MATH CAPSULE PART - I

PERCENTAGE (%)
A percentage is a ratio expressed in terms of a unit being 100. A percentage is usually denoted by the symbol
%.
To express a% as a fraction, divide it by 100 a% = a/100
To express a fraction as %, multiply it by 100 a/b = [(a/b) 100] %

x% of y is given by (y x/100 )

Point to remember for faster Calculation

1 = 100%
1 /2= 50%
1 /3= 33.33%
1/4 = 25%
1/5 = 20%
1 /6= 16.66%
1/7 = 14.28%
1/8 = 12.5%
1/9 = 11.11%
1/10 = 10%
1/11 = 9.09%
1/12 = 8.33%
Some Short tricks based on Condition
If A's income is r% more than B's income, the B's income is less than A's income by
[ r / (100+r)] * 100%
If As income is r% less than Bs income, the Bs income is more than As income by
[ r / (100-r)] * 100%

If 'A' is x% of 'C' and 'B' is y% of 'C' then

'A' is (x/y) * 100% of 'B'.
If the sides of the triangle, rectangle, square, circle, rhombus etc is
(i) Increased by x%. Its area is increased by
2x+(x2/100)
(ii)If decreased x%. Its areas is decreased by,
-2x+(x2/100)
If a number x is successively changed by a%, b%, c%. then final value :
x (1+a/100) (1+b/100) (1+c/100)
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 The net change after two successive changes of a% and b% is

(+ +/100) %
The population of a town is 'P'. It increased by x% during 1st year, increased by y% during 2nd year and
again increased by z% during 3rd year. The population after 3 years will be,

P * [(100+x)/100] * [(100+y)/100] * [ (100+z)/100 ]

Rate Change and Change in quantity available for fixed expenditure:
Let original price = x per unit quantity;
x(x+ rate change)= (Expenditure Rate change) / (change in available quantity)

Here rate change = change in rate per unit quantity .

Mixture problems:
If x% of a quantity is taken by the first person, y% of the remaining quantity is taken by the second person, and
z% of the remaining is taken by the third person and if A is left, then initial quantity was
The same concept we can use, if we add something, then the initial quantity was

Profit & Loss

Cost Price-The price at which an article is purchased is called its cost price (C.P.)
Selling Price-The price at which the article is sold is called its selling price (S.P.)
CP = Cost Price
SP = Selling Price
When SP < CP Loss = CP - SP
When SP > CP Profit = SP - CP
Note: Loss% and Profit% both are calculated upon CP
Profit% = [Profit/CP] * 100
Loss% = [Loss/CP] * 100
Now, some more general things we can deduce...
(1) When profit% is given, say, 10% profit
Then SP becomes [100+profit%] of CP = [100+Profit%]/100
For 10% profit, SP = 110% of CP = [110/100]*CP = 1.1*CP
Means to say, if 10% profit, then we simply do SP = 1.1*CP
If CP is given, then SP is calculated, and if SP is given then CP is calculated
(CP = SP/1.1)

(2) When loss% is given, say, 10% loss ,Then again, SP becomes [100-loss%] of CP, again same approach.
For 10% loss, SP becomes 90% of CP = 0.9*CP
If CP is given, then SP is calculated, and if SP is given, then CP is calculated
(CP = SP/0.9)
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e.g.
If an article is sold at a profit/gain of 30%, then S.P. = 130% of the C.P.
If an article is sold at a loss of 20%, then S.P. = 80% of the C.P.
When there are two successive Profit of x % and y % then the resultant profit per cent is given by
[x + y+ (x y/100)]
If there is a Profit of x% and loss of y % in a transaction, then the resultant profit or loss% is given by
[x y - (x y/100)]
Note- For profit use sign + in previous formula and for loss use sign.
if resultant come + then there will be overall profit . if it come then there will be overall loss.
If a cost price of m articles is equal to the selling Price of n articles,
(C.P of m article = S.P. of n article) then Profit percentage

(m - n)/n100%
If m part is sold at x% profit , n part is sold at y % profit, and p part is sold at z% profit and Rs. r is earned
as overall profit then the value of total consignment

r100 / (mx +ny +pz)

A man purchases a certain no. of article at m a rupee and the same no. at n a rupee. He mixes them together
and sold them at p a rupee then his gain or loss

