Exp 5-Vapor Flowrate

1.
INTRODUCTION
In control system, time behaviour of a system is important. When designing a system,
the time behaviour may well be the most important aspect of its' behaviour. Points which
might be affecting us in first order system are as follows.
How quickly a system responds is important. For example, a control system that's
controlling a temperature, how long it takes the temperature to reach a new steady
state is important.
Say to control a temperature, and we want the temperature to be 200 o C. If the

temperature goes to 250o C before it settles out, we will want to know that. Control
systems designers worry about overshoot and how close a system comes to instability.
If we try to control speed of an automobile at 55mph and the speed keeps varying
between 50mph and 60mph, your design isn't very good. Oscillations in a system are
not usually desirable.
If we try to control any variable, we want to control it accurately, so we will need to

be able to predict the steady state in a system.
These examples are intended to show that the ability to predict details of how a
system responds is important when designing systems. These are but a few of many different
aspects of time behaviour of a system that are important in control system design. The
examples above really are talking about aspects like:
Speed of response
Relative stability of the system
Stability of the system

When designing systems or circuits we often need to worry about these aspects of the
system's time behaviour. Before building a system, we want to know how it will perform.
Predictions are vital.
Source: [Franklin et al. (2002), Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, Retrieved from
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/econtrolhtml/SysDyn/SysDyn1.html]
1
1.1
Feedback in furnace
The aim of feedback is to provide predictive control of furnace zone temperatures.
This is achieved by use of a mathematical model to calculate and download suitable zone
temperature set points to dedicated plant controllers such that material is heated to its
required discharge temperature, with an acceptable temperature level and distribution across
and through the stock, whilst utilising the minimum amount of energy. Pacing of the furnace
and mill can be incorporated as part of the closed loop control. An important feature of
predictive control is the handling of system delays, generally accounting for a high proportion
of overall energy savings. Furnace temperatures are automatically reduced by the predictive
controller to lowest possible levels at the onset of a delay and returned to rolling levels prior
to termination of the delay, whilst ensuring that stock discharged will achieve required
discharge temperature conditions.
Source: [Online Brochure, Retrieved from http://www.tatasteelservices.com/file_
source/StaticFiles/Business_Units/Consulting/38%20Reheaating%2 Furnace
%20OnLine%20Basic%20Control%20Systems.pdf]
1.2
Goals of this experiment

There are a number of goals for us in this experiment.
First, if we have a first order system, we need to be able to predict and understand
how it responds to an input, so we need to be able to do this.
Given a first order system
Determine the impulse and step response of the system.

Secondly, we go into a lab and measure a system, and if it is first order, you need to be
able to do this.
Given the step response of a first order system,

2
Determine the parameters - DC gain and time constant of the system.

This second goal is considerably different from the first. In the first goal, we are
given information about the system and the input to the system, and have to determine how
the system responded. In the second goal, we are given information about the input and
output of a system and have to determine what the system is. That's a completely different
kind of problem, but in both cases we will need to learn the material in the rest of this
experiment.
Source: [Franklin et al. (2002). Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, Retrieved from
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/econtrolhtml/SysDyn/SysDyn1.html]
Figure 1.2.1: Typical Process of Furnace fuelled by Natural Gas

Source: [http://www.alternative-heating.com/heating-equipment.html]
Figure 1.2.2: Mesquite Furnace fuelled by propane

Source: http://mesquiteheatingandair.com/mesquite-furnace-repair/
Figure 1.2.3: High Efficiency Furnace

