The Civil Guard Academy

Academia de Guardias
y de Suboficiales
de la Guardia Civil
bedabeda-Baeza (Jan).
Curso 2014/2015
DIBUJO DE JOS MARA BUENO CARRERA. LA GUARDIA CIVIL (ED. ALDABA MILITARIA)
36 Promocin de acceso
a la Escala de Suboficiales
ingls i
Manual de uso exclusivo como material didctico de la

Academia de Guardias y de Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil. beda-Baeza (Jan)
MINISTERIO
DEL INTERIOR
GUARDIA CIVIL
Jefatura de Enseanza
NIT
1. THE CIVIL
GUARD
Pgina
4
READING
SPECIFIC VOC.
The Civil Guard
GRAMMAR
VOCABULARY
To be +, -, ?
the alphabet
Personal pronouns
days of the week

countries and
nationalities
personal
information
greetings
Possessive adjectives
a / an, plurals
this/that, these/those
cardinal numbers
2. WEAPONS
19
More guns,
less crime?
Kinds of
weapons
Parts of a gun
Present simple +,-,?
Jobs
Frequency adverbs
Family
a / an + jobs
Parts of the house
Possessive 's
Furniture
Possessive pronouns(mine...)
Of
Object pronouns (me...)
3. THE ARMY
35
Military Salute
Salute
Order of adjectives
Months
Military ranks
Comparative and superlatives
Seasons
Adverbs of manner
Capital letters
Telling the time
Describing people
The date
Ordinal numbers
Prepositions of time
4. CRIMES
55
Unmib police
Crimes and
Present Continuous
Colours
criminals
Pres. simple vs. Pres. continuous
Clothes
Have got
The Body
The definite article THE

Wh- questions
5. AT THE
CUSTOMS
70
"Merging INS and Customs
Countable/ uncountable
Food
customs won't
solve the
problems"
a/an, some/any
Drinks
how much, how many
At a restaurant
quantifiers: a lot, not much, few

There is/ there are
6. ASKING FOR
DOCUMENTS
86
Driving tests
Documents
Past simple of to be
The weather
Past simple there be
Nature
Past simple
Regular verbs
Irregular verbs
7. MEANS OF
TRANSPORT
94
Helicopters
Means of
transport
Past continuous
Past simple vs. Past continuous
Linkers: while...
Irregular plurals
Society: the legal

system
Society: the
government
XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

8. CARS
9. DRIVING
106
Cars
Parts of the car
Will/going to / present continuous

Reflexive pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns
Holidays
Hobbies and
interests
121
Driving tips
Traffic
can/can't, could/couldn't
be able to
may /might
Technology
Police
equipment
Must / have to
should
10. POLICING
11. IN CASE OF
ACCIDENT
Accident report
Accident report
Imperative
Giving directions
Offers and requests
Prepositions of place
Places in the city

Places to go
12. DRUGS
Drug-related
crime in Spain
Drugs
Present perfect
Present perfect vs. Past simple
Yet, Still, already, since, for
Participles
Health
13. DETENTION
REPORT
AND
INFORMATION OF
RIGHTS
Detention report
and
information of
crimes
Passive voice, present and past
The Media
Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)
1. THE CIVIL GUARD
The Civil Guard

The Civil Guard is the first public security force of military nature
created at a national level in Spain to combat the alarming lawlessness1 in the
roads and lands of the country due to the activities of bandits since the War of
Independence.
The Duke of Ahumada organizes this new Institution. He takes as a
model the pattern2 set in France by the Gendarmerie and in Catalonia by the
existing Mossos dEscuadra. The Duke of Ahumada personally shapes this
new force with strict regulations and its famous Code of Practice.
This document establishes the character of the Civil Guard: strong
discipline, sense of sacrifice, meritorious spirit and loyalty.
The Force has the mission of protecting people and properties within
and outside urban settlements and always assumes all tasks related to public order protection. As its efficiency
become apparent, the Civil Guard gets more responsibilities: crime investigation police, customs, public
assistance, rural protection and military police. The service is carried out by a team of two officers. Since its
beginning the Civil Guard also carries out the policing of roads with the creation of the Traffic Grouping in 1959.
The Civil Guard plays an important role3 in combating organised crime, the Nineteenth Century banditry,
the maquis phenomenon in post war times, as well as in fighting ETA. In addition to this, the Civil Guard currently
renders important services in peacekeeping missions.
In short, the Civil Guard is one of the most appreciated Spanish heritages4, an institution that intends to
serve its citizens adapting itself to the modernity of this new era, at the same time that it is required to preserve
the traditional virtues that have distinguished its daily work during the last 150 years.
1. Reading comprehension.
a. Define The Civil Guard using your own words.
b. What does the Code of Practice establish?
c. Functions of the Institution.
2. Vocabulary.
d. Find in the text a synonym for STRICTNESS.
e. Find in the text a synonym for ILLEGALITY.
f.
Find in the text an opposite for DISLOYALTY.
3. Translate: The Force has the mission of protecting people within and outside urban settlements.
_________________________________________________________________________________
1.
Non existence of laws.
2.
Model.
3.
Function.
4.
Things that have been passed on from earlier generations.
THE ALPHABET
It is necessary to use a special alphabet to show the pronunciation of English words, because the
ordinary English alphabet does not have enough letters to represent all the sounds of the language.
- How do you spell army?

- /ei, a:, em, wai/
The military alphabet

It is interesting to know that there is a military
alphabet and we can have a look as a curiosity.
In the Army, people use these letters for
communicating, to transmit a message by means a
secret code.
A:Alpha
B:Bravo
C:Charlie
D:Delta
E:Echo
F:Foxtrot
G:Golf
H:Hotel
I:India
J:Juliet
K:Kilo
L:Lima
M:Mike
N:November
O:Oscar
P:Papa
Q:Quebec
R:Romeo
S:Sierra
T:Tango
U:Uniform
V:Victor
W:Whiskey
X:Xray
Y:Yankee
Z:Zulu
The verb TO BE: present simple
Affirmative
Short form
Interrogative
Short answers
am
Im
Am I?
Yes, I am/ No, I am not
You
are
Youre
Are you?
Yes, you are/ No, you arent.
He
is
Hes
Is he?
Yes, he is/ No, he isnt
She
is
Shes
Is she?
Yes, she is/ No, he isnt
It
is
Its
Is it?
Yes, it is/ No, it isnt
We
are
Were
Are we?
Yes, we are/ No, we arent
You
are
Youre
Are you?
Yes, you are/ No, you arent
They
are
Theyre
Are they?.
Yes, they are/ No, they arent
Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
are
is
is
is
are
are
are
Short form
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
I m not
You arent
He isnt
She isnt
It isnt
We arent
You arent
They arent
1.Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb to be.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
The weather ________very nice today.

I________not tired.
These cases __________very heavy.
The dog_____________asleep.
I__________hot. Can you open the window?
This castle_______one hundred years old.
My brother and I_____good tennis players.
Ann_________at home but her children_____at school.
2.Write affirmative or negative sentences using the verb to be.

a. Paris / the capital of France.
b. __________________________________________________________
c. I / interested in football.
d. ___________________________________________________________
e. My father /hungry.
f. ___________________________________________________________
g. It /warm today.
h. ___________________________________________________________
i. Rome / in Spain.
j. ___________________________________________________________
k. They / afraid of snakes.
l. ___________________________________________________________
m. My hands / cold.
n. ___________________________________________________________
o. Canada / a very big country.
p. ___________________________________________________________
q. The Amazon / in Africa.
r. ___________________________________________________________

3.Complete the text with the correct affirmative or negative form of the verb be.
I (1) .................... from London. My best friend, Mike, and I (2) .................... 12 years old,
but my friend Paul (3) .................... (not) 12, hes 13 years old. They (4) .................... (not)
interested in computers, they like sport. We like school. It (5) .................... interesting.
GREETINGS
GREETINGS, informal
CONGRATULATIONS!
GOOD
MORNING!
GOOD
AFTERNOON!
THANK
YOU!
YOURE
WELCOME!
GOOD
EVENING!
GOOD
NIGHT!
PLEASE!
SORRY!
GOOD
LUCK!
GLAD TO MEET
YOU
GOOD BYE!
COUNTRY
Australia
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
England
Germany
Holland
Iran
Ireland
Japan
Morocco
Portugal
Scotland
Sweden
Turkey
EXCUSE ME!
PLEASED TO
MEET YOU!
SEE YOU
LATER!
BYE-BYE!
NATIONALITY
Australian
Belgian
Bulgarian
Danish
English
German
Dutch
Iranian
Irish
Japanese
Moroccan
Portuguese
Scottish
Swedish
Turkish
COUNTRY
Austria
Brazil
China
Egypt
France
Greece
India
Iraq
Italy
Lebanon
Poland
Russia
Spain
Switzerland
USA
NATIONALITY
Austrian
Brazilian
Chinese
Egyptian
French
Greek
Indian
Iraqui
Italian
Lebanese
Polish
Russian
Spanish
Swiss
American
4.Complete with the right country or nationality.

a. Im from Holland, Im _____________.
b. He is from _________, he is German.
c. She is________, she is from Denmark.
d. My friend is Chinese, he is from_______.
e. Im from France, Im__________.
5. Choose a partner and make a dialogue with him or her. Dont forget to ask everything you have
learnt before (name,nationality, age etc.). You can start in this way:
Hello, My name is. etc
6. Complete the text about yourself.
Hello! My names .................................. and Im ............................................. years old. Im from

.............................................................
..........................................
is
and
like
live
Ive
.........................................
and
.
my
My
got
favourite
favourite
.. .
10
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
The possessive adjectives, as their own name indicates us, express possession. In English, there is a different
adjective for every person. You must not forget that these are adjectives and they have to be linked to a noun.
Mi
tu
Su (de l)
Su (de ella)
Su (utilizado para animales y cosas)
Nuestro/a, nuestros/as
Vuestro/a, vuestros/as
Su (de ellos)
MY
YOUR
HIS
HER
ITS
OUR
YOUR
THEIR
Examples:
My house is very big.
Your dog isnt at its kennel.
Their car is very fast.
Her hair is very long.
7. Put the suitable possesive adjective where it corresponds:

This is Mary. brother is a student.
Peter has a bike. bike is red.
Ann and John speak English. .. nationality is English.
The dog is in the garden. kennel is near the door.
. Name is Ralph. I have two sisters. names are Alice and Noreen.
We are Peter and Mary. . Son is a doctor.
8. Complete the dialogue with these words.

Girl
Hi
Twins
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
her
our
her
its
friend
Im
boy
their
my
best friend
sister
. .............. names Casey. ........................ fifteen.

This is my............, Vince. Hes with his.................... . ............ names Sue. Theyre.........................
This.............. is.................. neighbour. .................. names Terry.
This............... is Peter. Sue is her.............................
This is................... street...................... name is Victoria Road.
11
DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS
SINGULAR
THIS
THAT
PLURAL
THESE
THOSE
We usually use this / these for things that are close in space or time. Here often follows.
e.g. This book here is mine.
These tomatoes here are not good.
We usually use that / those for things that are further away in space or time. There, over there or an
expression of place often follows.
e.g. That chair at the bottom is very small.
Look at those men over there! They are very strange.
HERE
THERE, OVER THERE
THIS / THESE
THAT / THOSE
9. Complete with this / that / these / those.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
____cars over there are his.

____house here is very old.
Please, put ___books here on ___shelves in the sitting room.
Look at ___guy! He is very handsome.
____boys in the park are always quarrelling.
____women here are talking all day!.
____is my cousin Arthur.
Can I borrow ____pencil here?
12
10. Write the English words for these numbers:

a) 10
b) 12
c) 19
d) 65
e) 86
f)
44
g) 37
h) 234
i)
1.555
j)
3.727
k) 5.986
l)
8582
m) 9143
n) 12.532
o) 124.815
p) 542.645
q) 843.378
r)
1.593.604
s) 3.314.020
t)
7.947.650
13
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A/AN

We use a before a consonantal sound and an before a vocalic sound.
e.g.: a clerk, a hundred, an office, an exam
But we must pay attention to:
e.g. a uniform, a university, an hour, an honest man.
The vowel u in uniform and university is a semivowel, that is, a sound like a vowel that functions as a
consonant; therefore we have to use a instead of an.
The h in hour and honest is not aspirated, so we have to use an.
We use a/an:
Before a singular countable noun:
e.g. a mask, an egg, a book
before jobs, measures, prices, numbers:
e.g. He is an engineer
a/one kilo, a/one pound, a/one hundred
when we refer to something or somebody for the first time:
e.g. I had a sandwich and an apple. The sandwich wasnt very good but the apple was nice.
in expressions such as:
e.g. once a day, twice a day, three times a month, etc.
11. Put in "a" or "an" before singular countable nouns
1.- ...sick child needs...doctor
2.- Mr. Brown is...bus driver
3.- His son is...pupil at...school near here
4.- He wants to be...engineer when he is..man
5.- ...author is...person who writes books
6.- My father is...author
7.- His brother is...teacher in...college
8.- Peter is studying to be...architect
9.-...little boy sometimes plays at being...fireman
10.- George is...mechanic in...garage
14
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
1
6 7 8
13 14 15
20 21 22
27 28 29
2
9
16
23
30
3
10
17
24
Friday
4
11
18
25
Saturday
5
12
19
26
PLURAL OF NOUNS (I)

To make plural nouns, we usually add s to singular nouns:
Singular
House
Book
Plural
houses
books
But we must pay attention to the spelling rules when we add s.
If the singular noun finishes in o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x we have to add es.
Singular
Potato
Plural
Potatoes ( *but note video-videos; piano; pianos)
15

Bus
Pass
Dish
Watch
Box
Buses
Passes
Dishes
Watches
Boxes
If the singular noun finishes in vowel plus y we have to add s.