[{2mn/(m+n)p} -1] 100

Note += profit ,- = loss
When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then in this
transaction the seller always incurs a loss given by:

(x^2/100)%
Marked price = Cost price + Markup
CP --> + Markup --> = MP
Always Remember: Markup is extra price on Cost Price. So, Markup is always calculated on CP
And
%Markup = [Markup/CP]*100
Means to say if 400Rs CP and 100Rs Markup, then MP becomes 500Rs and %Markup becomes [100/400]*100
= 25%
Discount (if SP < MP) = MP - SP i.e. SP = MP - Discount
MP - Discount = SP
Always Remember: Discount is deducted from Marked Price. So, Discount is always calculated on MP and
%Discount = [Discount/MP]*100

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 A single discount equivalent to discount series of x% and y% given by the seller is equal to

(x +y - xy/100)%
If a seller marks his goods at x% above his cost price and allows purchasers a discount of y % for cash,
then overall gain or loss

(x y xy/100)%
If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
Gain% = {(Error)/(True value - Error)x 100] %

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SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST

Principal: - The money borrowed or lent out for certain period is called the principal or the Sum.
Interest: - Extra money paid for using other money is called interest.
Simple Interest (S.I.):- If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is
called simple interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = r % per annum (p.a.), and Time = t years then
Using this formula we can also find out
Principal or Sum
Rate % per annum
Time (in years)

;
;

Compound Interest:
When compound interest is applied, interest is paid on both the original principal and on earned interest.
So for One year Simple interest and Compound interest both are equal.
So Amount at the end of 1st year (or Period) will become the principal for the 2nd year (or Period) and Amount
at the end of 2nd year (or Period) becomes the Principal of 3rd year.
Amount = Principal + Interest

A= P (1+r/100) ^n
A= Amount, P= Principal, r = Rate %, n = no. of years.
So Compound Interest = [P (1+r/100) ^ n - P]

C.I. = P [(1+r/100) ^ n 1]
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Some Important Condition:When interest is compounded annually,

Amount =
When interest is compounded half yearly,
Amount =
When interest is compounded Quarterly,
Amount =
When interest is compounded annually but time is in fraction, say 3
Amount =

v)

vi)

year

When Rates are different for different years, say r1%, r2%, and r3% for 1st, 2nd and 3rd year respectively.
Then,
Amount =
.
Difference between Compound Interest & Simple interest Concept
a) For Two years

b) For Three Year

vii)

For Two year ratio of Compound Interest to Simple interest

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RATIO & PROPORTION / AVERAGE / PROBLEM ON AGES

A Ratio is comparison of two quantities by division.
A Proportion is a statement that two ratio or equivalent.
A Proportion is considered to be true if the ratios on the both side are equivalent.
If a: b = c: d, we write a: b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.

a : b :: c : d

(b x c) = (a x d)

Fourth Proportional:
If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.
Third Proportional:
a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.
Mean Proportional:
Mean proportional between a and b is ab.
Duplicate Ratios:
Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).
Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/2 : b1/2).
Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).
Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).
Properties of Proportion:
If a/b = c/d then,
b/a= d/c
a/c = b/d
a d=b c

Average
An average or more accurately an arithmetic mean is, in crude terms, the sum of n different data divided by n.
Averages of a group are defined as the ratio of sum of all the items in the group to the number of items in the
group.
Average = (Sum of all items in the group)/ Number of items in the group
Some Important Concepts:
Average =total of data/No. of data
If the value of each item is increase by the same value a, then the average of the group or items will also
increase by a.
If the value of each item is decreased by the same value a, then the average of the group of items will also
decrease by a.
If the value of each item is multiplied by the same value a, then the average of the group or items will also get
multiplied by a.
If the value of each item is multiplied by the same value a, then the average of the group or items will also get
divided by a.
If we know only the average of the two groups individually, we cannot find out the average of the combined
group of items.
Average of n natural no's = (n+1)/2
Average of even Nos = (n+1)
Average of odd No's = n

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Change in the value of the Quantity and its effect on Average

When one/more than one quantity are removed but replaced with same no. of quantities of different value,

Change in the no. of quantities and its effect on Average

+ = if quantities ADDED,

- = if quantities removed

Problem on Ages:
1. If the current age is x, then n times the age is n x.
2. If the current age is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n.
3. If the current age is x, then age n years ago = x - n.
4. The ages in a ratio a : b will be ax and bx.
5. If the current age is x, then 1/n of the age is x/n
.

