub-surface railway
station
A railway station to which members of the

public have access and of which more than
50% of any one platform is within a tunnel or
under a building.
sum L/V axle
Sum of the absolute values of the individual

AS7509
wheel L/V of both wheels on the same axle at a
given instant in time.
superelevatio n
See cant.

Terminology'.
superior train order

station
An attended train order crossing station

protected by fixed signals.

supplementar y detector
An additional device for detection of points in

association with supplementary drives.

2004.
supplementar y drive
An additional drive connected to the switch

rails of a set of points at a position closer to the
crossing than the switch tips. Also see
backdrive.

2004.
supply substation
A compound containing electrical switchgear,

transformers and equipment to which main
supplies from the supply authority are brought
and from which the feeder station is fed.

suppression (AWS or
TPWS)
Inhibition of the operation of automatic

warning system (AWS) or train protection and
warning system (TPWS) track equipment for
movements to which it does not apply.

2004.
surfaceconcrete
troughing (SCT)
A series of lidded troughs, usually laid in the

cess, comprising a cable route.

2004.
surgeprotection
Equipment and systems for protecting electrical RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
operating systems from transient electrical
overload conditions due to external influences
such as lightning, power supply switching, fault
conditions.
swage lock fastening
A high tensile strength mechanical fastening

system employeing swaging of a collar onto
116

2004.

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
annular locking grooves of a fastening utilsing

a special hydraulic tool. The system is designed
to provide consistent and predictable installed
values of tension.
sway
The displacement of any point on the vehicle

body in a direction parallel to the plane of the
rails that arises as a result of a combination of
lateral displacement and roll displacement of
the vehicle suspension.
swept outline
The swept outline is a two-dimensional crossAS7507

section for the vehicle that consists of the
kinematic outline plus the inner and outer curve
throw produced by the vehicle on a 100m
radius curve.
swept path
The swept path is the generic name for the 3dimensional shape of the vehicle on any radius
curve made up from the kinematic outline plus
the inner and outer curve throws produced by
the vehicle on that curve.
AS7507
swing crossing
See switchable vee.
swing nose crossing
See switchable vee.

2004.
swing test
A physical test whereby the underframe or

bogie is yawed to a particular position that
replicates the rolling stock negotiating a
nominated track geometry.
AS7509
swinging overlaps
The ability to maintain the overlap free of

locking where there are facing points and a
choice of overlap exists, thus enabling late
selection of the overlap while the train is
approaching. Usually associated with time of
operation locking and conditional locking
requirements.

2004.
switch
See point.

Terminology'.
switch blade
See 'point switch'.

switch diamond
A type of diamond crossing with movable

switches in place of fixed crossings (points).
Also known as moveable angles or moveable 2004.
elbows.
switch lever
A spring loaded lever connected by rods to the

toe of a switch to enable manual changing of
the switch position in yards or sidings.

switch machine
See point machine.

switch rail
The moving portion of rail on each side of a set UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
of points.
2004.
switchable vee
Vee designed to switch against the stock rail to

eliminate the flangeway gap between the
conventional fixed nose vee and the stock rail.
A V crossing with movable points to
facilitate a high turnout speed. Also known as
swing crossing or swing nose crossing.

email from RSSB 2nd Feb 09 and UK Railway
Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802 Glossary of
switched K crossing
A K crossing with movable points.

switches and crossings
The generic term used (sometimes points and

crossings) to represent all the ironwork

117
AS7507
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
associated with a set of points. It covers switch

yoes, switch rails, heels of switch rails, closure
rails, stock rails, crossings and check rails.
2004.
systemoperational notice A notice of information and instructions,

authorised and issued by the train operations
manager and distributed electronically or by
hard copy to relevant rail staff.
systemic safety
deficiency

A safety deficiency which is present throughout AS 4292.7-2006

all or a substantial part of the railway
organisation and is not simply a localised
problem.
T
table of signal routes
A comprehensive list of signal routes. They can UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802
either be shown on, or accompany signalling /
scheme plans.
2004.
TACE
Abbreviated term for 'Transport Agencies

Chief Executives'.
ARA
tail flashing level

crossing
The term used to describe the effect on single

lines of a level crossing warning system
continuing to operate as the tail of the train
departs, as if it were an opposite direction
approaching train. It may occur in some
systems with a light engine or other short, fast,
self-propelled vehicle.

tail light
Red light marking the end of a train.
AS7531
takeoff
Staging (usually a number of sleepers) beside

the track for the purpose of removing and
stabling track mounted maintenance vehicles or
equipment clear of train movements.
tamping
The process by which ballast is packed around

the sleepers of a track to ensure the correct
alignment for the location, speed and curvature
of the line.

suggestion.
tang (crossing)
The cast extension at the V end of a rail bound

manganese crossing to which the heel rails are
fastened.

tangent point (TP)
The intersecting point of track centreline

tangents between curves, transitions and
straight track.

tangent track
Straight track with no applied cant.

tangential point switch
A design of points where the stockrail forms a

tangent to the curve through the point switch.

tangentialturnout
Turnout where one route is straight track.