Singular
Day
Boy
Plural
Days
Boys
If the singular noun finishes in consonant plus y, this y is replaced by i and then we add es.
Singular
Plural
Baby
babies
Family
families
If the singular noun finishes in f/-fe the plural ending is then ves.
Singular
Knife
Shelf
Life
Plural
knives (*but note belief-beliefs; proof-proofs;roof-roofs)
shelves
Lives
There are some singular nouns with an irregular plural:

Singular
Man
Woman
Mouse
Child
Person
Tooth
Foot
Fish
Sheep
Deer
Goose
Bison
12. Write each noun in plural form.

a. woman
b. tooth
c. half
d. bison
e. church
f. boy
g. colony
h. box
i. key
Plural
men
women
mice
children
people
teeth
feet
fish
sheep
deer
goose
bison
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
scarf
fish
bus
dress
calf
kite
knife
computer
foot
13. Turn these nouns into plural.

Table
16

Pencil
Wife
Pen
Man
Life
Window
Wish
Mouse
Deer
Library
Horse
Potato
Uncle
Victory
Toy
Witch
Goose
Lamp
Wolf
Chair
Policeman
Country
Person
City
This
That
17
18
2. WEAPONS
19
MORE GUNS, LESS CRIME?

1. In which of the following situations would you expect somebody to use a gun?
To defend oneself against an intruder in the house.

In self-defence against an attacker on the street.
To protect a child from a kidnapper.
To hunt animals.
To show that he/she is not afraid of the law.
For sport.
2. Read the following text and prepare a summary.
Does allowing(1) people to carry guns lead to more gun-related crimes and accidents?.
Law professor John Lott has come to a conclusion: more guns means(2) less crime. He has studied the FBIs
crime figure for 18 years and has found that most assumptions(3) about gun control are wrong. Here are some of the
arguments he uses:
1. Laws that allow people to carry guns are effective methods for reducing crime.
2. Road accidents, fire and drowning(4) result in more child deaths than gun-related incidents.
3. Laws permitting guns cause a significant decrease in murders, robberies and rapes.
Contradicting this opinion, Dale Gulbrantson, executive director of Illinois Police Association states: Lott
destroys the politically correct argument that arming citizens will have a harmful(5) effect on their society.
The following examples speak for themselves:
In 1996, Dunblane, Scotland, UK, a madman killed a whole class of primary school children and their
teacher.
In 2002 in Germany, a schoolboy killed several of his teachers and classmates.
In 2002, in the UK, two girls were killed in a suspected gang shooting.
Although there are laws controlling guns in Great Britain, the number of crimes with guns has increased. The
current average sentence(6) for carrying an illegal gun is 18 months. There are plans to include a five-year minimum
sentence for illegal possession of a firearm. It has also been suggested that air guns or any replicas should be
banned(7) .
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
To permit somebody to do something.

To signify.
A thing that is thought to be true, but is not proved.
To die in water because one cannot breathe.
Causing injury.
The punishment given by a lawcourt.
To forbid something officially.
20
Kinds of weapons
Knife
Machine-gun
Missile / Missile launcher
Sword
Submachine-gun
Pistol
Assault Rifle
(Double-barrelled) Shotgun
Cannon
Mine
Mortar
Revolver
Gun
Grenade/ Grenade launcher
Sniper gun
Rifle
Bomb
Nuclear / Chemical weapon
21
Parts of a gun
Barrel
Rear sight
Front sight
Butt
Ammunition
Trigger
Cartridge
Magazine
Bullet
Expressions
He is robbed at pistol point.
There is a bomb warning at the consulate.
The thief cant shoot his gun / pull the trigger.
22
Present simple tense

Structure
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
read
don't
read
Do
read?
You
read
You
don't
read
Do
You
read?
He
She
It
reads
reads
He
She
It
doesn't
doesn't
doesn't
read
read
read
Does
Does
Does
He
She
It
read?
read?
read?
We
You
They
read
read
We
You
They
don't
don't
don't
read
read
read
Do
Do
Do
We
You
They
read?
read?
read?
reads
read
Use
We use the simple present tense:
a) To talk about things in general.
E. g. Thousands of children go to school every day.
b) To say that something is a general truth.
E. g. The Earth goes round the sun.
c) To say that something happens all the time or repeatedly.
E. g. I usually get up at 8 oclock in the morning.
d) To say how often we do things. For this, we use frequency adverbs. They are: ALWAYS, USUALLY,
NORMALLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, SELDOM and NEVER. They are placed between the subject and the
main verb.
I always get up early.
Tom usually plays tennis in the afternoon.
We normally go to Scotland in August.
He never goes to school.
23

-Note: When the main verb is TO BE, frequency adverbs are placed after the verb.
My boss is often bad-tempered.
I am always late for work.
We are never at home in the mornings.
Spelling
When the verb is in the third person singular (he / she 7 it), we add different endings depending on some rules.
a) We add s to most of the verbs.
e.g. Read-reads
Work-works
b) We add es when the verb ends in ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o.

e.g. Teach-teaches
miss-misses
wash-washes
go-goes do-does
c) When the verb ends in consonant + y, the y changes into i and we add es.
e.g. study- studies
apply-applies
1. Write the third person singular of the following verbs.

Understand
Work
Smoke
Fly
Buy
Choose
Drive
Pay
Dance
Speak
Do
Know
Play
Hit
Break
Listen
Catch
Kiss
Cry
Read
2. Complete the sentences using the following verbs.

Boil, close, make, cost, like, meet, open, speak, live, like
- Margaret _____________ four languages.
- In Britain banks usually ____________ at 9:30 in the morning.
- The City Museum _____________ at 8 oclock in the evening.
- My job is very interesting. I __________ a lot of people.
- Shoes are expensive. They ____________ a lot of money.
- Water ____________ at 100 Celsius.
- Julia and I are good friends. I __________ her and she _________ me.
- My parents _____________ in a very small flat.
- Bees ________ honey.
24

3. Put the sentences in the correct order using the verbs in the correct form. Then turn them into
negative.
- (always / early / Sue / arrive) Sue always arrives early.
- (basketball / I / play / often) ________________________.
- (work / Margaret / hard / usually) ___________________ .
- (Jenny / always / nice clothes / wear) ________________.
- (dinner / have / we / always / at / 7:30) _________________.
- (television / Tim / watch / never) ____________________.
- (like / chocolate / children / usually) __________________.
- (Julia / parties / enjoy / always) ______________________.
4. Complete the sentences with the correct verb forms (affirmative or negative).
- Sally_______ four languages: English, French, Spanish and German (speak).
- I ________ my job. Its very boring (like).
- Where is Martin? Im sorry. I ______________ (know).
- Sue is a very quiet person. She __________ very much (talk).
- Jim _________________ a lot of tea. Its his favourite drink (drink).
- That is a very beautiful picture. I ________ it very much (like).
- Mark is vegetarian. He ______________ meat (eat).
5. Put the sentences in the correct order using DO / DOES.
- (like / you / football / ?) _______________________________.
- (your / mother / like / football / ?) ________________________.
- (where / live / your / parents / ? _________________________.
- (snow / it / here / ?) _______________________________________.
- ( your / sister / work / here / ?) _____________________________.
- ( you / early / always / get up/ ?) ___________________________.
25
What do yo do?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
26
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
37.
SURGEON
SALES REP
CHAMBERMAID
BUTCHER
HAIRDRESSER
ACCOUNTANT
CARPENTER
JUDGE
BAKER
CASHIER
SECRETARY
BARBER
CHEF
35.
38.
PAINTER
BARMAN
CLEANER
OPTICIAN
BUILDER
DENTIST
NURSE
LAWYER
PHOTOGRAPHER
FIREMAN
PLUMBER
FISHMONGER
POLICEMAN
36.
39.
PORTER
FLIGHT ATTENDANT
ENGINEER
POSTWOMAN
ELECTRICIAN
RECEPTIONIST
DOCTOR
REPORTER
WELDER
SALES ASSISTANT
WAITER
SCIENTIST
VET
27
Possessive pronouns and determiners

Possessive
determiners
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Possessive
pronouns
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
- My, your, his, her, its, our and their are determiners although they are sometimes called possessive
adjectives in grammars and dictionaries-. That means that they are followed by a noun or a noun phrase.
E. g. Have you seen my coat?
- Mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are pronouns, used without following nouns.
E.g. That coat is mine. This is your paper. It is yours. She sold me her car. It was hers. This is our
house. This is ours.
- To ask about possession we can use the following questions:
Whose book is this? Or Whose is this book? It is mine.
Whose shoes are these? Or Whose are these shoes? They are his.
6. Complete the following dialogue with a possessive pronoun.
Andy: ______ cassettes are these?
Judy: I think they are Helens. In fact, Im sure they are _________.
Andy: ________ is this sweater? Is it ___________, Judy?
Judy: Of course, its ____________! Its got my name on it.
Andy: What about this Gameboy? Is it Sams?
Judy: Yes, its __________ ; these are his initials.
Andy: Are these your parents Cds?
Judy: Of course theyre not _________. My parents dont like Guns and Roses!
7. Complete these sentences with adjectives and pronouns.
- He broke ________ left arm yesterday.
- The man has long socks. ______ are________ socks.
- The woman has only got a red glove and __________ is ________ glove.
- Whose are those cars? They are ______. We bought them last month.
- I have got a blouse. It is ________ blouse.
- They have got a house. It is _________ house.
28
The genitive and the OF structure

We usually use s:
- For people or animals, except if it is too long.
E. g. The girls name. Mr Evans daughter. The horses leg.
BUT: What is the name of the man who lent us the money?
- With time expressions (yesterday, next week, etc).
E. g. Have you still got yesterdays newspaper? Next weeks meeting has been cancelled. Todays
lesson. Tomorrows party. This evenings match. Mondays television series.
- With periods of time:
E. g. Ive got a weeks holiday. I live near the station. Its only about 10 minutes walk.
Note: We can use s without a following noun.
E. g. This isnt my book. Its my brothers.
Note: We use s after more than one noun.
E. g. Jack and Jills wedding.
Note: If the word in which we use s ends in s (no matter if it is singular or plural) the saxon genitive becomes .
E. g. The boys friends.
We usually use of:
- For things, ideas
E.g. The roof of the garage. The name of the book., the reason of the problem.
- With expressions such as the beginning of, the top of, the bottom of, the front of, the back of, etc.
E. g. Lessons start at the beginning of the month. Im going away at the end of July. Write your
name at the top of the page. Please, sign at the bottom of the document.
We can use both, s or of for places and organizations.
E. g. The citys new theatre or the new theatre of the city.
The Governments decision or the decision of the Government.
The companys success or the success of the company.
8. Join the nouns with s, of or both.
a) The owner / that car _________________
b) The mother / Ann ___________________
c) The jacket / that man _________________
d) The top / the page ____________________
e) The daughter / Charles ________________
f) The cause / the problem _______________
g) The birthday / my father _______________
h) The newspaper / yesterday ______________
i) The name / this street __________________
j) The toys / the children _________________
k) The new manager / the company_________
l) The result / the football match ____________
m) The garden / our neighbours______________
n) The ground floor / the building _____________
o) The children / Don and Mary ______________
p) The economic policy / the Government_______
29

q) The husband / Catherine __________________
r) The husband / the woman talking to Mary_____
s) The car / the parents / Mike ________________
t) The wedding / the friend / Helen ____________
9. Write a new sentence beginning with the underlined words.
E. g. The meeting tomorrow has been cancelled.
Tomorrows meeting has been cancelled.
a) The storm last week caused a lot of damage.
_________________________________________________________________.
b) The only cinema in the town has closed down.
_________________________________________________________________.
c) Exports from Britain to the United States have fallen recently.
_________________________________________________________________.
d) Tourism is the main industry in the region.
_________________________________________________________________.
10. Choose the correct option
3.1) That red car in the street is ___________.
a) The Toms car
b) Toms the car c) The Toms the car
d) Toms car
3.2) Those green balls are _________________.

a) The girls balls
b) The girls the balls
3.3) a) Marys cat is here

c) Marys the cat is here
c) girls the balls d) the girls balls
b) The Marys cat is here

d) The Marys the cat is here
11. Rewrite the sentences using s

a) The toys of the children.
_______________________________________________________________.
b) The book of Paul.
_______________________________________________________________.
c) The cars of John
_______________________________________________________________.
d) The house of Peter
_______________________________________________________________.
e) The school of James and Mary
_______________________________________________________________.
f) The garden of the boys
_______________________________________________________________.
g) The car of my father
_______________________________________________________________.
h) The boyfriend of Mary
_______________________________________________________________.
i) John is the husband of Mary
_______________________________________________________________.
j) The fifth symphony of Beethoven
_______________________________________________________________.
30
Word order and object pronouns

Subject
She
Verb
ate
Object
a sandwich
Place
in the kitchen
Time
last night
The subject and the verb of the sentence are compulsory elements and the others are optional. The use of
optional elements depends on what the speaker wants to express.
The verb and the object of the verb normally go together. We do not usually put other words between
them.
E. g. You speak English very well. (Not You speak very well English).
I will tell Mary a secret tonight (Not I will tell tonight Mary a secret).
The object of the verb can be realized by a noun or a pronoun:
E. g. Mary hurt John / Mary hurt him.
The pronouns used as objects are:
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
Mary gave me the book

I will tell you a secret
We are asking him a question
Tell her not to go home
Here is the money. Give it to your mother
She gave us some good news
John hates you
We are explaining them the problem
- Sentences with two objects

When the sentence has two objects (indirect and direct) we normally put the indirect object first and, then,
the direct object. We can put the direct object first when it is much shorter than the indirect object or when we
want to emphasize the indirect object. When the direct object appears after the verb, the indirect object is
introduced by to:
E. g. She sends some flowers to the nurse in charge of her daughters hospital ward (short direct
object).
- Expressions of time and place
When we have expressions of place and time in the sentence, we usually put the expression of place
before the expression of time:
E. g. They go to work every day.
Sometimes it is possible to put the time expression at the beginning of the sentence.
E. g. Everyday the go to school.
12. Use the correct pronoun
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
I am the invisible man. You cant see _________.