Mixture or Allegation:
Mixtures are generally two types.
i)
Simple mixture:- When two different ingredients are mixed together
ii)
Compound mixture:- when two or more simple mixture are mixed together to form another mixture,
it is known as a compound mixture.
Allegation: Allegation means linking; it is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more
ingredients at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
Mean Price: The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Rule of Allegation:
If two ingredients are mixed then,

Suppose a container contains x of liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by water.
After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid =

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CONCEPT REVISION QUESTIONS:

1.) The side of a square increases by p%, then find by what percent its area increase does?
A) 2p
B) p ^2/100
C) (2p+p/100) ^2
D) 2p+ p^2/100
E) None of these
2.) a liters of oil was poured into a tank and it was still e% empty How much oil must be poured into
the tank in order to fill it to the brim?
A) (a e)/(100-e)
B) a/(100-e)
C) 100a/(100-e)
D) 100ae / (100-e)
E) None of these
3.) A reduction of Rs. 2 per kg enables a man to purchase 4 kg more sugar for Rs. 16, Find the original
Price of sugar?
A) 2/kg
B) 8/kg
C) 16/kg
D) 4/kg
E) None of these
4.) A reduction of 25% in the Price of Dairy milk Chocolates, enables a person to buy 5 kg more for Rs.
120, Find the original price of Dairy milk Chocolates/kg?
A) 10/kg
B) 12/kg
C) 8/kg
D) 6/kg
E) None of these
5.) If the price of rice is increased by 7%, then by how much per cent should a housewife reduce her
consumption of sugar, to have no extra expenditure?
A) 7
B) 6.5
C) 8
D) 10
E) None of these
6.) The Daily age of workers increase by 20 % but the no. of hours worked by him per week drops by 20
%. If he was originally getting Rs. 500 per week, how much will he get now?
A) Rs. 480
B) Rs. 510
C) Rs. 490
D) Rs. 475
E) None of these
7.) A fruit seller bought a number of apples at 6 for rupee and sold them at 4 for rupee.
I) Find his gain per cent?
II) If his total gain is Rs. 26, find the no. of apples he bought?
A) 25 %, 350
B) 50 %, 312
C) 75%, 300
D) 80 %, 305
E) None of these
8.) A man sold two chairs for Rs. 500 each .On,one he gain 20% and on other he loses 12%. How much
does he gain or lose in the whole transaction?
A) Loss 5%
B) Gain 2%
C) Gain 1.5 %
D) Loss 1.5%
E) None of these
9.) Raman bought a bag with 20 % discount on the original price. He got a profit of Rs. 60 by selling at
150 % of the Price at which he bought. What is the original price of bag?
A) 600
B) 300
C) 150
D) 125
E) None of these

