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Physiologic needs
Self-esteem needs
Self-actualization needs
Physical dimension
Emotional dimension
Intellectual dimension
Socio-cultural dimension
Environmental dimension
Spiritual dimension
Medical Model
Health is the state of being free of signs
or symptoms of disease. Illness is the
presence of signs or symptoms of
disease.
Nedra B. Belloc and Lester Breslow 1972
Health-Illness Continuum
Health is a constantly changing state,
with high level wellness and death
being on opposite ends of a graduated
scale, or continuum.
J-B. McCann Flynn and P.B. Heffron 1984
Role-Performance Model
Health is the ability to perform all those
roles for which one has been socialized.
-Defined with reference to the individuals
participation in the social system.
Talcott Parsons, 1964
High-Level Wellness
High-level wellness refers to functioning
to ones maximum potential while
maintaining balance and purposeful
direction in the environment.
Halbert Louis Dunn MD, PhD - 1961
Needs-Fulfillment Model
Health is state in which needs are being
sufficiently met to allow an individual to
function successfully in life with the
ability to achieve the highest possible
potential.
Urbanization
Population Aging
Globalization
Individualspecific
Modifiable Risk
Factors
Biochemical/
Physiological
Risk Factors
Main
Chronic
Diseases
Raised Blood
Pressure
Raised Blood
Glucose
Abnormal Blood
Lipids
Overweight/
Obesity
Cancer
Heart
Disease
Stroke
Chronic
Respiratory
Diseases
Diabetes
Unhealthy Diet
Physical Activity
Tobacco Use
Individualspecific NonModifiable
Risk Factors
Age
Heredity
Population Impact
Levels of Causation
Environmental
Adela
Influences
Social
Position
Social & Cultural
Processes
Interventions
Healthy Public Policy
Psychological
Processes
Biological &
Genetic Factors
Source: McKinlay & Marceau (2000). Public health matters. Am J Pub Health, 90, 25-33, p. 29.
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Primary Prevention
Providing specific protection against
disease to prevent its occurrence is the
most desirable form of prevention.
Preventive measures consists of
counseling, education and adoption of
specific health practices or changes in
life style.
Primary Prevention
Examples:
Mandatory immunization of children
belonging to the age range of 0-59
months old to control acute infectious
disease.
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Primary Prevention
Examples:
Minimizing contamination of the work
or general environment by asbestos
dust, silicone dust, smoke, chemical
pollutants and excessive noise.
Primary Prevention
(infectious disease)
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Primary PreventionPrevention
measures before the disease happens.
Methods of Primary Prevention:
Seclusion or avoidancestaying away from
infected individuals
Keeping yourself cleanwash hands with
antibacterial soaps & shower
Get enough rest
Exercise on a regular basis
Eat Right
Primary Prevention
(noninfectious disease)
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Prevention measures before the disease occurs.
Secondary Prevention
Consist of organized, direct screening
efforts or education of the public to
promote early case finding of an
individual with disease so that prompt
intervention can be instituted to halt
pathologic processes and limit
disability.
Secondary Prevention
Early diagnosis of a health problem can
decrease the catastrophic effects that
might otherwise result for the individual
and the family from advanced illness
and its many complications.
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Secondary Prevention
Examples:
Public education to promote breast
self-examination, use of home kits for
detection of occult blood in stool
specimens and familiarity with the
seven cancer danger signals.
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C Change in bowel or bladder habits;
A A sore that does not heal;
U Unusual bleeding or discharge;
T Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere;
I Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing;
O Obvious change in wart or mole;
N Nagging cough or hoarseness;
Secondary Prevention
Examples:
Screening programs for hypertension,
diabetes, uterine cancer (Pap smear),
breast cancer (examination and
mammography), glaucoma and
sexually transmitted diseases.
Secondary Prevention
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Secondary PreventionPreventive measures
that lead to early diagnosis and prompt
treatment of a disease or injury to limit
disability and prevent a more severe disease.
Methods:
Visit your doctor on a regular basis
Visit your doctor for regular physicals
Tertiary Prevention
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Tertiary PreventionMeasures aimed at
rehabilitation following significant disease.
Methods:
Medications
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Dialysis
Health as a Multifactorial
Phenomenon
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Cultural
relating to the representation of nonphysical
traits, such as values, beliefs, attitudes and
customs shared by a group of people and
passed from one generation to the next.
practices a customary action usually done to maintain
or promote health like use of anting-anting or lucky
charms
beliefs a state or habit of mind wherein a group of
people place trust into something or a person (Webster)
Definition of Values
Values
Adela are beliefs and things considered
important by an individual or a family, such as
freedom, independence, privacy, physical
appearance, money, health and fitness, integrity
and honesty.
Values influence behavior and understanding a
populations values leads to better tolerance why
they react or respond to issues of health or are
resistant to change, among other facets of
behavior.
Components of
Culture Roots
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Culture refers to the sum total
of customs, values, traditions,
art, history and other norms
that are developed, learned
and shared by a specific group
of people.
As these practices are passed
down from generation to
generation, they may be
modified with time, knowledge,
acculturation, and lifestyle that
would result in security,
comfort and betterment of well
being.