Source: [http://caviereswines.com/smf/tp/high%20efficiency%20lp%20gas%20furnace.html]
4
1.3
Literature Review
The unit operation in this module represents a furnace fuelled by natural gas which is
used to preheat a high molecular weight hydrocarbon feed (C 16 C26) to a cracking unit at a
petroleum refinery. The furnace model consists of energy and component mass balances
which result in coupled nonlinear differential equations. The furnace model has seven inputs
and four outputs as listed below:
Inputs
Hydrocarbon Flow Rate
Hydrocarbon Inlet Temperature
Air Flow Rate
Air Temperature
Fuel Gas Flow Rate
Fuel Gas Temperature
Fuel Gas Purity
Outputs
Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature
Furnace Temperature
Exhaust Gas Flow Rate
Oxygen Exit Concentration
The combustion of the fuel is assumed to occur via the following reaction mechanism:
3
CH 4 O2 CO 2 H 2 O
2
1
CO O2 CO2
2
There are two major objectives for operation of the furnace. First, in order to
minimize fuel costs, the furnace must be operated with proper oxygen composition to ensure
complete combustion of the fuel (carbon monoxide is an undesired product). Second, the
hydrocarbon feed stream must be delivered to the cracking unit at the desired temperature.
The furnace has the following manipulated and controlled variables:
Manipulated Variables
Air Flow Rate
Fuel Gas Flow Rate
Controlled Variables
5
The system also has the following load (or disturbance) variables:
Load Variables
Fuel Gas Purity
1.4
Objectives
The purpose of this module is to demonstrate the properties of a first order

system for various values of the system gain and time constant.
This module also illustrates the dynamic response of a first order to different
input signals.
2.0
METHODOLOGY
6
2.1
Procedure
i. The Furnace was selected from the Main Menu. This is done by clicking the left
mouse button once on the Furnace button. This opens the menu window for the
furnace modules. The left mouse button was clicked on the Furnace button. Two
additional windows will opened, one for the input and output graphs and one for
the furnace process flow sheet.
ii. Under the Simulation menu, Start was selected. This command should be executed
once during a lab session. It is the simulated equivalent to a perfect process startup.
The process output graphs are located on the window labelled Furnace Pro ess
Monitor. Then we can noticed how the outputs remain unchanged with time.
iii. Next, the fuel gas purity was being decreased. This will act as a disturbance to the
system. By double clicking on the Fuel Gas Purity box, the value was changed
from 1.0 to 0.95 by clicking on the value box and using the backspace key to erase
the old value. When we have entered a new value, the Close button was clicked on.
Again, we noticed how the outputs on the process monitor are changing with time.
Then the Fuel Gas Purity was returned to 1.0 by double clicking on Fuel Gas Purity
box and the value was adjusted as done before.
iv. The furnace then starts. The initial steady state values for each of the inputs and
outputs of the furnace were recorded in a table.
v. The following sequence of increases in the air flow rate was done by double
clicking the left mouse button on the Air Flow Rate box. The remaining inputs (the
six other inputs) will be kept at their initial steady state values. After each change
in the air flow rate, the system allowed to reach a new steady state (approximately
40 simulation minutes) and then the values of the output variables obtained using
the pointers on the output graphs was recorded in table. After that, the Air Flow
Rate was returned to its initial value allows the furnace to reach steady state.
vi. The following sequence of increases in the fuel gas flow rate was done by double
clicking the left mouse button on the Fuel Gas Flow Rate box. The remaining
inputs (the six other inputs) will be kept at their initial steady state values. After
each change in the fuel gas flow rate, the system was allowed to reach a new steady
state (approximately 40 simulation minutes) and then the values of the output
variables obtained using the pointers on the output graphs was recorded in table.
The Fuel Gas Flow Rate then was returned to its initial value allows the furnace to
reach steady state.
vii. The following sequence of increases in the hydrocarbon flow rate was done by
double clicking the left mouse button on the Hydrocarbon Flow Rate box. The
remaining inputs (the six other inputs) being kept at their initial steady state values.
After each change in the hydrocarbon flow rate, the system was allowed to reach a
new steady state (approximately 40 simulation minutes) and then the values of the
output variables obtained using the pointers on the output graphs was recorded in
table. The Hydrocarbon Flow Rate was returned to its initial value allows the
furnace to reach steady state.
viii. The following sequence of increases in the fuel gas purity was done by double
clicking the left mouse button on the Fuel Gas Purity box. The remaining inputs
(the six other inputs) being kept at their initial steady state values. After each
change in the fuel gas purity, the system was allowed to reach a new steady state
(approximately 40 simulation minutes) and then the values of the output variables
obtained using the pointers on the output graphs was recorded in table. The Fuel
Gas Purity was returned to its initial value allows the furnace to reach steady state.
ix. The nominal Air Flow Rate was increased by 20% and Procedure 4-8 was repeated.
x. To end the session, the simulation was stopped by selecting Stop under the
Simulation menu, Yes were selected under the Quit menu from the Main Menu
window. This will return you to the MATLAB prompt. At this prompt, type quit to
exit MATLAB.
3.0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1
Results
8
3.1.1
Initial Steady State Values of Inputs and Outputs