tank wagon
A wagon comprising a horizontal, basically

cylindrical container for the transport in bulk of Railway Terminology'.
liquids, compressed gases, granular or
pelletised solids, etc.
taper base (sleeper

plate)
A sloped base rail seat. The taper of open

(railway) track sleeper plates is 1 in 20 to
provide a rail inclination into the gauge of the
track.

tappet
A device, usually a notched metal bar, which

actuates the mechanical locking of a
mechanical interlocking machine by the
movement of the lever.

tare mass
The mass of the rolling stock in the lightest

condition under which it will be operated. This
AS7509.1
118
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
includes provisioning with sand and water but

fuelled to no more than one-third of capacity.
tautliner
Brand name often used to refer to a curtain

sided wagon. A box wagon in which the side
walls consist entirely or predominantly of
weather-proof flexible panels.

technically competent
authority
A company or person having proven

competence in the particular technology or
process in which they are providing technical
expertise.
AS7517
telemetry system
Equipment for multiplexing control and/or

indication inputs for transmission over a
telecommunications bearer or radio link. The
messages for transmission are encoded and
decoded by the telemetry equipment at the ends
of the transmission line. Multiplexing may be
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). Used
for remote control from a central office
location to one or more field stations.
telephone block working A method of block working which is

maintained by telephone. A signaller must not
allow a train to enter the block section until the
previous train has been reported by telephone
as having arrived complete at the next block
location.

telephone train control

system
A telephone system which connects the Train

Control Centre to all other operational
locations in that control area, so that the train
controller can efficiently direct the movement
of trains.

temporary accreditation
The Administrating Authority may grant

interim accreditation to an applicant to permit
activities such as; (a) site preparation; (b)
restoration or repair work; (c) testing of
railway track or other infrastructure; Or for
other purposes considered appropriate by the
administrating authority.

temporary rail joint
Non-welded rail joints intended for temporary

joining of rails only, and generally requiring
special measures to be implemented with their
use. These measures permit the short-term
passage of trains and may include special
inspections or speed restrictions.

Terminology'.
temporary traction bond An insulated cable fitted with rail clamps at

eachend used to temporarily bridge gaps in the
traction rail.

tense (rail)
See destress.

terminal line
A dead end line.

March 2009.
TGSI
Abbreviated term for tactile ground surface

indicator as defined in the DSFAPT Part 18.
AS7522.3
thermit (weld)
A trade name for an aluminothermic weld.

third rail crossingwork
Crossingwork arranged to permit broad and

standard gauge traffic to turn out or transfer on
one common rail. The units include fixed
points and transfers and require no points
operation equipment.

third rail track
Trackwork comprising three rail arranged to
119
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
permit both broad and standard gauge traffic.

One rail is common to both gauges.
third rail transfer
Third rail crossingwork, without moving parts,

which transfers the common rail from one side
of the track to the other side.

third rail turnout
A crossingwork assembly arranged to permit

both broad and standard gauge traffic on the
straight or through but only one gauge to
turnout.

three aspect block
See 3 aspect block.
three position signalling
See 3 position signalling.
three throw (points)
Two turnouts arranged within a length of less

than the sum of the separate turnout lead
lengths. Also known as nested turnouts.

suggestion.
throat (crossing)
The position ahead of the nose(s) of a crossing

between the inside edges of the wing rails at
the knee or knuckle.

throughfunction test
This is a circuit function test of a circuit or

series of related circuits running between
locations, e.g. signal boxes, relay rooms, etc, to
ensure the fuses, links and control devices
effectively control the final function. It
includes through function testing from a
signallers control on the operator interface to
the operation of the trackside signalling
equipment, and to its change-of-state indication
back to the signallers indicator diagram.
through route locking
Route locking, the action of which extends to

all the points in a route and to the points
leading to that route from the moment a train
enters this route until it has completey left it.
tie
Alternative term for sleeper.
tie bar
A rod used between rails of tracks to maintain

gauge where other means are not appropriate.

tie plate
A long rail base plate, which ties the track

gauge between each half set of points. It
provides for attachment of the stock rail and a
slide surface for the point switch. It is
manufactured from pressed steel and is
fastened to the timber.

timber
A wooden bearer which is used to support

crossingwork assemblies.

time distance curves
Time distance curves are employed in the

planning of signal positions. The time is plotted Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
vertically against a horizontal distance scale,
and the curves indicate the position of a train at
any particular time for the section of the line
under consideration.
time limit relay
A relay which will not close its front contacts

or open its back contacts, or both, until the
expiration of a definite time interval after the
relay has been energised.
time release
A device used to prevent the operation of an

operative unit until after the expiration of a
predetermined time interval after the device has
been actuated.
toe
The machine end of a switch at which the

turning out movement commences.

toe throw
The horizontal distance or travel at the toe of a

switch from the home or closed position to the

120

IEC, AS 1852 1970.

TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
fully open position.

TOFC
Abbreviation for trailer on flat car

(piggyback), a flat wagon specially equipped
with bridge plates, wheel guides, support and
lashing equipment for the transport of road
trailers with or without prime movers.