Heredity
the genetic transmission of traits from
parents to offspring: genetically determined
(Miller-Keane, 1987)
Effect if Screened
& Treated
Severe Mental
Retardation
Normal
Death
Galactosemia (GAL),
A condition in which the body is unable to process galactose,
the sugar present in milk.
Death or Cataracts,
Liver/Brain
Damage
Phenylketonuria (PKU),
A rare condition in which the baby cannot properly use one of
the building blocks of protein called phenylalanine.
Severe Mental
Retardation/
Brain Damage
Disorder Screened
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Severe Anemia,
Kernicterus
Normal
Normal
Environment
the sum total of all the conditions and
elements that make up the surroundings
and influence the development of an
individual (Miller-Keane, 1987)
Socio-economic
refers to the production activities,
distribution and consumption of goods
of an individual
National
Health
Services
Regional/District
Health Service
Rural (Local Hospital
Services)
Tertiary Health
Secondary
Primary Health
OVERVIEW OF THE
PHILIPPINE HEALTH SECTOR
THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE
DELIVERY SYSTEM
BURDEN OF DISEASE
Leading causes of morbidity are
communicable diseases
Leading causes of mortality are
degenerative and other noncommunicable diseases
Double burden of disease places a great
toll of the economy
Threat from emerging and resurgent
diseases is increasing
Health Promotion
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Public health efforts focus on health
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Use of technology that is scientifically
E-L-E-M-E-N-T-S
Antenatal/Prenatal Care
Emergency OB Care
Clean & Safe Delivery
Family Planning
Sense of humor
Relaxed attitude
Open-mindedness
Quick decision making
HEALTH CARE 2
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COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
COMMUNITY
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COMMUNITY
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Classification
Urban
Rural
Rurban
URBAN
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High density
Socially heterogeneous population and
a complex structure, non-agricultural
occupations
Complex interpersonal social relations
RURAL
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RURBAN
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Rural families
continuously
migrate to the
metropolis
forming
communities of
urban poor
HEALTH INDICATORS
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Birth
Death
Marriages
Migration
BIRTH
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DEATH
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MARRIAGE
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The
institution whereby a
man and a woman are
joined in a special kind of
social and legal
dependence for the
purpose of founding and
maintaining a family.
MIGRATION
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Approaches to Community
Development
1.
2.
3.
Welfare Approach
Modernization Approach
Transformatory/
Participatory Approach
Welfare Approach
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Welfare Approach
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Modernization Approach
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Also referred to as project development
approach.
- Introduces whatever resources are lacking
in a given community.
- Also considered a national strategy which
adopts the western mode of technological
development.
Modernization Approach
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Assumes that development consists of
Transformatory/Participatory
Approach
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Transformatory/Participatory
Approach
- Assumes
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that poverty is not God-given,
rather it is rooted in the historical past
and is maintained by the oppressive
structure in society
- Believes that poverty is caused by
prevalence of exploitation, oppression,
domination and other unjust structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pre-entry Phase
Entry Phase
Organization-Building Phase
Community Action Phase
Sustenance and Strengthening Phase
Pre-Entry Phase
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Pre-Entry Phase
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Activities:
Designing a plan for community
development including all its activities and
strategies for care/ development.
Community consultations/dialogues
Designing criteria for the selection of site.
Pre-Entry Phase
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Activities:
Site selection
Preliminary Social Investigation
Networking with local government units,
NGOs and others
Entry Phase
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- Sometimes
called the social
preparation phase as the activities
done here includes the sensitization
of the people on the critical events in
their life, motivating them to share
their dreams and ideas on how to
manage their concerns and
eventually mobilizing them to take
collective action on these.
Entry Phase
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Guidelines:
Entry Phase
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Guidelines:
Entry Phase
Activities:
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Entry Phase
Activities:
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Entry Phase
Activities:
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Coordination/Dialogue/Consultation with
other community organizations
Self Awareness and Leadership Training/
Action planning
Organization-Building Phase
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Entails the formation of more formal
structures and the inclusion of more formal
procedures of planning, implementing and
evaluating community wide activities
- It is at this phase where the organized
leaders or groups are being given training
to develop their AKS in managing their
own concerns/programs.
Organization-Building Phase
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Activities:
Organization-Building Phase
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Activities:
Organization-Building Phase
Activities:
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Strategies:
- Education and training
- Networking and linkaging
- Conduct of mobilization on health and
development concerns
- Implementation of livelihood projects
Strategies:
- Formulation and ratification of
constitutions and by-laws
- Identification and development of
secondary leaders
- Setting up and institutionalization of
financing scheme for community health
program/activities
1. Integration
a. Immerse himself in the poor community
b. Understand deeply the culture,
economy, leaders, history, rhythms and
lifestyle in the community
2. Social Investigation
- A systematic process of collecting,
collating, analyzing data to draw a
clear picture of the community
- Also known as community study
8. Evaluation
The people reviewing steps 1-7 to
determine whether they were
successful or not in their objectives.
9. Reflection
- Dealing with deeper, on-going
concerns to look at the positive values
CO is trying to build in the organization
- Gives the people time to reflect on the
stark reality of life compared to the
ideal.
10. Organization
- The peoples organization is the result
of many successive and similar actions
of the people.
- A final organization is set up with
elected officers and supporting
members.