Inputs
Air Flow Rate
Air Temperature
Fuel Gas Flow Rate
Fuel Gas Purity
Value
0.035
310
17.9
310
1.21
310
1
Outputs
Furnace Temperature
Value
610.2303
1427.2969
45.0658
0.9225
Unit
3
m /min
K
m3/min
K
m3/min
K
mol CH4/mol total
Unit
K
K
m3/min
mol O2/min
Table 3.1.1.1
3.1.2
Air Flow Rate

Air Flow Rate
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
17.9 (nominal)
18.1
18.3
18.5
18.7
Temperature
610.2303
607.6645
605.0987
602.3355
599.9671
Concentration
0.9225
0.9492
0.9758
1.0056
1.0352
Table 3.1.2.1
3.1.3
Fuel Gas Flow Rate

Fuel Gas Flow
Rate
1.21 (nominal)
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
Temperature
610.3947
612.7632
614.8684
616.9734
618.9962
Concentration
0.9191
0.8993
0.8783
0.8586
0.8366
Table 3.1.3.1
3.1.4
Hydrocarbon
Flow Rate
0.0350 (nominal)
0.0355
0.0360
0.0365
0.0370
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
Temperature
609.7899
606.0084
602.7311
598.9496
596.1765
Concentration
0.9174
0.9187
0.9212
0.9187
0.9237
Table 3.1.4.1
3.1.5
Fuel Gas Purity

Fuel Gas Purity
1.00 (nominal)
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.95
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
Temperature
609.6053
607.2368
604.3421
601.7105
595.6579
Concentration
0.9217
0.9480
0.9757
1.0032
1.0608
Table 3.1.5.1
10
3.1.6
Initial Steady State Values of Inputs and Outputs (20% Increases of Air Flow
Rate)
Inputs
Air Flow Rate
Air Temperature
Fuel Gas Flow Rate
Fuel Gas Purity
Value
0.035
310
21.48
310
1.21
310
1
Outputs
Furnace Temperature
Value
567.7583
1271.2612
45.0166
1.4330
Unit
3
m /min
K
m3/min
K
m3/min
K
mol CH4/mol total
Unit
K
K
m3/min
mol O2/min
Table 3.1.6.1
3.1.7
Air Flow Rate with 20% Increases

Air Flow Rate
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
21.48
21.75
21.69
22.20
22.40
Temperature
569.7583
565.3203
563.4896
560.9135
559.3868
Concentration
1.4330
1.4715
1.5089
1.5386
1.5681
Table 3.1.7.1
3.1.8
Fuel Gas Flow Rate with 21.48 m3/min of Air Flow Rate
Fuel Gas Flow
Rate
1.21 (nominal)
1.22
1.23
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
Temperature
568.2675
570.2837
572.1929
Concentration
1.4379
1.4129
1.3856
11
1.24
1.25
574.0650
576.3597
1.3592
1.3429
Table 3.1.8.1
3.1.9
Hydrocarbon Flow Rate with 21.48 m3/min of Air Flow Rate