Terminology'.
token
A metal staff or a staff ticket used as the

authority for rail traffic to occupy a section.

March 2009.
tonnage signal
Signals at which trains over a prescribed load

must be brought to a stand unless the signal is
showing thefull clear indication. The purpose is
to prevent trains being brought to a stand on a
heavy rising grade.
top
Vertical alignment of the rails. Top is generally COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
measured using the offset at a defined point
along a chord of defined length. For lateral
Terminology'.
alignment see line.
tourist and heritage

railway
A railway preserved for its historical value that

is not connected to another railway network, or
operates independently from any other network
that it is connected to.
TPWS
Abbreviation for 'train protection and warning AS7511

system'. It combines the elements of AWS with
some train protection elements. This system
will stop a train that passes a signal at danger
within the overlap area beyond the signal.
track
The combination of rails, rail connectors,

sleepers, ballast, points, and crossings, and
substitute devices where used.

Terminology'.
track block system
A system of safeworking used on single or

double lines in track-circuited areas.

track buckle
A substantial misalignment contributed to by

longitudinal thermal stresses overcoming the
lateral or vertical resistance of the track.

Terminology'.
track centres
The distance between the centrelines of parallel CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
tracks.
track circuit
An electric circuit that uses the rails of a

AS7505
railway as conductors such that a train
electrically connects them via its axles. The
absence or presence of this rail-to -rail
connection indicates the absence or presence of
a train or item of rolling stock.
track circuit drop shunt
The maximum resistance in ohms which will

cause the track relay contacts to drop away
when this resistance is placed between the rails
of the track circuit at the most adverse shunting
location.
track circuit shorting

clip
A cable which can be clamped to a lines rails

to activate track circuits.
track closure
A procedure to protect against the movement of RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3
trains which are part of the normal operating
March 2009.
service, through a section of track/s, but allow
for the passage, for example, of trains and ontrack vehicles under special conditions such as
published in train notice.
track control system
A system of safeworking used on single or

double lines in track-circuited areas (or on
single lines provided with axle counting
equipment).

track controlled signal
Signals, partially or wholly controlled by track

circuits, which return to their most restrictive

121
RISSB.

March 2009.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
position after a train passes.

track defects
Defects in the track which have the potential to

cause derailment unless a speed restriction is
imposed, as follows: (a) track defects
involving horizontal alignment; (b) track
defects involving vertical alignment; (c)
broken rail; (d) other track defects.
AS 4292.1, CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and

track gauge
The distance between the gauge points of the

rails.

track geometry
The horizontal and vertical alignment, crosslevel and cant of the track.

Terminology'.
track indicator
An indicator, in a signal box, which shows the

signaller whether or not the portion of trackcircuited line represented by that indicator is
occupied by a train. At some interlockings,
where only certain portions of lines are trackcircuited, individual track indicators are
provided. At fully track-circuited interlockings
the indicators are grouped together to form a
track indicator diagram.

track indicator diagram
A diagram that shows if tracks are occupied,

and other relevant information.

track junction
A crossingwork assembly which provides for

diverging and crossing of tracks.

track locking
Locking of signals or points applied and

maintained by the presence of trains on
particular sections of track, as detected by track
circuits.
track machine
A flange wheeled vehicle used for

infrastructure maintenance, construction and
inspections. Separate to freight rolling stock
(e.g. wagons used for carrying rail, sleepers,
spoil, ballast etc) and road-rail vehicles.
AS75xx series
track magnet
Permanent or electro-magnet which under

certain conditions operates by indiction an
apparatus on a vehicle passing by.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
track manager
The person or body responsible by reason of

ownership, control or management, for the
construction and maintenance of track, civil
and electric traction infrastructure, or the
construction, operation or maintenance of train
control and communication systems, or a
combination of these; or a person or body
acting on its behalf.
AS75xx series
trackoccupancy
authority (TOA)
A formal authority for competent workers and

their equipment to occupy a defined portion of
track for a specified period. In specified
circumstances ATW protection is not required.

March 2009.
track profile
The outline of the track in cross section in its

completed condition on the formation.

track relay
A relay receiving all or part of its operating

energy from a circuit of which the rails are the
essential part, and responding to the presence
of vehicles on the track.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
track safety awareness
Training in the risks present and safety

measures necessary when a person is on or near Railway Terminology'.
track.
track section
The section of railway track between two

locations specified for operating purposes. In
different track networks this track element may
122
AS 4292.5-2006
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
be referred to as either a section or a block.

track speed
The allowed maximum train speed for a portion RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3
of track.
March 2009.
track stick
A circuit provided to prove that a signal has

returned to stop, and its signal control relays
have de-energised, after the passage of a train.

tracksupervisor
A qualified employee responsible for

inspections, operations or instructions
associated with the maintenance or
construction of permanent way or works for a
prescribed portion of the railway.

track vehicle
A vehicle, usually self-propelled, used mainly

for inspecting and maintaining infrastructure.

March 2009.
track work
Construction, maintenance or repair work on

infrastructure or around a track that potentially
restricts train movements.