It is not Janes fault. You cant blame _________.
He is disturbing my girlfriend I want to hit _______ a punch.
She gave ________ a present. I have it in my room.
I want to ask _________ something. You can give me some information.
Dont hit the dog! Leave ________ alone.
I trust Mary. I want to tell __________ a secret.
31
Parts of the house
13. Match the following definitions with the concepts.
Living-room
Dining-room
Hall
Roof
Kitchen
Bathroom
Bedroom
Toilet
Garage
Garden
Stairs
a) The top of a building.

b) A set of steps built between two floors.
c) The building next to the house where the car is kept.
d) A piece of land where you can grow flowers, fruit and vegetables.
e) A room in a house where people have dinner.
f) The place of a house where people sit together and watch television.
g) The room where food is prepared and cooked.
h) The room where the toilet is.
i) The room used for sleeping.
j) The main entrance of a house.
k) A room with a bath or a shower and a hand basin.
32
Members of the family

FEMALE
MALE
PLURAL
Grandmother
Grandfather
Granparents
Granddaughter
Grandson
Grandchildren
Mother
Father
Parents
Daughter
Son
Children
Sister
Brother
Aunt
Uncle
Niece
Nephew
Cousin
Cousin
Wife
Husband
Mother-in-law
Father-in-law
Daughter-in-law
Son-in-law
Sister-in-law
Brother-in-law
Parents-in-law
14. Complete.
BRIAN JONES
PAMELA SMITH
PAT JONES
JONATHAN BANKS
DAVID JONES
RITA GREY
PATSY JONES
HELEN JONES

SAMANTHA BANKS
Brian is Davids
Charles is Pats
Pamela is Helens
Jonathan is Patsys
Brian is Browens
Jonathan is Brians
Guy is Browens
Mary is Ritas
Rita is Marys
Jonathan is Pats
Patsy and Samantha are
Browen is Guys
Rita is Davids
Charles is Jonathans
Pamela is Browens
Guy and Mary are Brians
Patsy is Helens
Guy is Davids
Pat and Jonathan are Samanthas
Rita is Brians
CHARLES JONES
BROWEN PRICE
GUY JONES
MARY JONES
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
33
34
3. THE ARMY
35
The salute
The salute is the correct military greeting and is properly initiated by
subordinates to superiors. The specific origin is not known; however, several theories
exist. In early times, the right hand (the one used for weapons) was raised as a
greeting of friendship. Knights raised their visors with the right hand to reveal their
identity as a courtesy on the approach of a superior.
The most plausible theory is the long-established custom of removing headgear
in the presence of superiors. As late as the American Revolution, the British Army
soldier salutes by removing his hat. With the advent of cumbersome headgear (like the
bearskin) that could not be easily doffed, the act of removing the hat degenerated into
touching the visor. This act then became conventionalised into the hand salute. All
personnel in uniform are required to salute at all times when they meet people entitled
to the salute, except in public conveyances (trains, buses, etc) or in public places such as theatres or when the
salute would be impractical.
It is customary for military members in civilian clothing to exchange salutes upon recognition, this type of
courtesy should be reinforced whenever possible. If running, come to a walk before saluting.
The junior holds the salute until it is returned. When a senior officer approaches a group of officers not in
formation, the group is called to attention by the first one to sight the senior officer and all members of the group
render the hand salute. When the group constitutes a formation, the formation is called to attention, but only the
officer in charge salutes.
1. Reading Comprehension:
a) Define the salute using your own words.
b) Which is the origin of the salute?
2. Vocabulary.
a) Find in the text a synonym for the following definition: The special set of clothes worn by
all members of an organization or a group at work or by children at school.
b) Find in the text an opposite of left.
3. Say if these sentences are true or false and justify your answers:
a) The salute is properly initiated by superiors to subordinates.
b) The right hand was raised as a greeting of happiness.
c) Military members in civilian clothes usually salute upon recognition.
36
MILITARY RANKS (SPAIN)
Chief Private
Sergeant
2nd
lieutenant
Brigadier
general
Chief
corporal
Corporal
Staff
sergeant
Lieutenant
Major
general
Sergeant
major
Captain
Command
sergeant major
Commandant
Lieutenant
general
Corporal
first class
Lieutenant
colonel
General
of the army
Sergeant major
of the army
Colonel
Captain
general
37
The adjective
DEFINITION
a. An adjective is a word like big, new, expensive., which is used to describe something.
A big town (the adjective big describe the town)
b. In English the adjective has only one form to express number or gender.
Two nice boys
Two nice girls
c. There are some adjectives which we can use as nouns to talk about groups of people in society.
The rich, the poor, the young
POSITION
There are two main places where we can put an adjective
a. In front of the noun:
a big village
b. After linking verbs like Be, Get, Look, Feel ..
The house is big
You look sad
When two or more adjectives come before a noun, we have to decide in what order to put them, this
depends on the meaning of the adjective.
Personal
opinion
Size
Age
Shape
Colour
Nationality
Material
Purpose
A lovely comfortable roundbig old red English leather bag

A tall young man
Big blue eyes
A small black plastic bag
Riding boots.
1. Put the words in the correct order
a) city Belgian beautiful little.
b) old lovely furniture
c) local jazz club
d) dinner excellent cold
e) dress evening red silk
f) short leather jacket
g) ski boots French
h) trousers cotton blue
i) blue tie woollen
j) a German funny brown mug beer.
k) boots riding Spanish red old leather.
38

2. Are the adjectives in these phrases in the normal order? Answer yes/no.
a long hot day. No. the answer is: a hot long day.
a) a large black dog.
b) a tall handsome young man.
c) short fat legs.
d) a new red dress
e) a woollen grey pullover.
Adjectives in ING or -ED

Both teams arent playing very well. The game is boring.
They are watching who will win. They are excited.
Compare
An adjective ending in -ing describes what something is like, what effect it has on us. For example, a
game can be exciting, interesting, boring .
An adjective ending in -ed describes how we feel. For example, we feel excited, interested, bored.
This programme about astronomy is interesting
I am interested in astronomy.
The result was surprising
I was surprised by the result.
3. Choose the right adjective
a) He works very hard. Its not surprising / surprised that he is always tired.
b) I have got nothing to do. I am boring / bored.
c) The lecture was boring / bored. I fell asleep.
d) I am starting a new job next week. I am quite excited / exciting about it.
e) Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very amusing / amused.
f) I have been working very hard all day and now I am exhausted / exhausting.
4. Complete the words
a) I was surpris.. to see Ann here.
b) It was surpris.. to see her.
c) I find this work very tir
d) She was excit. About her new job.
e) the news was really shock.
f) I get annoy when people break promises.
g) his explanations are confus.
h) It was an excit new challenge.
39
Comparative and superlative forms

DEGREES: 1 Positive: It denotes the quality of the adjective in its normal degree.
Eg: I am tall
2 comparative: It denotes the quality of the adjective in its higher, the same or lower degree,
and it is used for a comparison between two elements.
a) superiority (-er / more)
Eg: I am taller than him.
b) equality (as + adj + as)
Eg: I am as tall as you /He isnt so clever as you.
In negative sentences so can be used instead of the first as
c) inferiority (less)
Eg: I am less tall than him.
3 superlative: It denotes the quality of the adjective in its highest or lowest degree and it is
used in comparisons where one or more elements are compared with the rest of a group or class. The superlative
can be a relative superlative when comparing several things or an absolute superlative denoting the highest
degree without setting a comparison.
- (-est / the most)
- (the least)
FORM
One-syllable adjectives normally have comparatives and superlatives ending in er, -est. Some twosyllable adjectives are similar; others have more and most. Longer adjectives have more and most.
1. One-syllable adjectives (regular comparison)
Adjective
Old
Tall
Cheap
Comparative
Older
Taller
Cheaper
Superlative
Oldest
Tallest
Cheapest
Most adjectives:
+ -er, -est
Late
Nice
Later
Nicer
Latest
Nicest
Adjectives ending in
-e + -r. st
Fat
Big
thin
Fatter
Bigger
thinner
Fattest
Biggest
thinner
One vowel + one

consonant: double
consonant.
2. Two-syllable adjectives.
Adjectives ending in y have ier and iest
Ex: happy
happier
happiest
Easy
easier
easiest
40

Some other two-syllable adjectives can have er and est, especially adjectives ending in an unstressed
vowel /l/ or /r/.
Eg: narrow
Simple
Clever
narrower
simpler
cleverer
narrowest
simplest
cleverest
With many two-syllable adjectives ( polite, common) er, -est and more/most are both possible. With
others (including adjectives ending in ing, -ed, -ful and less) only more / most is possible.
3. Longer adjectives
Adjectives of three or more syllables have more and most.
Eg: intelligent
Practical
Beautiful
more intelligent
more practical
more beautiful
most intelligent
most practical
most beautiful
4. Irregular comparison
Adjective
Good
Bad
Far
old
Comparative
Better
Worse
*Farther / further
*Older / elder
Superlative
Best
Worst
Farthest / furthest
Oldest / eldest
* Farther / further and farthest / furthest are both used to talk about distance. We use further to mean
additional in some expressions.
Further education, further information.
*elder and eldest are used with brother, sister, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter.
John is my elder brother.
Comparative and superlative in context

1. When we make a comparison, you use the word than
I am older than you.
Notes:
If the pronoun after than is not followed by a verb, use the object pronoun form me, you, him, her...
John is taller than him
But if the pronoun after than is followed by a verb, use the subject pronoun form I, he, she ...
John is taller than I am
2. You normally use the with superlative adjectives in front of nouns:
The happiest man
The most intelligent girl / the least intelligent girl.
When you use a superlative you can use a prepositional phrase to specific the group you are talking about:
He is the biggest of them
He is the biggest in the class
*We dont use of with a singular word for a place or group.
41

5. Write the comparative form of these adjectives
- tall
- thin
- wide
- long
- good
fat
large
rich
poor
-young
6. Write the superlative form of these adjectives

- big
- comfortable
- expensive
- good
- bad
- ugly
- careful
- small
- cheap
- short
7. Correct the mistakes

a) It is more beautiful that I expected.
b) she is the most rich woman in the world.
c) My book isnt as useful than yours.
d) My grandfather is the older.
e) I am beautifuler than my brother.
8. Translate
a) Juan es mayor que Luisa
b) Este coche es ms rpido que ese.
c) Este es el chico ms inteligente de la clase.
d) Ella no es tan alta como Elena.
e) Este es el hotel ms caro de la ciudad.
9. Write the opposite comparative
cheaper- more expensive.
- older
- colder
- nearer
- easier
- darker
better
more beautiful
more modern
heavier
- richer
10. Complete these sentences using a comparative

My car isnt big. I want a bigger car.
a) this house isnt modern . I want a ..
b) this case isnt big. I want a
c) London isnt very beautiful. Paris is .
d) My chair isnt comfortable. Your chair is .
e) My idea isnt good. Your idea is
11. Complete the sentences using than
He isnt very tall. You are taller than him.
a) she isnt very old. You are ..
b) I am not a very good cook. You are
42

c) they havent got much money. You ..
d) he isnt very interesting. You
e) I cant run very fast. You
12. Write sentences with as .as
Athens is older than Rome. Rome isnt as old as Athens.
a) my room is bigger than yours. Your room..
b) he plays football better than me. I dont play..
c) New York is more modern than Brazil. Brazil
d) This table is heavier than that. That table
e) Belgium is smaller than Switzerland. Switzerland
13. Complete these sentences using a superlative
This building is very old. Its the oldest building.
a) This film is very good.
b) This village is pretty.
c) This day is very cold.
d) This day is happy.
e) This person is very interesting.
Adverbs of manner
-
Most adverb of manner are formed by adding ly to an adjective:
Adjective
Slow
Quiet
Pay attention to spelling rules!
Adjective
adverb
Happy
happ ily
True / whole/ terrible
tru ly/ wholly/ terribly
Romantic
romantic ally
Careful
carefully
Some adverbs of manner have the same form as the adjective:
Adjective
adverb
Fast
fast
Hard
hard
Late
late
Some words that ends in ly are not adverbs of manner. They are adjectives:
Adjective
Lovely/silly/friendly
adverb
slow ly
quiet ly
adverb
in a lovely/silly/friendly way
We use the structure in a ..way for those adjectives that dont admit the addition of ly (for example,
friendly, lovely, lively)
Eg. She received us in a friendly way.
Adverb of manner normally go after the verb:

Eg. Talk quietly.
If there is an indirect or direct object, they go after the object.