Hydrocarbon
Flow Rate
0.0350 (nominal)
0.0355
0.0360
0.0365
0.0370
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
Temperature
562.6365
565.9058
563.2020
557.5650
553.3035
Concentration
1.4435
1.4359
1.4284
1.4208
1.3906
Table 3.1.9.1
3.1.10 Fuel Gas Purity with 21.48 m3/min of Air Flow Rate
Fuel Gas Purity
1.00 (nominal)
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.95
Hydrocarbon Outlet
Oxygen Exit
Temperature (K)
569.0822
566.1923
562.3821
560.9877
555.4262
Concentration
1.3985
1.4693
1.5058
1.5136
1.6291
Table 3.1.10
3.2
Discussions
a) Using the information from Procedure 5-8, calculate the steady state gain for each of
the following input-output pairings. This can be accomplished by graphically by
plotting the output versus input values from the tables and calculating the best linear
fit to the data.
*Hint: There are 8 steady state gain,
Steady state gain , K=
Output
=Slope , m
Input
Therefore, steady state gain can be obtained from the graph output versus input values
where the slope of the line represents the steady state gain.
12
i.
Figure 3.2.1: A Graph of Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature versus Air Flow Rate
A Graph of Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

612
610
608
f(x) = - 12.93x + 841.64
606
604
Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K 602

600
598
596
594
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
Air Flow Rate, m3/min
Air Flow Rate
13
18.6
18.8
Steady State Gain, K = -12.928 K.min/m3
14
A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate

1.05
f(x) = 0.14x - 1.6
1
Oxygen Exit Concentration, mol O2/min
0.95
0.9
0.85
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
Figure 3.2.2: A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate
Steady State Gain, K = 0.1409 mol O2/m3
ii.
Fuel Gas Flow Rate
15

620
f(x) = 214.13x + 351.42
618
616
614
Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K 612

610
608
606
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
Steady State Gain, K = 214.13 K.min/m3
16

0.94
0.92
0.9
f(x) = - 2.06x + 3.41
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
1.2
1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26
Steady State Gain, K = -2.057 mol O2/m3
iii.
17

615
610
605
Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K
f(x) = - 6857.12x + 849.59
600
595
590
585
0.03 0.04
0.04 0.04
0.04 0.04 0.04
Steady State Gain, K = -6857.1 K.min/m3
18

0.93
0.92
0.92
f(x) = 2.52x + 0.83
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Steady State Gain, K = 2.52 mol O2/m3
iv.
Fuel Gas Purity
19

615
610
f(x) = 280.23x + 329.65
605
Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K
600
595
590
585
0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99
1.01
Steady State Gain, K = 280.23 K.min/m3
20

1.1
1.05
f(x) = - 2.79x + 3.71
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99
Figure 1: A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate
Steady State Gain, K = -2.7859 mol O2/m3
b) Compared with results from (a), is the nonlinear behaviour of the furnace apparent?
How this behaviour manifested?
The nonlinear of the furnace is apparent. As we compare the graphical results, the
steady state gain, K varies as the operating points are changed. As we can see, the
steady state gain, K for air flow rate based on hydrocarbon outlet temperature is
-12.928 K.min/m3. Meanwhile the values for fuel gas flow rate, hydrocarbon flow rate
21
1.01
and fuel gas purity are 214.13 K.min/m3, -6857.1 K.min/m3, and 280.23 K.min/m3
respectively. As we can see here clearly that the steady state gain varies significantly
when we alter the operating points. The same goes for the flow rate based on oxygen
exit concentration. Therefore, the nonlinear behaviour of the furnace is apparent.
c) Using the gains obtained in (1), determine the values of the Air Flow Rate and Fuel
Gas Flow Rate that are necessary to increase the Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature by
7 C and decrease the Oxygen Exit Concentration by 0.05 mol O2/m3 by assuming the
load variables remain constant. Calculate the new value of the Fuel Gas Flow Rate
and Air Flow Rate.
i.
Air Flow Rate

For Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature,
T = 7oC or 7K
Initial Temperature = 610.2303K
New Temperature = 617.2303K
Based on graph in figure 3.2.1,
y=12.928 x+ 841.64
x=
617.2303841.64
3
=17.3584 m /min
12.928
For Oxygen Exit Concentration,

Initial Concentration = 0.9225 mol O2/m3
New Concentration = 0.9225 0.05 = 0.8725 mol O2/m3
y=0.1409 x1.6008
x=
0.8728+1.6008
=17.5536 m3 /min
0.1409
22
ii.
Fuel Gas Flow Rate

For Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature,
T = 7oC or 7K
Initial Temperature = 610.2303K
New Temperature = 617.2303K
y=214.13 x +351.42
x=
617.2303351.42
3
=1.2414 m /min
214.13
For Oxygen Exit Concentration,

Initial Concentration = 0.9225 mol O2/m3
New Concentration = 0.9225 0.05 = 0.8725 mol O2/m3
y=2.057 x+ 3.4085
x=
0.87253.4085
3
=1.2329 m /min
2.057
23
4.0
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1
Conclusion
Based on the experimental results and discussions, we found out that in order to get
the desired output of hydrocarbon temperature and oxygen concentration, the inputs including
air flow rate, fuel gas flow rate, hydrocarbon flow rate and fuel gas purity should be
manipulated. In detail, increase in stated inputs results decrease in hydrocarbon temperature
and increase in oxygen concentration. Although we manage to get the expected results,
however the value we obtained is inaccurate because the time taken has error about 0.5%.
Since the error is not high, therefore, the results we obtained are true. At the end of the
experiment, we able to find out the steady state gain and the properties of a first order system
for various values of inputs.
4.2
Recommendation
In order to perform this experiment in the most excellent way, there are some
suggestions from us. This experiment should be done by selecting the time constant by taking
some relevant range. Failure to do this, will result in inaccurate result and poor graphically
analysis. The data obtained from this stimulation is used to perform backward analysis; hence
accuracy is an important factor in this experiment. The result analysis should be done in
proper graphical scale and this will result in smooth graph. Overall, this experiment is fun to
execute.
24
5.0
REFERENCES
Book of Process Control & Instrumentation, 2nd ed, Seborg D. E., Edgar T. F.,
Mellichamp D. A
Franklin et al. (2002). Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems (4 ed.). New Jersey:
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-032393-4.

Joseph L. Hellerstein, Dawn M. Tilbury, and Sujay Parekh (2004). Feedback Control
of Computing Systems. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-47-126637-X, ISBN 978-0-
471-26637-2.
Goodwin, Graham (2001). Control System Design. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-9586539.
25
6.0
APPENDICES
Figure 6.1: Process Control Monitor
26
Hydrocarbon Outlet Temp.

1460
610.2303
40.103
T e m p . (K )
at t =
610
600
590
F lo w R a te (m 3 / m in )
Furnace Temp.
Pntr Val.=
10
20
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
at t =
1440
1427.2969
40.103
1420
1400
70
100
Pntr Val.=
80
at t =
60
45.0658
40.0217
40
20
0
Pntr Val.=
1380
0
C o n c . (m o l/m 3 )
T e m p . (K )
620
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (min)
70
80
90
20
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70
O2 Concentration
Pntr Val.=
at t =
0.95
0.92253
40.103
0.9
0.85
100
10
10
20
30
Figure 6.2: Output Results' Monitor

27
Figure 6.3: Air Flow Rate at 17.9 m3/min
40
Time (min)
50
60
70

1460
607.6645
40.103
T em p. (K )
at t =
610
600
590
F low R ate (m 3/m in)
Furnace Temp.
Pntr Val.=
10
20
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
at t =
1418.5321
40.103
1420
1400
70
100
at t =
60
43.75
40.0217
40
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (min)
10
20
70
80
90
100
40
Time (min)
50
60
Pntr Val.=
at t =
0.95
70
0.94918
40.103
0.9
0.85
10
28
30
O2 Concentration
Pntr Val.=
80
Pntr Val.=
1440
1380
0
Conc . (m ol/m 3)
T em p. (K )
620
20
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70

Pntr Val.=
605.0987
Pntr Val.=
602.3355
at t =
40.103
at t =
40.103
610
610
600
600
80
60
40
20
0
10
20
20
10
30
40
30Time (min)
40
Time (min)
50
50
60
60
46
44
42
0
40
10
10
20
30
20
40
50
60
30Time (min)
40
Time (min)
70
50
80
60
90
1400
1400
0
0
Pntr Val.=
43.0921
Pntr Val.=
43.6513
at t =
40.0217
at t =
40.103
48
1420
1420
1380
1380
70
70