Terminology'.
track work authority

(TWA)
A formal authority for non-exclusive

occupancy of the track by workers within
specified limits.

March 2009.
track, ballasted
Track in which the sleepers are supported and

contained by ballast.

track,concreted
Track in which the rails are supported and

contained by concrete.

tracksidemonitoring
equipment
Devices that monitor and respond to track,

trackside and rail vehicle conditions.

trackwork
Track, including crossingwork assemblies, with CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
sleepers, timbers and fasteners, laid, lined or
surfaced and connected with the track.
trackwork assembly
See crossingwork assembly.

traction bond
A bond connecting together the various items

of equipment in the traction current retrun
circuit path. It shall be assumed that this bond
will be carrying traction current at all times.

traction current return
The electric current returning from the 1500V

overhead power supply through the rails to
substations.

March 2009.
traction earth
The earth for the traction distribution system

which primarily consists of the traction return
rails, earth wires and overhead structures.

traction earth wire
An aerial conductor used to connect a number

of overhead line structures together in order to
ensure that the traction earthing system
continuity os apprpriately maintained
throughout the electrified area.

traction return rail
The rail which carries the traction return

current and is generally marked at intervals
with blue paint on the rail web and has traction
bonds connected to it. It is generally, but not
always, the rail nearest ot the mast.

tractive effort
The power that a locomotive is able to deliver

to the rail through its wheels notwithstanding
the ability of the wheels to grip the rail.

trailable points
Points designed to permit a trailing movement

through points closed against the intended
move. The wheelset opens the points which
spring back to the normal position after the
wheelset is through.

trailer car (or

trailer vehicle)
A non-powered passenger vehicle, with or

without a drivers compartment and control

123
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
facilities.
Terminology'.
trailer on flat car

(TOFC)
A flat wagon specially equipped with bridge

plates, wheel guides, support and lashing
equipment for the transport of road trailers with
or without prime movers.
trailingmovement
A wheelset movement through a set of points

from the heel end to the toe end.

trailing points
Those switches over which trains or vehicles

from two lines converge onto one line and the
points of the switch blades are facing away
from approaching rail traffic.

Terminology'.
train
A single unit of rollingstock or two or more

units coupled together, at least one of which is
a locomotive or other self propelled unit.

Railway Terminology', AS7501.
train (identification )
number
A train or run number used to provide unique

identification of a train.

train acceptance
The overall process of gaining permission from AS7501

a track manager to operate trains comprising
particular rolling stock over specific parts of
the network.
train announcemen t
Operation by which a section box advises the

forward box that a train has just entered or is
going to enter the section between the two
boxes.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
train authority
An instruction in the prescribed format issued

by the train controller in connection with the
movement of a train.

Terminology'.
train control
Worker or workers in charge of the process for

the management and control of traffic
movements and occupancy authorities.
train control diagram

(train control graph)
A diagram showing operational information for CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
a train control area.
train control directions
Any instructions issued by train controllers

relating to the management, maintenance
movement and safe operation of all traffic
within train control territory.

train control system

(TCS)
One or more microprocessor based operator

interface stations with the processing capacity
to handle route setting, automatic route setting,
train tracking, train describing, train reporting,
event logging and all similar functionality.

train controller
The employee responsible for the management

and control of traffic movements and
occupancy authorities.
AS 4292.5-2006
train crew
Worker or workers in charge of the operation

of trains.

train describer
Signalling equipment provided to identify

trains individually on a signallers track
indicator diagram, console unit, video display
unit or video projection screen.

train describer fringe

box
A signal box controlling a location that is an

entry point for a train describer system. The
fringe box contains train describer equipment
and train identification details can be entered
manually for the next train(s) to depart the
particular controlled location.

train detection system
A system that detects the presence of a train or

any other on track vehicle intended to be
detected on a section of track. Systems include

Terminology'.
124
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
track circuits, axle counters, treadles and global

positioning systems.
train graph
A plot of actual and projected train movements

on a graph with axis of location versus time.
Used by train controllers to predict crossing
locations for opposing trains on single line
sections and to manage the train movements
accordingly. It serves also as a record of actual
crossing locations and times.

train notice
Operational information issued by or on behalf

of the infrastructure owner.

Terminology'.
train number
Unique four-character codes identifying trains. CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
Interstate train numbers are made up as
follows: - The first character is a number
representing a day of the week. This is numeric
starting from Sunday, so that 1 is Sunday, 2 is
Monday, and so on. The second and third
characters represent the departing and
destination terminals respectively. These are
alphabetic, with M representing Melbourne, S
for Sydney, A for Adelaide, and so on. The
last character is a number defined by individual
terminals and companies to represent any extra
information about services they want to
indicate. This most commonly distinguishes
between two or more services running between
the same two terminals on one day. Example: a
service identified by 3BM2 would be a
Tuesday service running from Brisbane to
Melbourne, with the last number identifying
something special about the service.
train operated route

release
See 'automatic route normalisation'.

train order
An instruction, on the prescribed form, issued

by the train controller, in train order territory to
direct the movement of rail traffic.
Pacific National Corporate Directory 02/02/04.
train order crossing

station
A train order station within or at the start of or

end of train order territory at which trains may
cross pass or run round.
WAGR Network Rules Doc. 9100-000-005 Ver.