Eg. You speak Italian correctly.
- Pay attention to the following verbs! Be, become, feel, look, seem, sound, taste, smell, we use the
adjectives after these verbs.
43

Eg. He is bad ( not badly)
That smells wonderful ( not wonderfully)
14. Write the adverb of the following adjectives:
ADJECTIVE
Horrible
Easy
Difficult
Enthusiastic
Fast
Lonely
Immediately
Whole
Safe
careful
ADVERB
15. Write the sentences in the correct order.

a) easily/found/ the way/ they ______________________________
b) the woman/carefully/the street/ crossed ____________________
c) the letter/Tom/read/ slowly ______________________________
d) fluently/speaks/German/he ______________________________
Telling the time

To ask for the time we can use the following questions:
-
What time is it?

What is the time?
Have you got the time?
16:00 It is four oclock

16:05 It is five past four
16:10 It is ten past four
16:15 It is a quarter past four
16:23 It is twenty- three minutes past four
16:30 It is half past four
16:35 It is twenty-five to five
16:45 It is a quarter to five
We can also tell the time in the following way:
3:17 three seventeen
4:15 four fifteen
7:01 seven o one
This formula is common in timetables, announcements, etc.
44
16. Write the time

12:00 It is twelve oclock
11:40
12:45
1:30
7:00
8:15
5:25
22:50
23:55
1:05
3:10
a. 09.00 get up
b. 09.15 have a shower
c. 09:30 have breakfast and
read the newspaper
d. 10.05 go to the office
e. 12.45 have lunch near the
office
f. 15.00 go back to the office
g. 17.16 do some jogging in
the park
h. 20:56 go to her boyfriends
house.
i. 22.40 go back home
Now use the other formula to give the time:

13:06
20:15
17:40
1:07
23:34
16:35
22:55
14:10
8:12
17.It is a typical day in Susans life. Read about and make sentences using the present simple.
a. She gets up at nine oclock
b.___________________________
c.___________________________
d.___________________________
e.___________________________
f.___________________________
g.___________________________
h.___________________________
i.___________________________
18. Write in numbers the following time:
a. Ten to nine ..........................
b. A quarter past eleven ..............
c. Half past three ......................
d. Twenty past five ..................
e. A quarter to six ..................
f. Twenty-five past eight ...............
45
Ordinal numbers
To make ordinal number we add th to the cardinal number:
Eg: four fourth / six sixth.
These ordinals are irregular:
One first
Two second
Three - third
These ordinals have an irregular spelling:
Five fifth
Eight eighth
Nine ninth
Twelve twelfth
Twenty twentieth
We can write ordinal numbers in a short form. We use the number and the last two letters of the word.
First 1st
Second 2nd
Ninth 9th
19. Write these numbers in full

-
31st
12th
3rd
29th
16th
21st
32nd
20. Write the ordinals of the following cardinal numbers

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
4 fourth
16 .....
18 .......
31 .......
107 ......
44 .........
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
82 .........
93 ........
64 ........
71 ........
12 ........
40 ........
Telling the date

To ask the date we can use the following questions:
What is the date?

What date is it today?
What day is it today?
46

We can say the dates in two different ways:
-
March the tenth, or the tenth of March.

June the fourth, or the fourth of June.
They can, however, written in a variety of ways:

2nd February 1979 / February 2nd 1979
10th of March / March the 10th.
YEARS
We say the years in twos:
1997: nineteen ninety-seven
1968: nineteen sixty-eight
1900: nineteen hundred
1901: nineteen o one
2000: two thousand.
21. Write these dates
- 1234
- 1456
- 1678
- 1890
- 1999
22. What date is it?
a)
b)
c)
d)
3, marzo, 1859 .....................................................................

21, abril, 1980 .....................................................................
14, octubre, 1492 ................................................................
24, febrero, 1999 ................................................................
23.What date is it?

a. 3, Marzo, 1859
b. 15, Abril, 1732
c. 14, Octubre, 1901
d. 1, Julio, 2001
e. 21, Agosto, 1800
24.Traslate into english:
a) Mi cumpleaos es el 18 de Junio de 1987
b)Maana es 14 de Mayo de 1999
c)El nuevo teatro abre el 6 de Abril.
d)El dia de Navidad es el 25 de Diciembre
e)Hoy es 12 de Abril de 2006
f)Mi primo llega el 10 de Junio
g)La fiesta es el 15 de agosto .
47
Prepositions
Prep
ositions of time
Parts of the day: in the morning(s) (But note at night)
Months: in June
Seasons: in (the) summer
Years: in 1990
Decades: in the 1960s (Note: we say in the sixties)
Centuries: in the 20 th century
Days of the week: on Monday(s)

Dates: on 1 st July / on July 1 st *
Specific days: on Christmas day, on New Years Eve,
on my birthday, etc.
Attention!!! on Friday evening, on Saturday morning
* Note : we say on the first of July / on July the first
Clock time: at seven oclock

Holiday periods: at Christmas, at Easter, etc.
Expressions: at the same time, at the end of, at weekends,
at the weekend, at the moment, at the top of, etc.
At night! (part of the day)
We do not use in/on/at before last/next/this/every/yesterday/tomorrow:

Eg. Ill see you next Friday ( not on next Friday)
They married last March.
25. Write a preposition where necessary.
a) Goodbye! See you ___ Friday.
b) Where were you ___ Saturday evening?
c) I get up ___ 8 oclock every morning.
d) He usually works ___ night.
e) My sister married ___ June.
f) Diane and I first met ___ 1979.
g) Im starting my new job ___ September 3 rd .
h) We often go to the beach ___ summer.
i) Im going abroad ___ next Monday.
j) Will you be at home ___ this evening?
k) What do you usually do ___ weekends?
l) She phones me ___ every Sunday.
m) Liz and I arrived ___ the same time.
n) Do you give each other presents ___ Christmas?
o) We travelled to Paris last night and arrived ___ 5 oclock ___ the morning.
48

26. Write a preposition
1) Columbus made his first voyage from Europe to America .. 1492.
2) In Britain most people dont work .. Sundays.
3) If the sky is clear, you can see the stars .. night.
4) After working hard during the day, I like to relax .. the evening.
5) The first man walked on the moon .. 21st July 1969.
6) Its difficult to listen if everyone is speaking ... the same time.
7) Jazz became popular in the United States the 1920s.
8) In Britain people send each other cards .. Christmas.
9) Bob is a very fast runner. He can run 100 metres .. 11 seconds.
10) Mozart was born in Salzburg .. 1756.
11) I havent seen Kate for a few days. I last saw her . Tuesday.
12) The price of electricity is going up October.
13) Hurry up! Weve got to go five minutes.
14) I hope the weather will be nice . the weekend.
15) We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived . 5 oclock .. the morning.
16) I have been invited to a wedding 14th February.
17) The course begins .. 7th January and ends sometime . April.
18) There are usually a lot of parties . New Years Eve.
19) .. Saturday night I went to bed 11 oclock.
20) Im starting my new job .. 3rd June.
Capital letters
We use capital letters for:
Names: John Jackson, Italy, Victoria Road, the Queen, etc.
Nationalities and languages: French, English, Spanish, etc.
Days, months, and specific dates: Monday, April, Christmas, Day, etc.
The pronoun I.
The beginning of a sentence.
49
Seasons
SPRING
SUMMER
AUTUMN
WINTER
Note: we can use the word Fall instead of Autumn
Months
January
May
September
February
June
October
March
July
November
April
August
December
50
Common adjectives
Here we have got an enormous group but we are going to talk about adjectives that describe people:
a. Talking about peoples character:
What is he /she like?

Anxious
Bad-tempered
Calm
Charming
Selfish
Sensitive
Serious
Sensible
Friendly
Hard-working
Proud
lazy
b. Talking about peoples appearance:
what does she /he look like?

These are some of the most used adjectives:
Height- tall, average, short
Age- old, young, middle-aged.
51

Eyes- black, brown, green, grey, blue.
Hair- curly, straight, short, long, bald, blonde, fair, dark, brown, auburn, red.
52
53
54
4. CRIMES
55
UNMIB POLICE newsletter

A. Jealous boyfriend kills Bluegate girl.
On 7 June a 21-year-old Blueland female is murdered in the village of Bluegate. Earlier in the day, the
woman argues with her boyfriend when she decides to end with him. Later that
afternoon, a man breaks into the girls family flat and shoots her. The victims boyfriend is arrested in
connection with the murder.
B. Blueport naturist arrested.
A Blueport man is stopped by the police when he is caught running naked along a country road. The
man parks his car near a remote beach. As the man is lying on the beach, a thief breaks intohis car and
steals the mans wallet and trousers. The man is stopped by police as he is chasing the thief.
C. Police hero gets medal for bravery.
On the morning of 9 June, an off duty UNMIB police officer prevents a tragedy when he persuades an
armed robber with a hostage to surrender. At 11 a.m. the robber, carrying an assault rifle, enters the
Blueville City Bank. He leaves the bank 10 minutes later with a female hostage.
Lieutenant Kimura sees the man enter the building and he is immediately requested back up.
Police units dont arrive when the man comes out of the bank and Lieutenant Kimura decides he cannot
wait. Armed with only his service revolver, he confronts the robber. By the time the police response team
arrives on the scene, Lieutenant Kimura persuades the man to surrender.
1. Decide which text is:
* a funny story ___________
* a story of heroism ___________
* a tragic story _____________
2. Read article C again and order the events.
* The robber leaves the bank with a female hostage. __________
* Lt Kimura confronts the robber and persuades him to surrender. __________________
* The police response team arrives on the scene. ___________
* The robber enters the Blueville City Bank carrying an assault rifle. ____________
* Lt Kimura requests back up. ____________
3. Now answer the questions for each report.
* What happens?
* When does it happen?
* Who is involved?
*Where does it happen?
56
Crimes and criminals

Crimes
Criminals
Burglary
Mugging
Shoplifting
Pickpocketing
Theft
Vandalism
Kidnapping
Blackmail
Rape
Murder
Smuggling
Drug dealing
Forgery
Speeding
Joyriding
Hijacking
Terrorism
Arson
Burglar
Mugger
Shoplifter
Pickpocket
Thief
Vandalist
Kidnapper
Blackmailer
Rapist
Murderer
Smuggler
Drug dealer
Forger
Speeder
Joyrider
Hijacker
Terrorist
Arsonist
1. Match the words and definitions:
Mugger Burglar
Shoplifter Pickpocket
Joyrider Hijacker
a. Someone who attacks people in the street and takes

their money.
b. Someone who takes things from a shop without
paying for them.
c. Someone who forces the pilot to give them control of a plane in the middle of a journey.
d. Someone who takes things out of somebodys pocket or bag.
e. Someone who steals a car and drives it round very fast.
f. Someone who goes into other peoples houses and takes things.
2. What do you know about these criminals? Write a few sentences about each one.
"IN THE END, WE WILL REMEMBER NOT THE WORDS OF OUR ENEMIES, BUT
THE SILENCE OF OUR FRIENDS. " - MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. (1929-1968)
57
The Present Continuous tense

STRUCTURE
Affirmative
I
You
am
reading
are
reading
He
is
is
reading
reading
is
reading
are
are
reading
reading
are
reading
She
It
We
You
They
Interrogative
Negative
I
You
am not
aren't
reading
reading
Am
Are
I
You
reading?
reading?
He
isn 't
reading
Is
He
reading?
She
It
isn 't
isn 't
reading
reading
Is
Is
She
It
reading?
reading?
We
You
They
aren't
aren't
aren't
reading
reading
reading
Are
Are
Are
We
You
They
reading?
reading?
reading?
The Present Continuous is used with the following adverbs: now, at the moment, right now.
USE
We use the present continuous:
a.
to talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking.

e.g. Please, dont make too much noise. Im studying.
Where is Margaret? She is having a bath.
b.
to talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking.

e.g. Im reading an interesting book.
A friend of mine is building his own house.
c.
to talk about a temporary situation.

e.g. Im living with some friends until I find a flat.
d.
the present continuous can be used with a future meaning to talk about plans and intentions for the future.
e.g. We are playing a football match this evening.
Mark is going to France next week.
Nevertheless, this meaning will be dealt with in the unit devoted to the future tense.
58

SPELLING
We must remember some spelling rules when adding ing to the main verb.
We add -ing to most verbs
e.g. Go-going
work-working
Verbs ending in -e: we drop the -e and add ing
e.g. Make-making
Verbs ending in -ie: we change the -ie into -y and add ing
e.g. Lie-lying
die-dying
If a verb of 1 syllabe ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant when
adding -ing.
e.g. Plan-planning
dig- digging
If a verb of more than 1 syllable ends in consonant+ vowel + consonant we double the final consonant
only if it is stressed.
e.g. Begn-beginning
BUT
devlop-developing
Examples:
They are sleeping.

Shut up! Im working.
Lets go out. It isnt raining.
Is Peter working this week? No, he is on holiday.
Finally, there are a number of verbs which are not usually used in the continuous form, these are called
static verbs. Many of these verbs refer to states rather than actions.
MENTAL AND
EMOTIONAL
STATES
(dis)Like
Believe
Forget
Hate
Imagine
Know
Love
Prefer
Realise
Remember
Suppose
Think (=have an
opinion)
Understand
Want
USE OF THE
SENSES
Hear
See
Look (=seem)
Seem
Taste
Sound
Smell
COMMUNICATING
CAUSING
REACTIONS
Agree
Disagree
Mean
Surprise
Promise
Please
OTHERS
Possess
Be
Belong
Consist
Include
Need
Own
59

2. Add ing to the following verbs.
Beat
Kick
open
take
Buy
Laugh
pay
wait
Dig
Live
put
win
Drink
Make
read
work
Fly
Sit
speak
write
Tie
Go
have
put
3. Put the verb into the correct form.
e.g. Please dont make so much noise. I am studying (study).
Please be quiet. I _________(try) to concentrate.
Look! It _________(snow).
Why __________(you/look) at me like that? Have I said something wrong?.
You ___________(make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter?
Excuse me, I ________(look) for a phone box. Is there one near here?.
(in the cinema) Its a good film, isnt it? __________(you/enjoy) it?
Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They _________(shout) at each
other again.
Why ___________(you/wear) your coat today? Its very warm.
I __________(not/work) this week. Im on holiday.
I want to lose weight. I __________ (not/ eat) anything today.
4. Translate this sentences:
1. -Marta est tocando la guitarra.
2. -Javier est jugando al ftbol en el parque.
3. -Mi padre est nadando en la piscina.
4. -Nosotros estamos escribiendo una carta a nuestra amiga Mara.
Present Simple or Present Continuous ?