50
1440
1440
C onc
ol/m
3) 3 )
C o n. c(m
. (m
o l/m
100
F low R ate (m 3/m in)
F lo w R ate (m 3 /m in )
590
0
590
70
Furnace Temp.
Furnace Temp.
Pntr Val.=
1406.2613
Pntr Val.=
1396.9121
at t =
40.103
at t =
40.103
1460
1460
T em
p.p(K
) )
T em
. (K
T e m p . (K )
T em p. (K )
620
620
100
10
10
20
20
30
40
30
Time 40
(min)
Time (min)
50
50
60
60
70
70
O2 Concentration
O2 Concentration
Pntr Val.=
0.97582
Pntr Val.=
1.0056
at t =
40.103
at t =
40.103
1.1
1.05
0.95
1
0.9
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.85 0
0
10
10
29
Figure 6.6: Air Flow Rate 18.5 m3/min
20
20
30
40
30
Time 40
(min)
Time (min)
50
50
60
60
70
70
Furnace Temp.
Pntr Val.=
610
40.103
T e m p . (K )
at t =
1460
599.9671
600
F low R ate (m 3 /m in)
590
10
20
at t =
1388.1473
40.103
1420
1400
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70
10
20
50
at t =
46
43.7171
40.103
44
42
0
10
20
30
40
Time (min)
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70
O2 Concentration
Pntr Val.=
48
40
Pntr Val.=
1440
1380
0
C o nc . (m o l/m 3 )
T em p. (K )
620
50
60
1.1
at t =
0.95
0.9
0
10
30
1.0352
40.103
0.85
70
Pntr Val.=
1.05
20
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70
Furnace Temp.
Pntr Val.=
600
at t =
1450
567.7583
40.103
T em p . (K )
T em p . (K )
620
580
560
540
at t =
1350
1300
1250
10
20
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70
10
20
Pntr Val.=
55
at t =
45.0166
40.103
50
45
0
10
20
30
40
Time (min)
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70
O2 Concentration
C on c . (m o l/ m 3)
40
1271.2612
40.103
1200
0
F lo w R at e (m 3/ m in )
Pntr Val.=
1400
50
60
70
Pntr Val.=
1.6
at t =
1.4
1.2
1
0
10

31
1.433
40.103
20
30
40
Time (min)
50
60
70
Hydrocarbon
HydrocarbonOutlet
OutletTemp.
Temp.
Furnace
Temp.
Furnace
Temp.
Pntr
PntrVal.=
Val.=
600
600
atatt t==
1450
1450
563.4896
565.3203
1300
1300
560
560
1250
1250
540
540
20
20
30
30
40
40
Time
Time(min)
(min)
50
50
6060
1200
1200
0 0
7070
Exhaust
ExhaustGas
GasFlow
FlowRate
Rate
Pntr
PntrVal.=
Val.=
55
55
atatt t==
10 10
20 20
45.4521
45.2979
50 50
Pntr
Val.=
Pntr
Val.=
1.61.6
40.103
40.103
30 30
40 40
Time
(min)
Time
(min)
60 60
70 70
O2O2
Concentration
Concentration
1.8
C onc . (m ol/m 3)
C onc . (m ol/m 3)
low RRate
ate (m
(m 3/m
3/m in)
FFlow
10
10
60
1.5089
1.4715
at t at
= t = 40.103
40.103
1.41.4
50
50
1.21.2
45
45
40
40
0
0
1252.8742
1262.1583
at t at
= t = 40.103
40.103
1350
1350
580
580
0
0
Pntr
Val.=
Pntr
Val.=
1400
1400
40.103
40.103
T em p. (K )
T em p. (K )
TTem p. (K )
620
620
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
Time
Time(min)
(min)
50
50
6060
7070
1 1
0 0
10 10

Figure 6.10: Air Flow rate at 21.96 m3/min
32
20 20
30 30
40 40
Time
(min)
Time
(min)
50 50
60 60
70 70
T em
))
T emp.p.(K(K
600
600
580
580
T em
))
T emp.p.(K(K