01/07/2001.
train order location
A location in train order territory that may be

used as the limit of a proceed authority or as a
reporting location.
RIC Rule Book Ver. 1.0.
train order non crossing

station
A train order station in train order territory at

which trains may not cross, pass or run round.

01/07/2001.
train order section
That portion of main line between two

adjoining train order crossing or non-crossing
stations.

01/07/2001.
train order station
A station where train orders may be received

and which may or may not be in train order
territory.

01/07/2001 and QR Train Order Manual.
train order territory
That portion of main or branch line specified as QR Train Order Manual.

being the territory in which the train order
train order working
A system of safeworking on single lines where RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
train movements are governed by train orders
issued by a train controller, who ensures that no
conflicting train orders are on issue.
train path
The track over which a train may be authorised

to travel, consisting of a distinct entry, exit and
journey time. It consists of routes linked
125

Terminology'.
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
consecutively.
train protection system
A system which is able to enforce the authority

of the signalling system onto the vehicle.
AS7511
train radio
A radio system use to aid train operations and

to provide communications between train
crews, train controllers, and track maintenance
staff.

train register book
A book used in signal boxes, staff huts or at

block posts to record information about the
condition of the line or the movement of rail
traffic.

train roster
Assigns the rollingstock to cover the timetable.

Each entry in this working is referred to as a
run.

train running
information (TRI)
Information issued by the train controller to

relevant workers to make them aware of the
running times of trains.

March 2009.
train safety recording
A recording consisting of (or mainly of) sounds CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
or images or data, or any combination of
sounds, images or data, produced by a device
installed in a train, a signal box, a train control
complex or other railway premises for the
purpose of recording operational activities
carried out by railway employees operating a
train and other persons.
train shunt
Value of the electrical resistance of the shunt

connection created between the two rails of a
track circuit by the axles of a train.

IEC, AS 1852 1970.
train stop system
A system (also known as trip gear) involving a

trip cock on the vehicle and a trip arm located
track side which, when engaged, directly
initiates an emergency brake application. The
train stop is employed at signals in conjunction
with a red aspect and also in areas where train
speed is required to be externally controlled.
AS7511
tram
A vehicle which runs on rails on a highway,

road or easement specifically designated for
use by a tram or light rail vehicle. Alternative
name for a light rail vehicle.

trammelling
Measurement of the bogie frame, e.g. centre

line to centre line, check for squareness.
AS7519
TransAdelaid e network
Adelaide metropolitan broad gauge network
AS75xx series
transformer
Static apparatus for supplying an alternating

current at one voltage when fed with
alternating current at a different voltage.

transition (track)
Track of variable radius, usually applied

between tangent track and curved track or track Railway Terminology'.
comprising curves of different radii.
transmission based
signalling(communication based signalling)
A closed loop system which uses digital radio

to provide vital data transmission between on- Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
board train systems and signalling control
systems. The concept of a transmission based
signalling is one in which each train in an area
of control continuously informs a central
signalling system details of its position, speed
and acceleration, and the central signalling
system continuously transmits to the train a
limit of authority and details about the trains
required speed profile. In this concept, by using
train-to-control centre radio systems, the track
side equipment may become limited to point
126
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
operating mechanisms and passive track

mounted transponders used to give reference
points for on- board tachometers so that effects
such as slip, slide and wheel wear can be
accommodated.
transom
Transverse members of track-supporting

structures generally made from timber, to
which the running and guard rails are fastened.
These members are designed specifically as
structural members of the track-supporting
structure and should not be treated as sleepers.

Terminology'.
transponder
A unit usually mounted in the track and used to

transmit information between track and train at
short range radio frequencies. An antenna on
the train passes over the transponder and one
interrogates the other. The transponder may be
passive and powered by carrier energy
transmitted from the train, or be active,
transmitting continuously or only when
interrogated by a train. The transponder may
hold fixed information and/or receive updated
information through connection to the
signalling system. Also see beacon and
balise.

trap points
Catch-points or other facing points on a line

which provide protection for another line by
diverting train and vehicle movements on the
line away from the protected line.

travel mode
When infrastructure maintenance rolling stock

have their infrastructure maintenance
equipment stowed and are able to travel
between work sites.
AS7512.4
tread line
The circumference of the wheel around the

wheel tread measured 70 mm from the back
face of the wheel (i.e. circumference at the
nominal wheel/rail contact point), also known
as the taping line.
AS7517
treadle
A device mounted next to a rail by which the

deflection of the rail (due to the passage of an
engine or vehicle) or the impact of the train
wheels, or other means, operates a contact to
open or close an electric circuit to detect the
passage of train wheels.

treadplate
The slip resistant platform adjacent to the door

sill on rolling stock used by workers for
boarding and alighting.
AS7522
TRI
Abbreviation for 'train running information'.

Information about rail traffic movement and
frequency provided for a particular location.