Present continuous ( I am doing)
Use the present continuous to talk about
something which is happening at or around the
time of speaking.
past
I am doing
now
future
Present simple ( I do)

Use the present simple to talk about things in
general or things which happen repeatedly
past
I do
now
future
e.g. The kettle is boiling. Can you turn it off,

please?
e.g. Listen to those people, what language
are they speaking?
e.g. Water boils at 100 degrees.

e.g. Excuse me, do you speak English?
e.g. Tom plays tennis every Saturday.
Use the present continuous for a temporary

situation.
Use the present simple for a permanent

situation.
e.g. I'm living with some friends until I can

find a flat.
e.g. That machine isn't working. It broke
down this morning.
e.g. My parents live in London. They have

been there for 20 years.
e.g. That machine doesn't work. It hasn't
worked for years.
60

5. Write the correct tense of the verb:
1. John _____________to Mary now. (talk)
2. I______________ television every night.( watch)
3. The children usually_________to bed at nine oclock. ( go)
4. _____________________a book at the moment? (Richard read)
5. They______________to the theatre very often. (not go)
6. I _________________at the moment.(not study)
7. I_______________English, although I __________at the moment.(not speak/study)
8. I__________in Valencia, though I____________in Madrid at the moment.(live/
stay)
9. I_________in a hotel at the moment, although I _________my own apartment.
(stay/have)
10. She_________from Chile, though she ____________in New York now.
(come/live)
6. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple:
e.g. Please dont make so much noise, I am studying (study).
How many languages does Tom speak (Tom /speak)?
a. I __________(not/belong) to a political party.
b. Hurry! The bus_________(come). I ______(not/want) to miss it.
c. The River Nile _________(flow) into the Mediterranean.
d. The river ___________(flow) very fast today much faster than usual.
e. We usually ________(grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we
___________(not/grow) any.
f. You can borrow my umbrella. I _________(not/need) it at the moment.
g. George says hes 40 years old but I _____________(not/believe) him.
h. Ron is in London at the moment. He _________(stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He
usually _____________(stay) at the Hilton Hotel when hes in London.
i. Listen! Somebody ____________(sing).
7. Complete the sentences with the following verbs:
build cost go like come have open

play speak teach stand swim wash cook
a. Sarah is upstairs. She _________the piano.
b. They _____________a new hotel in the city centre at the moment.
c. My sister is very clever. She __________four languages.
d. We usually ____________dinner at 7 oclock.
e. I __________films. I often _________to the cinema.
f. Look! Somebody ___________in the river.
g. In Britain the banks ___________at 9:30 in the morning.
h. You __________on my foot!, oh, Im sorry.
i. Hurry up!, the bus____________.
j. Food is expensive. It ___________a lot of money.
k. Where are you, Paul? In the kitchen, I _________a meal.
l. Tina is a teacher. She ___________mathematics to young children.
m. Peter ____________his car twice a week.
61
Talking about possession
The verb have (got)

We may distinguish two main uses of the verb have (got):
a) Expressing possession, relationships and other states.
- In terms of meaning, have got means exactly the same as have in this case. So you
can say:
We have got a new car
or
We have a new car
- In interrogative and negative sentences there are 2 possible forms:

Have you got any money?
I haven't got any money.
Do you have any money?
I don't have any money.
Has she got a car?
She hasn't got a car.
Does she have a car?
She doesn't have a car.
- We can use contractions with have got but not with have:
e.g. Ive got a sister. (NOT * Ive a sister)
- Got-forms of have are informal, and are more common in the present.
e.g. Did you have a good weekend? (NOT * Did you have got a good
weekend?)
When she was a child, she had a long fair hair (NOT * She had got )
I didnt have any money when I was a student. (NOT * I didnt have got)
b) Actions, typical expressions.
- We often use have + object to talk about actions and experiences, especially in
informal style. The exact meaning depends on the following noun.
have breakfast / lunch / dinner / a meal / a drink
have a bath / a shower / a shave
have a rest / a sleep / a dream
have a good time / a bad day / a holiday
have a good journey
have a chat / a talk / a conversation
have a good memory
have a walk
have a look
have a baby
have difficulty
have an accident
have a party
In these expressions:
We make interrogative and negative sentences with the auxiliary verb do/does.
e.g. Does she have a good memory?
She doesnt have a good memory.
Got is not used.
e.g. I have breakfast at 8 oclock. (NOT* I have got breakfast)
Contractions are not used.
e.g. I have a bath every day. (NOT* Ive a bath every day).
62

8. Complete the following sentences with the verb have got.
a) I cant make a phone call. I _____________any money.
b) Excuse me, ______________a ballpen?
c) I couldnt read the notice. I _____________my glasses.
d) Why are you holding your face like that? I _____________a toothache.
e) I cant climb up onto the roof. I ____________a ladder.
f) When you did the exam, ____________time to answer all the questions?
g) We couldnt visit the museum. We _______________enough time.
h) _____________a bicycle when you were a child?.
i) He couldnt find his way to our house. He ___________a map.
9. Complete with have (got). Some of the sentences are present and some are past.
e.g. Excuse me, have you got a light, please?
a) A: It started to rain when I was walking home.
B: Did it?, ______________an umbrella?
b) ___________a beard before you joined the army?
c) I cant get into the house. I ___________my keys.
d) She cant pay her bills. She ____________ any money.
e) ___________ a lot of friends when you lived in London?.
f) I __________breakfast at 8 oclock.
10. Complete the sentences with the verb to be or the verb have (got).
a) Rafael ___________long hair.
b) Danny and Luis ____________(not) problems with grammar.
c) John ___________14 years old.
d) Mario ___________two sisters.
e) Julian ____________(not) a brother.
f) Susan ____________short and thin.
g) Alicia____________(not) a large house.
h) They ____________very confident.
11. Complete the sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form when
necessary.
HAVE A BABY
HAVE A GOOD FLY
HAVE A SHOWER
HAVE A BREAK
HAVE A LOOK
HAVE A NICE TIME
HAVE A CHAT
HAVE LUCH
HAVE DIFFICULTY
HAVE A PARTY
1. I dont eat much during the day. I never .......................................

2. David starts work at 8 oclock...............at 10.30.
3. We...............................last week. It was great- we invited lots of
people.
4. Excuse me, can I............at your newspaper, please?
5. Jim is away on holiday at the moment. I hope he...............
6. I met Ann in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and
............................
7. A: ...............finfing the book you wanted?
B: No, I found it OK
8. Suzanne............a few weeks ago. Its her second child.
9. A: Why didnt you answer the phone?
B: I....................................................
10. You meet your family Sally at the airport. She has just
arrived. You say: Hi Sally. How are you?..........................
63
The definite article THE

We use THE
a) before plural and singular nouns when it is clear in the situation which thing or
person we are referring:
eg. I saw a dog. The dog was barking. (The dog that I saw)
Can you turn the light off, please? (The light in the room)
b) when we are thinking of a particular thing:
eg. I cleaned the car yesterday. (my car)
Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. (a particular chair)
c) with some general expressions:
eg. listen to the radio, listen to the news *BUT listen to music
watch the news *BUT watch television
play the piano/the guitar, etc
go to the doctor/ to the dentist, etc
go to the theatre/the cinema/the disco/the zoo, etc.
d) with the words school, prison, hospital, church, etc. when we are not thinking of
the general idea of these places and what they are used for:
eg. Nora had an accident and I went to the hospital to visit her
Her parents went to the school for a meeting
e) with the name of a public office
eg. the Queen, the King of Spain
PAY ATTENTION!
Use of THE with names of places:
Countries with the words Kingdom, States. Republic: The United Kingdom, The Dominican Republic, The
United States
Plural countries: The Netherlands
Oceans, seas, rivers: the Pacific, the Mediterranean, the Nile
Mountain ranges: the Alps, the Andes
Hotels, theatres: the Ritz, the Playhouse
Groups of islands: the Balearic Islands, the Canaries
We dont use THE
a) before plural and uncountable nouns when we are talking about things or people in
general:
eg. Cars are very dangerous.
Water is healthy.
b) with some time expressions such as:
eg.
weekdays: on Monday(s)
specific days: on Christmas Day
clock time: at seven oclock
holiday periods: at Christmas
months: in April
c) with some expressions:

eg. go on foot/by bus/by car, etc.
On television
Play football, basketball, etc.
64

d) with the names of meals:
eg. We had lunch at 13.00 oclock
Dinner is ready
e) with the words school, prison, hospital, church, etc. when we are thinking of the
general idea of these places and what they are used for:
eg. Nora had an accident and was taken to hospital
Children go to school to learn to read and write
f) with Mr/ Mrs/ Captain/ President/ King, etc + a name or a surname:
eg. President Kennedy, King Charles, Mr Johnson
g) with a name + a public office (in apposition)
eg. Elizabeth, Queen of England
PAY ATTENTION!
We dont use THE with:
Continents: Europe, Africa
Most countries: Italy, France
Counties, regions: Texas, Andalusia
Cities: London, Madrid
Lake and Mount + a name: Mount Everest, Lake Hudson
Mountains: Mont Blanc, Everest
Islands: Sicily
12. Put in a/an or the.
a. This morning I bought ___ newspaper and ___ a magazine. ___ newspaper is in my
bag but I dont know where I put ___ magazine.
b. There are two cars parked outside: ___ blue one and ___ grey one. ___ blue one
belongs to my neighbours; I dont know who ___ owner of ___ grey one is.
c. I saw ___ accident this morning. ___ car crashed into ___ tree. ___ driver of __ car
wasnt hurt but ___ car was badly damaged.
13. Put in a/an or the
a. This house is very nice. Has it got ___ garden?
b. I like living in this house but its a pity that ___ garden is so small
c. George has a part-time job. He works three mornings___ week.
d. What does he do? He is ___ vet.
e. What is ___ name of that man that we met yesterday?
14. Complete the sentences with the where necessary
a. ___ Queen is in __ United States.
b. I have ___ breakfast every day.
c. I am at ___ Station Hotel.
d. ___ Mont Blanc is a mountain.
e. She cannot play ___ violin
f. Do you usually watch ___ news?
g. ___ Pacific is an ocean.
h. We dont go to ___ theatre very much. In fact, in ___ town where we live there isnt
any theatre.
i. Felipe, __ Prince of Asturias, got married in May.
j. Ann is writing her name at __ top of the page.
k. ___ women live longer than ___ men
l. Look at ___ apples on that tree! They are very big.
m. Johns mother is a regular churchgoer. She goes to ___ church every day.
n. The other day the fire brigade were called to ___ prison to put out a fire.
65

15. Choose the correct form with or without the.
a. Im afraid of dogs/ the dogs (dogs is correct)
b. Can you pass salt/ the salt, please?
c. Apples/ the apples are good for you.
d. I dont drink tea/ the tea. I dont like it.
e. I like skiing/ the skiing, but Im not very good at it.
f. First World War/ The First World War lasted from 1914 until 1918.
g. Most people/ The most people believe that marriage / the marriage and family life/
the family life are the basis of society/ the society.
h. Who are people/ the people in this photograph?
Making questions: wh- words