Pntr Val.=
559.3868
Pntr Val.=
560.9135
at t =
40.103
at t =
40.103
620
620
560
560
540
540
10
10
20
20
30
40
30 Time (min)
40
Time (min)
50
50
60
60
70
70
0
0

60
60
C onc
. (m
ol/m
3) 3)
C onc
. (m
ol/m
F low
3/m
in)in)
F lowR ate
R ate(m(m
3/m
0
0
Pntr Val.=
45.4516
Pntr Val.=
45.4679
at t =
40.103
at t =
40.103
55
55
50
50
45
45
40
40 0
0
1450
1450
1400
1400
1350
1350
1300
1300
1250
1250
1200
1200
10
10
20
20
30
40
30 Time (min)
40
Time (min)
50
50
60
60
70
70
Furnace Temp.
Furnace Temp.
Pntr Val.=
1235.251
Pntr Val.=
1246.1219
at t =
40.103
at t =
40.103
10
10
30
40
30 Time (min)
40
Time (min)
50
50
60
60
70
70
O2 Concentration
O2 Concentration
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1
1
0
0
Pntr Val.=
1.5681
Pntr Val.=
1.5386
at t =
40.103
at t =
40.103
10
10

33
20
20
20
20
30
40
30 Time (min)
40
Time (min)
50
50
60
60
70
70
Figure 6.13: Fuel Gas Flow Rate at 1.21 m3/min

34
35
36

Figure 6.18: Fuel Gas Flow Rate at 1.21 m3/min (B)
37

38
39
40
Figure 6.23: Hydrocarbon Flow Rate 0.0350 m3/min
41
Figure 6.24: Hydrocarbon Flow Rate at 0.0355 m3/min

42
43
44
45
Figure 6.28: Hydrocarbon Flow Rate at 0.0350 m3/min (B)

46

47

48
49
Figure 6.33: Fuel Gas Purity at 1.00 mol CH4 / mol total
50
51
52
53
Figure 6.38: Fuel Gas Purity at 1.00 mol CH4 / mol total (B)
54
55
56

Exp 5-Vapor Flowrate

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Exp 5-Vapor Flowrate

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1.

Say to control a temperature, and we want the temperature to be 200 o C. If the

If we try to control any variable, we want to control it accurately, so we will need to

Relative stability of the system

Stability of the system

Goals of this experiment

how it responds to an input, so we need to be able to do this.

Given a first order system

Determine the impulse and step response of the system.

Given the step response of a first order system,

Determine the parameters - DC gain and time constant of the system.

Figure 1.2.1: Typical Process of Furnace fuelled by Natural Gas

Figure 1.2.2: Mesquite Furnace fuelled by propane

Figure 1.2.3: High Efficiency Furnace

The purpose of this module is to demonstrate the properties of a first order

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Initial Steady State Values of Inputs and Outputs

Air Flow Rate

Fuel Gas Flow Rate

Hydrocarbon Flow Rate

Fuel Gas Purity

Air Flow Rate with 20% Increases

Hydrocarbon Flow Rate with 21.48 m3/min of Air Flow Rate

A Graph of Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

f(x) = - 12.93x + 841.64

Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K 602

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

Air Flow Rate

Steady State Gain, K = -12.928 K.min/m3

A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate

Oxygen Exit Concentration, mol O2/min

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

Fuel Gas Flow Rate

A Graph of Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K 612

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

Steady State Gain, K = 214.13 K.min/m3

A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate

f(x) = - 2.06x + 3.41

Oxygen Exit Concentration, mol O2/min

1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

Steady State Gain, K = -2.057 mol O2/m3

Hydrocarbon Flow Rate

A Graph of Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K

f(x) = - 6857.12x + 849.59

0.04 0.04 0.04

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate

Oxygen Exit Concentration, mol O2/min

f(x) = 2.52x + 0.83

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

Fuel Gas Purity

A Graph of Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

f(x) = 280.23x + 329.65

Hydrocarbon Outlet Temperature, K

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate

f(x) = - 2.79x + 3.71

Oxygen Exit Concentration, mol O2/min

Air Flow Rate, m3/min

Figure 1: A Graph of Oxygen Exit Concentration versus Air Flow Rate