March 2009.
triangle
A track formation in the shape of a triangle

which allows a locomotive do a three point turn March 2009.
so that it faces in the opposite direction. An
alternative to a turntable.
trip
A service in a working timetable.

trip cock
The trip valve and lever mechanism fitted on

train stop systems.

trip valve
A pneumatic value mounted near the left-hand

leading axle of multiple unit electric trains. If a
train passes a trainstop when the trainstop arm
is in the raised position, the trip valve arm will
be moved backwards by the raised trainstop

127
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
arm. The trains brakes will then be

automatically applied.
troughing
Steel or concerte casing located alongside the

track to carry electrical cables for signalling
and communications.

turning wye
A track formation in the shape of a triangle

which allows a locomotive do a three point turn Railway Terminology'.
so that it faces in the opposite direction.
Normally called a triangle in Australia. An
alternative to a turntable and commonly
referred to as twisting the locomotive.
turnout
A combination of a set of points, V crossing

and guard rails which permits traffic to turnout
from one track to another.

turnout, ladder
An arrangement of turnouts leading from one

turnout and providing two or more parallel
tracks on the one side of the parent track.

turnout, nested
See three throw (points).
1st public consultation suggestion
turnout, repeater
A indicator displaying a white band of light on

a black background, on the first warning signal
in rear of a signal at a junction with a turnout
speed significantly less than line speed. When
that signal is cleared for the diverging route,
the turnout repeater displays a white band of
light inclined towards the direction the route
ahead is set. Generally used to provide drivers
of trains with advance information that a route
through a low- speed turnout is ahead.

turntable
A deck, usually over a circular pit, onto which

a locomotive is driven and which pivots about
its centre to turn a locomotive or allow it to run
off onto other radiating tracks for storage.

twenty foot equivalent

unit
The unit of measure used to refer to the freight

carrying space on a wagon required to carry a
standard 6.1 metre (20 foot) container. Wagon
sizes and train capacities are typically referred
to in slots or teus (twenty-foot equivalent
units).

twist
The variation in the cross-level between two

track locations separated by a nominated
distance interval.
AS 4292.2-2006
two position / two aspect

signalling
Signalling using stop signals that only show

two indications, stop and ;clear, preceded by
distant signals showing only caution or
clear. See also 2 aspect block and 2
position signalling.

type test
A test conducted on one vehicle that will be

AS7509
assumed to be typical of all vehicles
constructed to the same specifications. Also see
routine test.
U
UIC
Abbreviation for International Union of

Railways.
AS7514
unattended interlocking
The term used to describe an interlocking

which is not being controlled by a signaller. At
some unattended interlockings the signals and
points are worked by the train crew.

unattended location
A signalling location or block location that is

not a remote controlled location, and where a
signaller is not on duty.

128
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
unattended station
A station at which an employee is not on duty

for the working of trains.

undercutting
The process of removing from the track, all

ballast above the formation.

unidirectional
Allowing for normal travel in one direction

according to the infrastructure and system of
safeworking in use.

March 2009.
unidirectional signalling
Signalling provided to allow the movement of

trains in one direction only over a line.

unit
A unit refers to a container, trailer, or a

container mounted onto a trailer.

unit lever operation
A method of signalling control with a separate RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling
lever for each set of points, each release switch Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
and each signal. In setting up a signal route, the
signaller is required to operate the levers for
required points and/or releases individually
before operating the lever for the particular
signal. This contrasts with route control
systems, entrance/exit or one control switch.
unitising
To combine separate elements of a load into

one unit.
unsprung mass
The mass of a wheel, or wheelset, and other

AS7508
associated components which are not
dynamically isolated from the track by vehicle
suspension arrangements. This includes
components due to the rotational inertia of any
traction drive and motor casing unless
effectively isolated by means of resilient
couplings and frame suspended traction motors.
up line
In a double line area, the lines are generally

referred to as the up line and down line.
Usually, the up line is used by trains travelling
towards the State Capital. However, local
notices should be referenced to check this at
any location.
utility
A powerline, pipeline, conveyor,

telecommunications line or similar item, or a
duct carrying any of these, together with
associated equipment and systems.
www.dictionary.com

Terminology'.
V
V crossing
See crossing.
V end (crossing)
The end of a crossing which resembles a V. On

a fabricated crossing it is the open end of the
nose and scarf rails.

V nose (points)
Points design where the toe of the switch is

machined like an inverted letter V. The
design permits the switch toe to fit into
machining of the head of the stock rail
AS75xx series
V/Line network
Victorian regional broad gauge network.

validation
Confirmation that the particular requirements

for a
AS 4292.2-2006, AS
specific intended use are fulfilled.
4292.3-2006, AS
4292.4-2006, AS
4292.5-2006, COP
DIRN Volume 2
'Glossary' and CMC
'Glossary for NCOP
129
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
and Dictionary of
vehicle
Used to denote rail vehicles where reference to

a specific type or class is not required or not
intended.