The words what, who, where, when, why, how are used in questions to show what kind of information is
wanted.
This is the structure used for the Present Simple:
WH +Auxuliary (do /does) + SUJECT+ MAIN VERB+(COMPLEMENTS)?
What do you do?
How does she go to school?
When do the lessons start?
Where do your parents live?
The structure used for Present Continuous is the following:
WH + To Be + SUBJECT + Verb in ING form+(COMPLEMENTS)?
Why is John learning English?
What are you doing?
Who is Lisa talking to?
WHO and WHAT can be the subject of the interrogative sentence, in this case the word order is the same as
in affirmative sentences and we put the verb in 3rd person singular:
e.g. Who is coming?
What is happening?
English does not have a single question word for every situation. In order to find out some kinds of
information, we need to use expressions of two or more words.
e.g. How often do you drink coffee?
(At ) What time do you have lunch?
How far is the bus station?
Which shirt do you prefer: the blue or the white one?
How old is your father?
16. Quiz champion Claude Jennings is answering questions . Put in these words and phrases: how far,
how long, how often, how many, what, what colour, what kind, when, where and who.
Quiz-master: Claude:
a) is the Greek flag? Blue and white
b) . Is Melbourne? It is in Australia
c) .. centimetres are there in a kilometre? A hundred thousand
d) .did the Second World War end? In 1945
e) . Did Romeo love? Juliet
f) is Sirius? Its a start
g) is it from Los Angeles to San Francisco? About 400 miles
h) are the Olympic Games held? Every four years
i) of food is Cheddar? Its cheese
j) .. is a game of rugby? Eighty minutes
66
Colours
White
brown
black
grey
blue
pink
green
orange
yellow
purple
red
light/dark
Useful expressions:
What colour (hair) has she/he got? / in colour
What is your favourite colour? / a brightly-coloured (shirt)
What colour (shirt) do you like? / a light red (suit)
In full colour / a dark green (anorak)
17. Write the colours of the smilies:
67
Clothes
Anorak
Coat
Jacket
Sweater /
sweatshirt
Shirt
Blouse
Trousers
Jeans
Shorts
Dress
Tights
Socks
Shoes
Trainers
Tracksuit
t-shirt
Skirt
Suit / outfit
Useful expressions: What size are you?/ What size (shirt) do you take?
* It fits you/ It doesnt fit you
* It suits you/ It doesnt suit you
* A small/medium/large size
* A striped (shirt)/ a check (skirt)
18. Now, complete the gap with the appropriate word.
___________
____________
____________
____________
_____________
____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
______________________________________________________
68
The body
19. Look at the picture and link the following words to each body-part:
head, shoulder, arm, foot, ear, leg,
hand, neck, mouth, waist, nose, eye,
chest, knee, forehead
20. Complete the sentences with the

following expressions:
cheeky
tight-fisted
by ear
heartless
to put ones foot in it
a pain in the neck

hair-raising
an eyesore
tongue-twister
a) ___________ is something (often a building)

which is ugly to look at.
b) __________ means to say the wrong thing or
to make a mistake.
c) Someone who is __________ is a very
irritating, tiresome person.
d) If you are _________ , it means you are cruel.
e) A __________ person is someone who is rude
or impolite.
f) If something is __________ then it is
frightening.
g) A __________ is a long word or phrase which
is very difficult to say quickly or correctly.
h) A __________ person is someone who is very
mean.
i) A person learns something ________ when
s/he learns it only by listening.
69
70
5. AT THE CUSTOMS
71
MERGING INS AND CUSTOMS WONT SOLVE

PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
The honourable Byron Dorgan, US Senator from North Dakota,
has ordered Bush to fight against terrorism. He thinks that the
presidents recommendations dealing with homeland security are
thoughtful and good.
There is one recommendation, advanced by Tom Ridge,
Homeland Security Director, and others, which Byron Dorgan will
not support. That recommendation involves merging the
Immigration Service with the Customs Service in order to prevent
terrorist attacks against the U.S . In fact in a speech Senator Dorgan
delivered on the floor of the Senate he insisted the idea of merging
both agencies is one that I just cannot support.
Byron Dorgan thinks that it would be inappropriate because the government would not solve the problems
of any agency by simply creating large bureaucracies. We had an embarrassing circumstance a couple of weeks
ago in which the Immigration Service issued visas to Mohammed Atta and one of the other terrorists who flew the
airplanes into the World Trade Center murdered thousands of people. We need to solve those problems at the
Immigration Service not at the Customs. He says that Mr Ziglar, who runs the Immigration Service, has inherited an
agency with a lot of problems, an agency that could not track anything on its computers and could not track down
anyone who overstayed a visa. He also says that the Customs Service runs pretty well and that it has some
problems but that it is an entirely different agency, which deals with the facilitation of trade and the prohibition of
illegal goods from coming into the country but not with the problems of the INS.
COMPREHENSION
1. What is the function of the Customs Service?
2. Why does not Byron Dorgan support the idea of merging the INS and the Customs Service?
VOCABULARY
1. Match the three following verbs with their definitions.
1. support
2. track down
3. overstay
a. To find sb. / sth. by searching

b. To stay longer than the arranged or expected
period of time
c. To help or encourage sb./sth. by saying or
showing that you agree with them/it
72
CUSTOMS
Useful expressions:
By the customs official:
- Your passport, please?
- How long do you intend to stay in Spain?
- Do you have anything to declare?
- Do you have cigarettes, wine, brandy?
By the tourist:
- Must I have a visa?
- Must I have a permit to stay?
- How much duty must I pay?
Exercises:
1. Put the sentences of the following dialogue in order.
Tourist: I intend to stay about three weeks. Im here as a tourist.
Customs official: Thank you, enjoy your stay!
Customs official: You have to pay 4.
Tourist: No, I dont.
Tourist: Yes, I would like to declare my camera.
Customs official: Could you show me your passport, please?
Tourist: Ok, here is the money.
Customs official: How long do you intend to stay in Italy?
Customs official: Do you have cigarettes, brandy, or wine?
Tourist: Yes, here you are.
Tourist: How much duty must I pay?
Customs official: Do you have anything to declare?
2. In pairs make a role-play with it.
73
Countable and uncountable nouns

A noun can be countable or uncountable.
Countable nouns refer to things you can count and they can be singular or plural.
e.g: one apple, two apples, three apples.
Uncountable nouns refer to things you cant count. They have no plural form and they take a singular verb.
We do not use them with numbers.
e.g: butter, sugar, water (not two butters, three sugars, four waters).
Kinds of food and drink (bread, cheese, coffee, milk, meat, fish), materials (wood, sand, cotton, iron)
and abstract nouns (peace, luck, beauty) are uncountable nouns.
Some more examples of uncountable nouns are: advice, furniture, information, knowledge, money,
music, news, permission, progress, rubbish, traffic, weather, work, etc.
Some nouns can be countable or uncountable but the meaning is different:: coffee, tea, orange juice,
ice-cream.
e.g: I want some coffee and some tea.
Two coffees and an ice-cream, please. (In a caf)
To express quantity we can make uncountable nouns countable by using expressions such as:
a bar of
a cup of
a bottle of
a glass of
a carton of
a jar of
a packet of
a loaf of
a tin of
a piece of
a can of
a sheet of
a bowl of
a kilo of
a litre of
a bit of
a slice of
an item of
a pound of
a lump of
e.g: a bar of chocolate / a litre of orange juice / a piece of advice / an item of furniture
3. Are the following nouns countable or uncountable?
information
apple
egg
money
milk
bread
sweet
book
orange
meat
peach
glass
bottle
fish
jam
cheese
chocolate
onion
furniture
flower
4. Join the expressions on the left with the most suitable noun on the right.
a. a bar of
b. a carton of
c. a cup of
d. a glass of
e. a loaf of
f. a piece of
g. a sheet of
h. a lump of
i. a can of
j. a kilo of
1. Coke
2. chocolate
3. paper
4. sugar
5. tea
6. water
7. advice
8. fruit
9. milk
10. bread
74
A / An, Some and Any

Use a/an with singular countable nouns.
e.g: I have a car.
Would you like an apple?
Use some with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences.
e.g: I want some apples.
I want some money.
Use any with plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns in negative and interrogative sentences.
e.g: I dont want any apples. / I dont want any money.
Do you want any apples? / Do you want any money?
We can also use some in interrogative sentences to ask for and offering things. The answer is affirmative.
e.g: Would you like some biscuits? Yes, please.
Can you lend me some money? Yes, of course.
COUNTABLE
Affirmative sentences
We need
Negative sentences
We dont need
Interrogative
sentences
Do we need
UNCOUNTABLE
an apple.
some apples.
some butter.
some milk.
a tomato.
any tomatoes.
a tomato?
any tomatoes?
any rice.
any sugar.
any rice?
any sugar?
5. Fill in the blanks with a/an or some:

_____egg
_____apple
_____bread
_____butter
_____peach
_____tomato
_____cheese
_____bananas _____meat
_____sweets
_____milk
_____orange
_____potatoes
_____orange juice _____water
6. Complete the following sentences with a/an, some or any:

a. We didnt buy ______ flowers.
b. I didnt have ______ money, so I had to borrow ______.
c. Can you give me ______ information about places of interest in the city? Yes, of
course
d. Would you like _____ tea? No, thank you. I dont feel like.
e. I can pay. Ive got ____ money.
f. I havent got ______ bananas.
g. Shes reading _____ interesting book.
h. Ive got _____ sandwich for lunch.
i. Have you got ______ apples?
j. I dont want _____ coffee.
k. I havent got _______ American accent.
l. She wants ______ food.
75

7. Translate into English.
a. No bebo caf. _________________________________________________________
b. Queremos dos cafs con leche. ___________________________________________
c. Necesito una hoja de papel para escribir tu direccin. _________________________
d. Ellos quieren comida y bebida. ___________________________________________
e. Tienes algo de dinero? _________________________________________________
f. Yo quiero una rebanada de pan. ___________________________________________
g. Ben est escribiendo una carta. ___________________________________________
h. Nuestros amigos no quieren un vaso de agua. ________________________________
8. Make a sentence using the following words:
SOME ________________________________________________________________
A ____________________________________________________________________
ANY _________________________________________________________________
AN ___________________________________________________________________
How much, How many and quantifiers

Here we have two EXPRESSIONS TO ASK ABOUT QUANTITY:
Use How much ? with uncountable nouns.
e.g: How much sugar do we need?
Use How many ? with plural countable nouns.
e.g: How many books have you got?
To express quantity we can use the following QUANTIFIERS:
Use a lot of with countable and uncountable nouns for a big quantity in affirmative sentences.
e.g: - I have a lot of friends. / - I drink a lot of water.
Use many with plural countable nouns in negative or interrogative sentences. Use not many for a small
quantity.
e.g: - I dont have many friends. / - Do you have many friends? Not many.
Use much with uncountable nouns in negative and interrogative sentences. Use not much for a small
quantity.
e.g: - I dont have much money. / - Do you have much money? Not much.
Use (a) few with plural countable nouns in affirmative and interrogative sentences.
e.g: - I have few books. / - Do you have few books? It sounds negative, not enough.
- I have a few books. /- Do you have a few books? It sounds positive, some but not much.
Use (a) little with uncountable nouns in affirmative and interrogative sentences.
e.g.: - I have little money. / - Do you have little money? It sounds negative, not enough.
- I have a little money. /- Do you have a little money? It sounds positive, some but not much.
76

Observe the differences among few/little, a few/a little:
- I wrote few letters last night. Today I must continue.
- I wrote a few letters last night. Today I can rest.
- Ive got little money. I cannot buy a car.
- Ive got a little money, so Im going to buy a car.
COUNTABLE (plural)
- How many sweets do you eat?
UNCOUNTABLE (sing.)
- How much water do you drink?
FULL ANSWERS
- I eat a lot of sweets.
- I dont eat many sweets.
- I eat few sweets.
- I eat a few sweets.
FULL ANSWERS
- I drink a lot of water.
- I dont drink much water.
- I drink little water.
- I drink a little water.
SHORT ANSWERS
- A lot.
- Not many.
- Few.
- A few.
SHORT ANSWERS
- A lot.
- Not much.
- Little.
- A little.
9. Complete the following questions with how many or how much:

a. _______________ people are you seeing in the street?
b. _______________ milk does she drink?
c. _______________ coffee do you usually drink?
d. _______________ eggs are the boys buying?
e. _______________ cents do you want?
f. _______________ money do you have with you?
g. _______________ free time do you have during the week?
h. _______________ tea do you want?
i. _______________ players are there in a football team?
j. _______________ letters is your uncle writing?
k. _______________ food are you buying?
l. _______________ mistakes does she usually make in her exams?
10. Put in a lot of , a lot, many or much.
a. Do you drink ____________ tea?
b. I like reading. Ive got ____________ books.
c. There isnt ____________ milk in the fridge.
d. It costs ____________ money to travel around the world.
e. Hurry up! I havent got ____________ time.
f. They dont ask me ___________ questions.
g. There is ____________ food at the party.
h. George doesnt know ____________ about economics.
i. I dont eat ____________ apples.
j. I eat ____________ fruit.
k. We dont buy ____________ vegetables.
l. How ____________ water do you drink? ____________.
11. Complete the following sentences with many or much:
a. How ____________ birds are there on the roof?
b. How ____________ butter do you want?
c. How ____________ sugar is there in the cup?
d. There isnt __________ milk in the fridge.
e. How ____________ hats are there in that room?
f. There arent ____________ students in the class.
g. How ____________ does this thing cost?
h. There isnt ____________ salt in the kitchen.
i. How ____________ water is there in that glass?
j. There arent ____________ plants in the garden.
77

12. Put in many, much, few or little.
a. He isnt very popular. He has ____________ friends.
b. Ann is very busy these days. She has ____________ free time.
c. Do you take ___________ photographs when you go on holidays?
d. Im not very busy today. I havent got ____________ to do.
e. The museum is very crowded. There are too ____________ people.
f. Most of the town is modern. There are ____________ old buildings.
g. The weather is very dry. We have ____________ rain.
13. Write little, a little, few or a few.
a. Hurry! I have got ____________ time.
b. Unfortunately he has got ____________ friends.
c. She has got ____________ patience with children.
d. I have got ____________ friends and we meet quite often.
e. I cant decide now. I need ____________ time to think about it.
f. When did you see Sarah? ____________ days ago.
g. There are ____________ people in the cinema. It is almost empty.
h. They are not rich, but they have got ___________ money, enough to live.
i. He is very lazy. He does ____________ work.
j. We cannot make omelettes for lunch. We have ____________ eggs.
k. Could you possibly give me ___________ help?
l. I only need __________ minutes to get ready.
Too and Enough