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10.) The list Price of watch is Rs. 160. A retailer bought the same watch for Rs. 122.40. He got successive
discount one at 10% and the other at a rate which was not legible. What is the second discount rate?
A) 20%
B) 15%
C) 10%
D) 12.5%
E) None of these
11.) A milk man makes a Profit of 20% on the sale of milk .If he were to add 10% water to the milk, by
what % would profit increase?
A) 12
B) 15
C) 10
D) 32
E) None of these
12.) In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling price
remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit?
A) 25%
B) 50 %
C) 70%
D) 75 %
E) None of these
13.) Salaries of Ankit and Sumit are in the ratio 2 : 3. If the salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000, the
new ratio becomes 40 : 57. What is Sumit's salary?
A) 40000
B) 42000
C) 38000
D) 45000
E) None of these
14.) In a bag, there are coins of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. If there is Rs. 30 in all, how
many 5 p coins are there?
A) 150
B) 200
C) 100
D) 175
E) None of these
15.) In a mixture 60 liters, the ratio of milk and water 2 : 1. If this ratio is to be 1 : 2, then the quantity of
water to be further added is:
A) 45 liter
B) 60 liter
C) 50 liter
D) 100 liter
E) None of these
16.) The age of Chandans father is 4 times his age, 5 year ago it was 7 times of the age of his son. At that
time find the Present age of father?
A) 45 year
B) 60 year
C) 40 year
D) 50 year
E) None of these
17.) The ratio of the ages of Reeta & Geeta is 4:5 if the sum of the ages 81 years, find the ratio of their
ages after 9 years?
A) 9:13
B) 36:45
C) 45: 54
D) 33:11
E) None of these
18.) A, B and C start a business with investment in ratio 5:6:8 respectively After one year C withdraw
50% of his capital and A increase his capital by 60%of his investment. After two years, in what ratio
should they earn profit divided among A,B and C respectively?
A) 13:12:12
B) 25: 24:16
C) 12:12:19
D) 16:23:19
E) None of these
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19.) A and B enter into a partnership and invest in stock market trading. Their investment initially was
Rs. 50,000 and 45,000 respectively. After 4 months A withdraw half of his capital. At the end of 8
months B withdraw half of his capital and C joins with a capital of Rs. 70,000.What would be the
ratio in the profit?
A) 40:45:28
B) 45:29:54
C) 40:25:17
D) 36:43:49
E) None of these
20.) The Simple interest on a sum of money is 1/9 of the Principal and the no. of years is equal to the rate
%pa. The rate % pa is?
A) 9 %
B) 3.33%
C) 10%
D) 16.67%
E) None of these
21.) A sum of money is accumulating at compound interest at a certain rate of interest. If Simple interest
instead of compound interest were reckoned, the interest for the first two years would be diminished
by Rs. 20 and that for the first three years by Rs. 61. Find the Sum?
A) 8000
B) 6000
C) 10,000
D) 12,000
E) None of these
22.) A certain sum is interested at compound. The interest occurred in the first two years is Rs. 272 and
that in the First three years is Rs. 434. Find the rate %?
A) 33.33%
B) 25%
C) 12.5%
D) 16.67%
E) None of these
23.) Sarah opened a restaurant, with a initial investment of Rs. 30,000. In that first year, he incurred a
loss of 5%. However, during the second year, he earned the Profit of 10% which in third year rose to
12.5%. Calculate his net profit for the entire period of three years?
A) 5300
B) 5620
C) 6000
D) 6600
E) None of these
24.) A bottle is full of Dettol. 1/3 of it is taken out and then an equal amount of water is poured into bottle
to fill it. This operation is done 4 times. Find the final ratio of Dettol and water in the bottle?
A) 43: 65
B) 17: 43
C) 16:63
D) 16:65
E) None of these
25.) In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of rice costing Rs. 15 and Rs. 20 per kg
so as to get a mixture worth Rs. 16.50 kg?
A) 8:9
B) 7: 10
C) 7:3
D) 8: 9
E) None of these

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respectively

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26.) A shopkeeper gives 12% additional discount on the discounted price, after giving an initial discount of 20%
on the labeled price of a radio. If the final sale price of the radio is Rs.704, then what is its labeled price?
A) 1000
B) 2000
C) 1500
D) 3000
E) None of these
27.) In Aruns opinion, his weight is greater than 65 kg but less than 72 kg. His brother doesnt agree with Arun
and he thinks that Aruns weight is greater than 60 kg but less than 70 kg. His mother's view is that his weight
cannot be greater than 68 kg. If all are them are correct in their estimation, what is the average of different
probable weights of Arun?
A) 67 kg
B) 68 kg
C) 69 kg.
D) Data inadequate
E) None of these
28.) The average weight of 8 person's increases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them
weighing 65 kg. What might be the weight of the new person?
A) 76Kg
B) 76.5Kg
C) 85Kg
D) Data inadequate
E) None of these
29.) A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples, originally he had
A) 600
B) 700
C) 800
D) 90
E) None of these
30.) The ratio between the present ages of Meera and Priya is 3 : 4 respectively. Ten years ago the ratio between
their ages was 4 : 7 respectively. What will be Meeras age after 5 years?
A) 23 year
B) 24 year
C) 25 year
D) Cant be determined
E) None of these
ANSWERS OF CONCEPT REVISION QUESTIONS:
1) D
2) A
3) D
4) C
5) B
6) A
7) B
8) D
9) C
10) B
11) A
12) C
13) C
14) A
15) B

16) C
17) C
18) A
19) A
20) B
21) A
22) C
23) B
24) D
25) C
26) A
27) A
28) C
29) B
30) A

Very soon we will be publishing Maths Capsule Part- II

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