Terminology'.
verification
Testing and evaluation of an item of equipment

or a system to assure compliance with its
specification or other requirements.

vertical alignment
See alignment.
Victorian broad gauge

network
Victorian regional and Melbourne metropolitan RISSB Roll standards (various)

broad gauge networks.
Victorian network
Victorian regional and Melbourne metropolitan AS75xx series

broad gauge networks.
Victorian standard
gauge network
Victorian regional non-interstate standard

gauge network.
vigilance system
A system that will react by directly initiating an AS7511

emergency brake application if an
acknowledgment input is not received within a
specified time increment.
visibility lights
Lights, fitted below the headlights, to improve

rolling stock's ability to be seen and to assist
the crew in viewing of the immediate area in
front of the vehicle. Also known as ditch lights
or crossing lights.
visual display unit

(VDU)
Terminal device with a screen (originally a

cathode ray tube, now a plasma or LCD screen) Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
on which text and graphics can be displayed.
Used as an I/O (input/output) device in
conjunction with a keyboard or a mouse for
interactive computing.
vital
Signalling equipment and circuits are

considered vital where failure to function
correctly could cause an unsafe outcome either
directly or together with another signalling
equipment or circuit failure. Vital signalling
equipment is equipment whose safe operation
is fundamental to the safe operation of the
signalling system. Equipment for use in this
mode should have been designed to ensure that
it will not fail in an unsafe manner. This may
well involve designing it in such a way that
should it fail it will fail in a predetermined state
which does not lead to an unsafe situation.
Such equipment is termed fail-safe. Also see
safety related.
vital blocking
Blocking which is incorporated in the

interlocking apparatus and uses vital equipment Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
to prevent the operation of particular signalling
apparatus. Operator controls to apply blocking
are independent of controls to remove the
blocking.
AS7531
W
wagon
Used when describing or referring to rail

vehicles of a specific type or group, e.g. freight
wagons, service wagons, box wagons, tank
wagons, flat wagons.

Terminology'.
wagon booking
A wagon booking is an order to move wagons

on a service leg transit leg.

wagon order
An instruction to perform a movement on a

wagon, documented in the form of a shunt

130
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
instruction or a train consist report.

warm standby
Form of redundancy in which the secondary

equipment is continuously operating, but is not
enabled to generate outputs except in the event
of a failure of the primary equipment. Results
in a short period of loss of function until the
system completes transfer to the secondary
unit.
warning board
A temporary speed board with the word

WARNING and a speed plate attached to warn Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
drivers of the speed at which trains are to travel
over the next portion of the line which may be
unsafe at normal speed.
warning light
A light provided for warning employees of

approaching trains. The warning light is
illuminated when there is no train approaching.

wayleave
Any crossing, either overhead or underground

by an electric cable, conductor or other service
main being the property of a supply authority,
private company or individual, is commonly
referred to as a wayleave.

web
That part of the rail between the head and the

flange.

weekly notice
A publication to advertise changes to, and

details of, safeworking arrangements.

weekly speed notice
An information sheet listing temporary speed

restrictions for specific locations.

well wagon (or well car)
A flat wagon having the height above rail of

the underframe/deck structure reduced between 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
the bogies to provide additional vertical load
Terminology'.
space.
WestNet Rail network
Western Australia regional narrow and

standard gauge network.
AS75xx series
wheel burn
A scar on the running surface of the rail caused

by intense friction heating from driving wheel
slippage. The flowed metal may chip out and
thermal cracks may develop into a transverse
defect.

Terminology'.
wheel clearance
For a wheelset positioned on the centreline of

the track, the wheel clearance is the lateral
distance between one fully worn wheel flange
and the adjacent new rail.
AS7507
wheel detector
A magnetic treadle which senses the presence

or passage of a train wheel.

wheel scale
A build up of metallic material on a wheel

treads surface.

wheel transfer area
The area on a crossing or points at which the

wheel tread transfers gradually from one rail to
another.

wheel web
The section between the wheel hub and the

wheel rim.

07
wheelset
An assembly consisting of axle, wheels,

bearings, and where applicable associated
components such as brake discs, traction gears,
traction motor support bearings, gearbox, etc.
AS7514 AS7517
wheelset electrical
resistance
It is the resistance between the rail contact

surfaces between wheels on the same axle. The
electrical resistance is measured from the rail
contact surface of one wheel to the rail contact
surface of the other wheel via the axle of that
AS7505
131
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
wheelset.
whistle
A device such as a bell, whistle, siren, horn or

hooter, fitted to a train or track vehicle to give
audible warning.

wing end (crossing)
That end of the crossing formed by the wing

rails. It is the opposite to the V end.

wing rail
The rails of a crossing (on the end closest to the COP DIRN Volume 2 'Glossary' and CMC
switch in a turnout) that are flared to allow the 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of Railway
passage of the wheel to transfer to or from the
Terminology'.
crossing nose. Named for their resemblance to
a wing in shape.
wire count
This is a count of the number of conductors

terminated on each wire termination point and Terms, Ver. 1, 2008.
at every wire termination point. The count is
certified against the circuit wiring diagrams and
cross checked against the analysis sheets.
WOLO
Speed restrictions applied during hot weather.