TOO is an adverb. It modifies adjectives and adverbs.
TOO + adjective / adverb
e.g: - He is too old to work / - We arrived too late to have dinner.
Too may accompany much and many. Too many is used with plural countable nouns and too much
is used with singular uncountable nouns.
e.g: - There are too many books on the shelf.
- There is too much salt in the soup.
Too many and too much can also be used as pronouns.
e.g: - Dont buy more oranges. There are too many.
- I think she studies too much.
ENOUGH can be found in two different positions:
Enough, as an adverb, can modify an adjective or an adverb. It normally comes after the adjective or
the adverb.
adjective / adverb + ENOUGH
e.g: - He isnt tall enough to reach the shelf.
- You are not driving fast enough.
Enough can be also used before a noun as a determiner.
ENOUGH + noun
e.g: - Is there enough sugar in your coffee?
- There arent enough children in the classroom.
Enough can be used alone without a noun, if the meaning is clear.
e.g: Thats enough, thank you.
78

TOO and ENOUGH can be used to express the same things using opposite or different adjectives and
adverbs. Note that they can be paraphrases of each other.
TOO + adjective + to + verb it is used to show that something is excessive (too much).
Not + adjective + ENOUGH + to + verb it is used to show that something is
insufficient.
e.g: - Its too high (for me) to reach. / - Its not low enough for me to reach.
- Its too cold to go for a picnic. / - Its not warm enough to go for a picnic.
14. Complete these sentences using enough and the words in the box:
NOUNS
ADJECTIVES
cups
big
milk
old
money
warm
qualifications
good
sweets
time
a. She shouldnt get married yet. Shes not old enough.

b. Id like to buy a car but I havent got _______________.
c. Have you got _______________ in your tea or would you like some more?
d. Are you _______________? Or shall I switch on the heating?
e. I dont have _______________ for fifty children.
f. Steve didnt feel _______________ to work this morning.
g. I didnt answer all the questions in the exam. I didnt have _______________.
h. Do you think Ive got _______________ to apply for the job?
i. Try this jacket on and see if its _______________ for you.
j. There arent _______________ for everybody to have coffee at the same time.
15. Complete the sentences with enough and the words in brackets.
a. We havent got enough money to buy a car. (money/buy)
b. This knife isnt ____________________ tomatoes. (sharp/cut)
c. The water isnt ____________________ a bath. (warm/have)
d. Have we got ____________________ sandwiches? (bread/make)
e. We are playing well but not ____________________ the game. (well/win)
f. I dont have ____________________ newspapers. (time/read)
g. You dont eat ____________________ healthy. You should eat more. (fruit/be)
h. Im not ____________________ to bed. (tired/go)
i. Is there ____________________? (sugar/have)
j. Do you have ____________________ the questions in the exam? (time/answer)
16. Complete the sentences with too and the words in brackets.
a. Its too cold to go out. (cold/go)
b. Its ____________________ to bed. (early/go)
c. Theyre ____________________ married. (young/get)
d. Its ____________________ out at night. (dangerous/go)
e. Its ____________________Ann now. (late/phone)
f. I am ____________________ something. (surprised/say)
g. Theyre ____________________ football. (old/play)
h. Shes ____________________. (tired/work)
i. Its ____________________ outside. (cold/sit)
j. My friends arrived ____________________ lunch. (late/have)
17. Paraphrase the following sentences using the words in brackets and too or enough. Make any
changes necessary.
a. The water is too swallow to swim in. (deep) The water isnt deep enough to swim in.
b. Im not tall enough to paint the ceiling. (short) ______________________________.
c. The bridge is too narrow for trucks to pass. (wide) ___________________________.
d. David isnt old enough to get a driving licence. (young) _______________________.
e. Its too dark to see anything. (light) _______________________________________.
79

f. This sofa isnt wide enough to sit on. (narrow) _______________________________.
g. This coffee is too hot to drink. (cold) ______________________________________.
h. The piano is too heavy to move. (light) ____________________________________.
i. The situation isnt easy enough to explain. (complicated) ______________________.
j. The wall is too high to climb over. (low) ___________________________________.
Other(s) / Another
When other is used as an adjective, it is used before singular or plural nouns.
e.g: - Where is the other blue tube of sun cream?
- Where are the other photos?
- I want the other ice-cream.
- There are many other beaches in Spain.
When other(s) is used as a pronoun, i.e, alone, without a noun, it can be used in the singular and the
plural to refer to singular and plural nouns.
e.g: - Here is one of my gloves. Where is the other? (the other glove)
- Some pupils travel by bus, others by train. (other pupils)
- Ive got some photos. Where are the others? (the other photos)
- These cups are too small. Have you got any others? (any other cups)
Another is used as an adjective before singular count nouns. It means one more.
e.g: - Can I have another cup of tea?
- I want another ice-cream.
- She doesnt want another apple.
We can use another + few + noun or another + a number + noun.
e.g: - Wait another few days. / - Wait another three days.
18. Write another, other or others.
a. May I have __________ piece of cake?
b. Ive got __________ things to do.
c. Mary has got __________ three books to read.
d. __________ four years passed.
e. Lets wait __________ few minutes.
f. Can you show me some __________ shoes?
g. I can see Peter and Jane at their desks, but where are the __________?
h. I want __________ potato. I dont like this one.
i. The police arrested John, Fred and two __________.
j. This doesnt suit me. Have you got any __________ colour?
k. I want __________ ice-cream. That one isnt enough.
l. Mother has already read this book. Do you have any __________.
m. We have given him __________ chance to prove himself.
n. Dad has used up all these envelopes. Where are the __________?
o. This road is blocked. Lets take the __________ one.
80
There be: present simple

We use this derivated form of to be to say that something exists or doesnt exist. In this case we do not
distinguish particular persons but just number, i.e., singular or plural.
AFFIRMATIVE
SINGULAR
There is a piano.
PLURAL
There are some

pianos.
NEGATIVE
There isnt a
piano.
There arent any
pianos.
INTERROGATIVE
Is there a piano?
Are there any pianos?
SHORT ANSWERS
- Yes, there is.
- No, there isnt.
- Yes, there are.
- No, there arent.
We often use there is/are with a/an, some and any.

Examples:
- There is a book on the table.
- There are two students in the classroom.
- There are some students in the classroom.
- There isnt a car in the street.
- There arent any students in the classroom.
- Is there a car in the street? Yes, there is. / - No, there isnt.
- Is there any student in the classroom? Yes, there is. / - No, there isnt.
- Are there any books on the table? - Yes, there are. / - No, there arent.
- Are there three books on the table? Yes, there are. / - No, there arent.
19. Complete the sentences with the correct
form of there be in the present simple tense.
a. ____________ a sofa in the living-room.
b. ____________ four cups in the cupboard.
c. ____________ any children at the school?
d. ____________ three policemen at the door.
e. ____________ a book under the table.
f. ____________ some pictures on the wall.
g. ____________ any desks in the study.
h. ____________ ten trees in the garden.
i. ____________ a book on the table? Yes,
__________.
j. _____________ some restaurants in this village.
20. Complete the following sentences.

a. I am hungry but ____________ anything to eat.
b. ____________ any letters for me?
c. ____________ a football match on TV.
d. ____________ a swimming pool in the hotel.
e. The wallet is empty, ____________ any money in it.
f. ____________ many people at the meeting? No,
there arent.
g. We are not in the museum, ____________ enough
tickets.
h. Im sorry Im late, ____________ a lot of traffic.
i. ____________ a lot of noise in this room.
j. ____________ any fruit in the fridge.
21. Write affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences with there is/are and some, any or a/an.
a. (+) chairs / in the garden ________________________________________________.
b. (+) table / in the kitchen ________________________________________________.
c. (?) fireplace / in the living-room __________________________________________.
d. (-) plants / in the garden ________________________________________________.
e. (?) cupboards / in the kitchen ____________________________________________.
f. (-) shower / in the bathroom _____________________________________________.
g. (+) shelves / in the room ________________________________________________.
h. (?) apple / in the fridge _________________________________________________.
i. (-) people / in the street _________________________________________________.
22. Translate the following sentences.
a. No hay ordenadores en la clase. __________________________________________.
b. Hay 4.500 guardias en la Academia. ______________________________________.
c. Hay algn libro en la estantera? _________________________________________.
d. No hay tomates en la bolsa. _____________________________________________.
e. Hay un gato en el tejado. _______________________________________________.
81
FOOD AND DRINKS
FOOD IN BRITAIN
23. Match the paragraphs (A-D) to the photos.
82
24. Match the words and pictures.
83
AT A RESTAURANT
MENU
STARTERS
Soup of the day
Home-made soup made from fresh vegetables
Mushrooms surprise
Deep-fried stuffed mushrooms with a special sauce
Prosciutto
Smoked ham with melon and bacon
Creole Salad
Fresh spinach, avocado and bacon
Prawn Cocktail
Fresh prawns served on lettuce with a tasty sauce
MAIN COURSES
Veal Milanese
Breadcrumbed escalope of
veal with a rich tomato sauce
New York Steak
Charcoal-grilled T-bone
steak
Ragout Of Lamb
Hearty stew of lamb
with tomatoes and
mushrooms cooked in wine
and herbs
Trout Meuniere
Fresh river trout fried
in butter with almonds,
lemon and parsley
1.20
1.60
2.80
1.70
1.50
DESSERTS
Lemon cheesecake
Fresh fruit salad with
cream or ice-cream
1.60
Assorted ice-creams and
sorbets strawberry,
chocolate, vanilla
Apple pie served hot
or cold with cream
1.35
4.90
7.00
1.60
1.20
SIDE ORDERS
4.50
Garlic bread
Mixed salad
1.30
Potato in the jacket
1.00
Fresh vegetables
of the day beans, spinach,
broccoli, courgettes, carrot
1.00
4.75
1.00
DRINKS
WINES,LIQUEURS,COFFEE
House wine-red or white
Lager
litre
litre
glass
pint
pint
Gin, whisky, vodka, rum

Sherries and vermouth
Coca-cola, tonic water, fruit juices
Mineral water
Coffee
5.00
2.75
1.00
50 p
80 p
1.00
1.20
50 p
40 p
50 p
84

USEFUL WORDS
NOUNS
waiter/waitress
sir/madam
menu
table
chair
bill
ADJECTIVES
delicious
excellent
very good
horrible
disgusting
(un)healthy
fattening
cheap
expensive
VERBS
order
have
eat
drink
UTENSILS
spoon
knife
fork
teaspoon
plate/dish
cup
glass
(paper) napkins
napkin-ring
SEASONING
oil and vinegar
salt and pepper
mayonnaise
sugar
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
By the customer
By the waiter / waitress
Wed like a table for (two), please.
Would you like to order?
Can we have the table over there?
Are you ready to order?
Can we order, please?
What would you like to order?
Can we have the menu, please?
Anything else?
Can we have (soup), please?
Why dont you try (the soup)?
I would like (a salad), please
Yes, madam / sir.
Can I have the bill, please?
Here you are, madam / sir.
25. Read the menu.

A) Choose a starter for someone who
loves mushrooms ________________________________________________________
doesnt have much money _________________________________________________
loves avocados __________________________________________________________
B) Choose a main course for someone who
doesnt like fried food ____________________________________________________
loves fish ______________________________________________________________
C) Choose a dessert for someone who
wants something hot _____________________________________________________
loves chocolate _________________________________________________________
D) Choose a complete meal for
someone who loves meat and has a very big appetite ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
a vegetarian who sometimes eats fish _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
someone who is hungry but wants to spend only 12 and wants to drink something
_____________________________________________________________________
someone who wants to lose weight but wants two or three courses _________________
______________________________________________________________________
85

26. Label each picture below with its corresponding name.
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
86
6. ASKING FOR
DOCUMENTS
87
DRIVING DOCUMENTS
There are a number of documents that a police officer can
ask the driver of a motor vehicle to produce. These documents
include:
Driving licence
Large Goods Vehicle (LGV) driving licence
Passenger Carrying Vehicle (PCV) driving licence
Certificate of motor insurance
Identity card
A police officer may ask the driver of a motor vehicle to
produce these documents when:
A motor vehicle is being driven on the road, or
The officer reasonably believes that the person was the
driver of a motor vehicle involved in a road traffic collision, or
The officer reasonably believes that the person was the driver of a motor vehicle at the time of a moving
traffic offence.
If the driver cannot produce the relevant documents at the time of request (1) the police officer will issue (2)
them with a form HO/RT/1. The documents should be produced with this form at the police station nominated by the
driver.
If a HO/RT/1 is issued, the driver has seven days to produce the documents at the nominated station.
The driving licence must be produced in person. The certificate of insurance can be produced by any person. If
one of the documents you are required to produce is lost, immediately apply for a duplicate and produce the
documents that are available(3) at the nominated station.
Reported by Lancashire Constabulary Headquarters. UK.
(1) Ask for something.
(2) Supply or distribute something for their use.
(3) That can be obtained or used.
1.
Name some of the documents a police officer can ask you to produce.
2.
Find in the text a word meaning one of two or more things that are exactly alike.
3.
When may a police officer ask a driver to produce any of the documents mentioned in the text?
SOME USEFUL EXPRESSION WHEN ASKING FOR DOCUMENTS

Please, your car documents?
Please, give me your passport / your identity card / your driving license.
Plate number?
Could you show me your insurance policy?
This policy has expired.
Please, sign here.
88
The verb To Be: past simple
Affirmative
Negative
was
wasn't
Interrogative
was
I?
You
were
You
weren't
were
You?
Yes, you were / No, you weren't
She
He
It
was
was
was
She
He
It
wasn't
wasn't
wasn't
was
was
was
She?
He?
It?
Yes,she was / No, she wasn't

Yes,he was / No, he wasn't
Yes,it was / No, it wasn't
We
You
They
were
were
were
We
You
They
weren't
weren't
weren't
were
were
were
We?
You?
They?
Yes, we were / No, we weren't

Yes, you were / No, you weren't
Yes, they were / No, they weren't
Examples:
Short answers
Yes, I was / No, I wasn't
He wasnt at home yesterday.

