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IAP Lecture 2
Ed Crawley
January 11, 2007
Rev 2.0
z Definitions - Reflections
z Form
z Function
z Reference PDP - “In the Small”
z System
z Complex
z Value
z Product
z Principle/Method/Tool
z Consists of:
Function
Form
– Function
– Related by Concept
– To Form Concept
Bump
Cavity
Figure by MIT OCW.
wall
Ramp
Product/system boundary
Is a boundary Is a boundary of
Hole
Is aligned with
Touches Touches Is a Is a
Bump Channel Ramp Step Cavity
boundary of boundary of
Touches
Is under Spatial
Chair Table (under)
n
Is stored in Topological
Data Array
(within)
contacts 25 Topological
Disk Blades (touching)
Is connected to Implementation
Capacitor Resistor
Bump
Cavity
wall
Figure by MIT OCW.
Ramp
Product/system boundary
Hole
Hole
Step Mech. Mech. Mech.
integral integral integral
Product/system boundary
Whole product system
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 18
Whole product system
Whistle
Whistle
Bump
z The whistle only
requires an operator Channel
and the air to work
Ramp
Step
Hole
Cavity
wall
Step Hole
Channel
Star
Bump
Ring
Cavity
wall
Ramp Product/system
External
Air boundary
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 610 19
Accountability for the Whole Product
System
z Even though you only supply the product/system,
all of the other supporting systems must be present
and work to yield value -BEWARE!!!
z They may fail to be present, or fail to work
Product/system boundary
Whole product system
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 Use context 21
Use Context Informs Design
z For example:
– Whistle use context: sporting event, toys, Olympic stadium?
– Op amp use context: lab bench, consumer audio, spacecraft?
Wrist Strap
Digital
Digital Camera PC
Battery
Printer
Video
USB Port
TV/Video
Ground Output
Op Amp R1 R2
Interface Interface
Product/system boundary
+5 + Input - Input
V Power interface interface
Vout Ground
supply
-5V
Op Amp R2
interface
+5V
interface
Output
interface
Product System
ground interface
+input interface
output interface
-input interface
+5 V interface
-5 V interface
power supply
output circuit
input circuit
Boundary and
resistor 2
resitor 1
op amp
ground
Interfaces
resitor 1 x e e
resistor 2 x e e
z In the matrix op amp x ei ei ei ei ei Implementation
+input interface t x e
representation, -input interface t t t x
Interfaces
output interface t t x e
the boundary ground interface t x e
-5 V interface t x e
is between +5 V interface t x e
input circuit t x e
rows and output circuit t x e
power supply t t x e
columns ground t t t t x
Whole Product
return state
a(j+1) inst
I loop inst
proc state
j loop inst
temp inst
Boundary and
a(j) inst
if inst
Interfaces proc state x c c c c
I loop inst f x c c c
j loop inst fw x c c
z The structural if inst fw x c
temp inst fw x c c
interfaces in a(j+1) inst w f x c
software determine a(j) inst w f x
return state f x
sequence and
nesting, and
compilation t = touching, tangent
b = boundary
w = within, s = surrounding
ov = overlapping
da = at a specified distance or angular allignment
z Example assumes that f = follows in sequence, l = leads in sequence
characterizes
and its features or attributes
exhibits
– Some attributes are states
A A
Skateboard
Velocity
Stopped Rolling
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 34
Summary - Form
z Consists of:
Function
Form
– Function
– Related by Concept
– To Form Concept
z Function
z Emergence
z Process + Operand
z External function
z Internal function
z Is a product/system attribute
Fin Fout
z Increase force
Vout
end of j loop
end of i loop
return array
End of procedure
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 44
Form - Function Sequence
Reverse
Function engineering,
definition Mapping Bottom up
design,
Design
knowledge
Mapping capture
Form
definition
Conceptual
design
Function
z Operand is the object which is acted upon by the
process, which may be created, destroyed, or altered:
– Image is captured
– Signal is amplified
– Array is sorted
z You often do not supply the operand, and there may be
more than one operand to consider
z The double arrow is the generic link, called “effecting”
z A single headed arrow can be used to represent
“producing” or “consuming”
610
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 52
Camera - Value Related Operand?
Product/system boundary
610
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 54
Externally Delivered Function
External function at the
interface: supporting +
z External function is vehicle
delivered across a product/system boundary
boundary - the value
related operand is
external to the
product/system
z External function is
linked to the
delivery of benefit
Product/system boundary
610
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 58
Semantically Exact Representation with OPM
Instrument
Operand Processing
Object
Function Form
z Architecture is made up of operands + processes
(functions) plus instrument object (form)
z Examples:
– Image is captured by digital camera
– Low frequency signal is amplified with an operational amplifier
– Tone is created by whistle
– Array is sorted by bublesort routine
610
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 59
Value Related State Representation with
Operand
OPM
Value states
Existing Desired
Instrument
Processing
Object
Entropy
z P yields or creates O Transporting
Energy Transporting
z P consumes or destroys O
Enough
z P occurs if O is in state A Money Purchasing
None
z Another view:
– Value: “how various stakeholders find particular
worth, utility, benefit, or reward in exchange for their
respective contributions to the enterprise” [Murman,
et al. LEV p178]
Function
Benefit
z Cost is driven by the design of the
form - “parts attract cost”
Concept
z The relationship of function to form is
therefore the relationship of benefit to
cost
Bump
Cavity
Figure by MIT OCW.
wall
Ramp
Product/system boundary
Is a boundary Is a boundary of
Hole
Is aligned with
Touches Touches Is a Is a
Bump Channel Ramp Step Cavity
boundary of boundary of
Touches
z What is the value related operand and z What are the internal
states? functions?
z What is the externally delivered function? z How are they mapped to form?
+ Input - Input
Power interface interface
+5 Ground
supply
V
Vout
-5V
Op Amp R2
interface
+5V
interface
Output
interface
z What is the value related operand and z What are the internal
states? functions?
z What is the externally delivered function? z How are they mapped to form?
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 71
Delivered and Internal Function - Bubblesort
Procedure bubblesort (List array, number length_of_array)
for i=1 to length_of_array;
for j=1 to length_of_array - i;
if array[ j ] > array [ j+1 ] then
exchange_content (array[ j ], array [ j+1 ])
end if
end of j loop
end of i loop
Procedure exchange_contents(List array,
return array number i, number j)
End of procedure temporary = array [ j+1 ]
array[ j+1 ] = array [ j ]
array[ j ] = temporary
return array
Product/system boundary
z What is the value related operand and z What are the internal
states? functions?
z What is the externally delivered function? z How are they mapped to form?
Massachusetts Institute of Technology © Ed Crawley 2007 72
Summary - Function
z Function is the activity, operations, transformations that
create or contribute to performance - it is operand +
process
z Customer-focused products
z Competitive product designs
z Team coordination
z Reduce time to introduction
z Reduce cost of the design
z Facilitate group consensus
z Explicit decision process
z Create archival record
z Customizable methods
z In the “small”
z Technology in hand
z Not a corporate stretch
z Relatively simple (probably physical) form
z Build/Bust developmental approach
z Focused on “the PDP proper”, not upstream + life cycle
Operand
Processing
Instrument
Form
Architecture?