work closure
A section of railway track closed off to normal

traffic and undergoing maintenance,
construction or inspection.
AS7516 AS7531
work hardening process
A mechanical means of increasing the hardness CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
of susceptible steels. The most common
processes employ explosives or peening
particularly of manganese casting.
work instruction
Documents which describe how a process is

performed.

work lighting
Lights fitted to allow effective and safe

operation when in working mode (as opposed
to when travelling). Typically fitted to
infrastructure maintenance rolling stock.
AS7531
work mode
When infrastructure maintenance rolling stock AS7512.4

have their infrastructure maintenance
equipment deployed or operational and are able
to travel at their working speed.
work on track authority
An authority to perform work on track. See

local possession authority (LPA), track
occupancy authority (TOA) or track work
authority (TWA).

work out of service
To work to a suitable yard, service depot,

siding or location where rolling stock can leave
the running line for repair or replacement of
vehicle equipment.

work site safety

supervisor
The worker responsible for safety and

AS 4292.5-2006
protection of personnel at a track worksite and
ensuring that the site is safe for the operation of
trains. (Also see 'worksite supervisor' and
'protection officer'.)
work train
An accident, ballast or breakdown train

including a train delivering or collecting
materials or engaged in connection with
accidents, derailments, washaways or the like.

worker
See rail safety worker.
AS 4292.1-2006
working roster
The working roster contains all the work

allocated to a depot in the master roster. It
allocates drivers to work lines and adjusts the
work to accommodate additional trains,
canceled trains, training, planned leave and/or
any other issues which are known at the time of
posting the working roster. The working roster
is issued weekly. This roster is used to
132
TERM
DEFINITION
SOURCE
determine overtime payments.

workingtimetable
Contains all train movements. Each service in

the working timetable is generally referred to
as a train or trip.

worksite protection
The process for ensuring the safety of

personnel at a track worksite and ensuring that
the site is safe for trains.

Terminology'.
worksitesupervisor
The worker responsible for the safety of

personnel at a track worksite and ensuring that
the site is safe for the operation of trains. Also
see 'work site safety supervisor' and 'protection
officer'.

Terminology'.
wrong road signal
Signals used for movements in the wrong

running direction on a running line.

wrong runningdirection
The direction opposite to the normal direction

of travel on unidirectional lines.

March 2009.
wrong side system

failure
A failure in a system which causes a potentially CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of
dangerous situation to exist.
X
XL lock
A special safeworking padlock with a limited

number of keys held by authorised operations
staff.

Y
yard
1. A system of track within defined limits.

(NSW) 2. A system of tracks not designated as Railway Terminology'.
part of the defined interstate rail network used
for loading or unloading trains or for other
purposes. (ARTC)
yard limits
A portion of the running lines identified by

yard limit signs marking the entrance to the
yard or movement within the yard.

Terminology'.
yards and terminals
A system of tracks not designated as part of the

defined interstate rail network used for loading
or unloading trains or for other purposes.

Terminology'.
133

Railway Signalling Terms Guide

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GLOSSARY OF RAILWAY TERMS

An automatic block system in which the signals International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

Two systems of signalling are in use in

An automatic block system in which the signals International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

Two systems of signalling are in use in

4 aspect block (block a

An automatic block system in which the signals International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

An articulated wagon comprising five

CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of

A wagon consisting of five permanently

CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of

An indication in the form of a letter A

RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

Abbreviation for 'Association of American

Victorian Rail Industry Operators Group

Victorian Rail Industry Operators Group

Conventional three-piece freight bogie based

A system of train operation that prevents more

UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802

US concept - (was/is used in South Australia).

Rail Signalling TAC General Glossary of

absolute signal blocking

A method used by track workers to carry out

RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3

DC track relays used in areas of AC

A type of relay which is operated by an

RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

A track circuit with a 50 Hertz alternating

RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

AC/DC track circuit

A track circuit with a rectified alternating

RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

The lever or control device that is operated in

RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

A controlled signal fitted with a designation

The signal directly protects points, level

A block signalling term where a train is

UK Railway Group Guidance Note GK/GN0802

1. A designated safe way into, along, across or

RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3

A formal agreement between a train operator

allowing the train operator to operate on the

This includes ramps, steps, stairs, ladders and

RISSB Rollingstock Standards Glossary 3 Dec 08,

Lighting of access equipment e.g. ladders and

Walkway, corridor, aisleway, etc.

RISSB Rollingstock Standards Glossary 3 Dec 08,

An organisation that provides and manages a

RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3

An organisation such as a train operator that

RISSB ANRP Glossary Stage 1 Version 1.0 3

Requirements to provide equivalent access to

RISSB Rollingstock Standards Glossary 3 Dec 08,

Accessible information: Information that is

An occurrence on a railway or tramway system

CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of

A two-arm crank with vertical axis, one arm of

RailCorp ESG 007 - Glossary of Signalling

An authority of the State or Territory

CMC 'Glossary for NCOP and Dictionary of

A rail organisation accredited consistent with

AS4292, Rail Safety Legislation

Line side system used to detect suspected