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other steels
37
some important property, for example
5 ..
8 ..
complementary sixth digit state of steel
for ex. 1 ..
fifth digit
good weldability
cold worked steel
normalised steel
Volume weight
7850 kg/m
Modulus of elasticity
11.10 13.10
Thermal conductivity
-6
-6
1/K
Tensile strength
in relation to temperature
The basic properties of common types of Czech reinforcing steels are given in Tab.:32 and Tab.:33
Tab.:32 Main properties of reinforcing steel
Mark of steel
10 216 E
11 373 EZ
tensile strenght
206
max. 539
> 16
226
16
235
minimum
ductility
[%]
min. 363
24
26
27
10 245 K
245
min. 363
18
10 335 J
325
min. 471
18
10 338 T
325
min. 390
12
10 425 V
410
min. 569
14
10 505 R
490
min. 550
12
page 72
Mark of steel
Nominal
diameter
10216 E
5,5 12
10 373 EZ
> 16
16
10 245 K
6 50
10 335 J
10-32
6,5
10 338 T
8
10 425 V
8 and 10
10-32
10 505 R
6 36
page 73
gauge length (L) - length of cylindrical or prismatic portion of the test piece on which elongation is
measured at any moment during the test [m]
original gauge length (L0) - gauge length before application of force [m]
final gauge length (Lu) - gauge length after rupture of the test piece [m]
elongation - increase in the original gauge length at the end of the test
ductility percentage elongation after fracture (A) - permanent elongation of the gauge length
after fracture , expressed as the percentage of the original length:
A=
Lu - L0
L0
[%]
Z=
where S0 is
Su
S 0 - Su
S0
[%]
2
maximum force (Fm) - the greatest force which the test piece withstand during the test [N ]
stress (
) - force at any moment during the test divided by the original cross-sectional area (S0) of
the test piece :
F
S0
Rm =
Fm
S0
[MPa]
yield strength (Ry) when metallic material exhibits a yield phenomenon, a point is reached
during the test at which plastic deformation occurs without any increase in the force :
Ry =
where Fy is
[MPa]
Fy
S0
[MPa]
proof strength (Rp) stress at which extension is equal to a specified percentage of the gauge
length. the symbol used is followed by a suffix giving the prescribed percentage,for example Rp, 0,2
page 74
[N/mm2]
[N/mm2]
( F [N] )
( F [N] )
tensile strength
Rm
Rp,0,2
proof strength
fracture
Ry
yield strenght
elastic limit
proportionality limit
[-]
[-]
( l [mm] )
0,2 %
( l [mm] )
S0 =
.d 2
4
[mm ]
2
where d is the arithmetic mean of two measurements carried out in two perpendicular direction
for products of ribbed surface S0 may be determined from the mass of a known length L and its
3
density (7850 kg/m ) according the formula :
v =
m
m
=
V
S0 L
and from it :
S0 =
m
v L
[m ]
2
page 75
proportional test pieces have the original gauge length in relation with the original cross-section
area according the formula:
L 0 = k . S0
where k is equal to 5,65 ( eventually 11,3 )
S0
original cross-sectional area
In the case of test pieces with the circular cross-section this formula gives:
Lo = 5 d ( and for k = 11,3 Lo = 10 d ), where d is diameter of the test piece
Test pieces of circular cross-section shall preferably have the dimensions given in Tab.:34
Diameter d
mm
Original gauge
length
Total length Lt
L0 = k S0
mm
5,65
mm
20 0,150
314,2
100 1,0
10 0,075
78,5
50 0,5
5 0,04
19,6
25 0,25
mm
Depends on the method of
fixing the test piece in the
machine grips.
In principle: Lt > Lc + 2d
Lu = L a + L b + L c
page 76
Lc
Lb
La
Lc
Lu
14.3.6
Testing Procedure
before testing measure diameter of the test piece, determine cross-sectional area S0 and original
gauge length L0. Complementary scale (according 14.3.5) shall be marked along the whole test
piece. The marks could not result in premature fracture.
grip the test piece in the jaws of the test machine. Ensure that test pieces are held in such a way
that the force is applied as axially as possible.
prepare writing device for making of stress-strain diagram
apply load by prescribed rate of stressing. Within the elastic range the rate of stressing shall be
within the limits given in Tab.:35. Within the plastic range the straining rate shall not exceed
0,0025/s for determination of yield strength and 0,008/s for determination of tensile strength
after fracture put down the maximum force Fm, measure the final gauge length Lu (according
14.3.5) and minimum diameter after fracture. From stress-strain diagram find the force at the point
of yield Fy (by the rule of three).
determine tensile strength Rm, yield strength Ry, percentage elongation after fracture A, minimum
cross-sectional area and percentage reduction of the area Z according chap. 14.3.1.
N/mm . s
-1
min.
max.
10
150 000
30
N/mm
page 77
Vocabulary
strain
deformace
ductility
tanost
elongation
prodlouen
extension
protaen
gauge length
men (odmrn)dlka
grip
pevn uchytit
jaw
elist
tanost
stanost (kontrakce)
proof strength
reinforcing steel
betonsk ocel
ribbed
stress
napt
stress-strain diagram
pracovn diagram
weldability
svaitelnost
yield
kluz, prtanost
yield strength
mez kluzu
page 78