They were at the party last Saturday.
Was your sister at the disco on Sunday? Yes, she was.
1.Complete the sentences with was / were / wasnt / werent.

22 years old.
a) Kate got married when She
b) I phoned you yesterday evening but you
at home. Where
you?
c) I
hungry last night , so I had something to eat.
at the party because he had to work.
d) Paul
e) Beethoven and Bach
composers but they
Spanish.
a civil guard.
f) My neighbour
g) My friend
angry because his car
in the garage.
Mary in London last year?
h)
i ) Louise and James
at the disco but Nico
.
very good. The ticket
expensive and the house
dirty.
j) The party
2. Order the questions:
a) easy / the test / was?
b) were/ you / why / in Dublin ?
c) your motorbike / was / where / last Sunday?
d ) in Barcelona/ was/ Gina / on Tuesday ?
e ) last summer / were/ you/ in Ibiza ?
3.Complete the text. Use was, wasnt , were and werent.
JOHN LENNON ( 1940-1980)
John Lennon was from Liverpool , in Britain .At school, he was interested in art and music but he
very good student.At 16, he
Four years later , John
in his first group but they
very popular.
in a new group. Their music
original and exciting , and they
number one in Britain and in America. Their name ?

The Beatles!
89
There Be: past simple
Singular
Plural
Affirmative
There was
There were
Negative
There was not/
( wasnt)
There were not
(werent)
Interrogative
Was there
Were there
Short Answers
Yes, there was
No, there wasnt
Yes, there were
No, there werent
Examples
There was a girl in the street.
There were some children in the classroom.
There wasnt a table in the room.
Were there three books on the shelf? Yes, there were.
4. Translate the following sentences
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Haba tres policias en la comisara.

No haba leche en el frigorfico.
Haba algun reloj en la cocina? Si.
Haba 250 habitacones en ese hotel.
Haba un nio en el parque? No.
5.Complete the sentences with there was / there wasnt / there were/ there werent / was there / were
there.
a) I was hungry but
anything to eat.
any letters for me yesterday ?
b)
c)
a football match on tv last night.
any clothes in it.
d) The suitcase was empty.
e) I found a wallet in the street but
any money in it.
many people at the meeting? ' No, very few. '
g)
h)We didnt visit the museum.
enough time.
i) Im sorry Im late.
a lot of traffic.
j) The radio wasnt working because
any batteries in it.
90
The Past Simple Tense

USES
FORM
A completed action in the past

A series of completed
actions in the past
She flew to Boston last week

We went to the beach and
then we visited the city
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Yesterday, last week, two
days ago, in 1999, on
September 15
When, then
EXAMPLES
Affirmative
I, You studied
He, She, It studied
We, You, They studied
Negative
I, You didnt study
He, She, It didnt study
We, You, They didnt study
Notes to take into account:

- for regular verbs we add ed
- The spelling sometimes changes:
love > loved
stay > stayed
study > studied
- Irregular verbs have special forms.
Interrogative
Did I, You study?
Did he, she, it study?
Did we, you, they study?
stop > stopped
IRREGULAR VERBS
1. Verbs that have the same form in the infinitive, past simple and past participle.
Infinitive
Cut
Hit
Hurt
Let
Put
Read
Past Simple
Cut
Hit
Hurt
Let
Put
Read
Past Participle
Cut
Hit
Hurt
Let
Put
Read
Translation
Cortar
Pegar, golpear
Herir, hacer dao
Dejar, permitir
Poner
Leer
2. Verbs that have the same form in the infinitive and the past participle.
Infinitive
Become
Past Simple
Became
Past Participle
Become
Come
Run
Came
Ran
Come
Run
Translation
Llegar a ser,
convertirse en
Venir
Correr
91

3. Verbs that have three different forms.
Infinitive
Be
Begin
Break
Choose
Do
Drink
Drive
Eat
Fall
Fly
Forget
Forgive
Give
Go
Grow
Know
Ride
Ring
See
Show
Speak
Steal
Swim
Take
Wear
Write
Past Simple
Was/ Were
Began
Broke
Chose
Did
Drank
Drove
Ate
Fell
Flew
Forgot
Forgave
Gave
Went
Grew
Knew
Rode
Rang
Saw
Showed
Spoke
Stole
Swam
Took
Wore
Wrote
Past Participle
Been
Begun
Broken
Chosen
Done
Drunk
Driven
Eaten
Fallen
Flown
Forgotten
Forgiven
Given
Gone
Grown
Known
Riden
Rung
Seen
Showed/ shown
Spoken
Stolen
Swum
Taken
Worn
Written
Translation
Ser, estar
Empezar
Romper
Elegir, escoger
Hacer
Beber
Conducir
Comer
Caer
Volar
Olvidar
Perdonar
Dar
Ir
Crecer, cultivar
Saber, conocer
Montar
Llamar, sonar
Ver
Mostrar
Hablar
Robar
Nadar
Coger,llevar
Llevar puesto
Escribir
92

4. Verbs with the same form in the past simple and
the past participle.
Infinitive
Bring
Burn
Buy
Catch
Feel
Fight
Find
Get
Have
Hear
Hold
Keep
Learn
Leave
Lose
Make
Mean
Past Simple
Brought
Burnt
Bought
Cought
Felt
Fought
Found
Got
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Learnt
Left
Lost
Made
Meant
Past Participle
Brought
Burnt
Bought
Cought
Felt
Fought
Found
Got
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Learnt
Left
Lost
Made
Meant
Meet
Pay
Say
Sell
Send
Shoot
Sleep
Smell
Spend
Met
Paid
Said
Sold
Sent
Shot
Slept
Smelt
Spent
Met
Paid
Said
Sold
Sent
Shot
Slept
Smelt
Spent
Teach
Tell
Think
Understand
Taught
Told
Thought
Understood
Taught
Told
Thought
Understood
Win
Won
Won
Translation
Traer
Quemar
Comprar
Coger
Sentir
Luchar
Encontrar
Conseguir, obtener
Tener
Or
Sostener, poseer
Guardar, conservar
Aprender
Dejar, abandonar
Perder
Hacer, fabricar
Significar, querer
decir
Conocer, reunirse
Pagar
Decir
Vender
Enviar
Disparar
Dormir
Oler
Gastar, pasar el
tiempo
Ensear
Decir, contar
Pensar, opinar
Entender,
comprender
Ganar
6. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the past simple.
1. Yesterday my father (go) to work by car.
2. This morning I (have) a shower.
3. My sister (not clean) her room on Saturday.
4. The birds (fly) over our heads.
5. Last week my family (not buy) a new table for the dining room.
6. The other day, I (lose) my math's book.
7. I (tell) my mother a lie.
93
The weather
What is the weather
weather like? The weather is.... / It is.....
cloudy (cloud)
icy (ice)
foggy (fog)
windy (wind)
sunny(sun)
warm/cool/cold/hot
stormy (storm)
rainy(rain)
dry/wet
snowy (snow)
Weather
Forecast
The south of England and part of Wales will be cloudy on Saturday with rain around
London
on Sunday. The South-West will be sunny and dry with temperature of about 14C. In Northern England
it will be cold (about 7C) but dry. On Sunday morning there will be some fog in the Manchester area.
It will rain in Scotland and they will have strong winds in the West and some snow in the North.
Temperatures will be low, about 9C in the South and 4C in the North.
7. What will the weather be like in these towns during the weekend?
London:
Manchester:
94
7. MEANS OF
TRANSPORT
95
Helicopters
Helicopters are the most versatile flying machines that exist today. This versatility gives the pilot complete
access to three-dimensional space in a way that airplanes cannot. The amazing flexibility of helicopters
means that they can fly almost anywhere. However, it also means that flying these machines is difficult. The
pilot has to think in three dimensions and must use both arms and both legs constantly to keep a helicopter
in the air. Piloting a helicopter requires a great deal of training and skill, as well as continuous attention to the
machine.
To understand why helicopters are so difficult to fly it is helpful to compare the abilities of helicopters with
those of trains, cars and planes.
Trains are fairly simple to drive because there are only two directions that trains can travel in forward
and reverse. There is a brake to stop the trains travel in either direction, but there isnt any steering
mechanism of any kind on a train. The tracks take the train where it needs to go. One can drive a train with
one hand.
Cars, of course, can go forward and backward like trains but also turn left or right. Cars use a steering wheel
that the driver can turn clockwise or counterclockwise to handle the steering. You can drive a car with one
hand and one foot.
Planes are a lot more complicated to fly than cars to drive. Planes can move forward, turn left or right
and go up and down. However they lose the ability to reverse. To control the upward and downward motion
of the plane a joystick replaces the steering wheel. In most planes (but not all) the pilot also has access to
two pedals to control the rudder. Therefore, a pilot could fly a plane with one hand and two feet.
Helicopters can do 3 things that planes cannot:

helicopters can fly backward

the entire aircraft can rotate in the air

helicopters can hover motionless in the air
In a car or a plane, the vehicle must be moving in order to turn. In a helicopter, you can move laterally
in any direction or you can rotate 360 degrees. To control a helicopter, one hand grasps a control called the
cyclic, which controls the lateral direction of the helicopter and engine speed. The pilots feet rest on pedals
that control the tail rotor, which allows the helicopter to rotate in either direction on its axis. Therefore, both
hands and both feet are necessary to fly a helicopter.
96

Comprehension
1. Choose the correct or more complete option.
The
pilot has to use_________ to fly a helicopter.

a) one hand and both feet
b) one hand and one foot
c) two hands and two feet
Piloting a helicopter requires _______________.
a) no kind of skill
b) training
c)training, skill, and attention
cockpit
Planes can move in five directions and cars can move in ______________
a) three: forward, reverse, backward
b) four: forward, reverse, on the left, on the right
c) two: forward, backward
The element which makes the helicopter rotate is called _____________
a) the cyclic
b)The tail rotor
c) the pedal
tail rotor
Vocabulary
2. Join the following words with their definitions.
a. Tracks
a. A handle in an aircraft, or a computer, etc, used for controlling direction
b. Counter clockwise
b. Two parallel rails for trains to travel along.
c. Steering
c. In the opposite direction to the way in which the hands of a clock move round.
d. Joystick
d. Backward
e. Tail rotor
e. a part of a machine that revolves round a central
f. Reverse point
f. The mechanism used to direct or control the movement of a boat, a car, etc.
3.Find in the text:

a. a synonym for MOVEMENT
b. an antonym for MOVING
c. a synonym for GRIP
pedals
97
1. Match the words in the boxes to train, ship and plane to make wordnets.
to land
to sail
port
compartment
flight
to change
cabin
railway
TRAIN
to check in
in-flight entertainment
platform
carriage
to take off
flight attendant
seasick
ticket inspector
porter
crossing
pilot
railway
deck
harbour
cabin
SHIP
PLANE
2. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the words from exercise 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
It was a night crossing so we booked a _____. We wanted to get some sleep.

He looked worried when he saw the ____ get on the train. He hadn't bought a ticket.
We will be _____ at London Heathrow shorlty. Please extinguish all cigarrettes.
My grandfather had a small boat and we used to love going ____together.
Cartagena is one of the few natural ____on the south-east coast of Spain.
There is no direct train from Barcelona to Mlaga. You have to ____at Madrid.
The weather was bad and the sea was very rough. I felt_______.
I went up to the _____ of the ship to get some fresh air.
98
Military transport
Fighter
Plane
tank
bomber
aircraft
carrier
helicopter
jeep
battle
ship
submarine
99
The past continuous

Main uses of the past continuous tense
Actions that were happening, but not completed, at a particular time in the
past.
e.g. We were playing tennis in the leisure centre this time yesterday.
Actions in their progress which are interrupted by a specific action.
e.g. I was doing my homework when the phone rang
To describe simultaneous actions in the past.
e.g. While he was shopping, I was trying to find a bank.
At 9 o'clock last
night,
This time
yesterday,
etc.
The past continuous in the time line
Auxiliary verb
BE
Affirmative
I was enjoying
You were enjoying
She/he/it was enjoying
We were enjoying
You were enjoying
They were enjoying
WAS
WERE
Negative
I wasn't enjoying
You weren't enjoying
She/he/it wasn't enjoying
We weren't enjoying
You weren't enjoying
They weren't enjoying
Interrogative
Was I enjoying?
Were you enjoying?
Was she/he/it enjoying?
Were we enjoying?
Were you enjoying?
Were they enjoying?
ADDING ING
verbs ending in e add ing. prepare-preparing

verbs ending in ie change ie into y and add ing. die-dying
verbs ending in stressed consonant + vowel + consonant syllable double the
final consonant and add ing. sit-sitting.
we do not usually use some verbs in the past continuous:

know, want, have, like, believe, love, smell, belong, etc.
100
3. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the past continuous. Use the verbs in
the box.
steal watch go read talk have
a. The woman ______________to a policeman on the phone.

b. The thief ____________that jewellery this time last Monday.
c. The security guards __________the building carefully.
d. Captain Johnson _____________ The Civil Guard: myths and realities.
e. A: Where _______you________ at about three o'clock yesterday afternoon? I saw you on your
bike.
B: To Catherine's house.
f. This time yesterday I __________ my interview. I think it went well.
4. Complete the sentences with the past continuous using your own ideas.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Tom burnt his hand while he ..

The doorbell rang while I
We saw an accident while we ..
Mary fell asleep while she
The T.V. was on but nobody
The past simple or the past continuous?
Both tenses appear in the same sentence to show that an action was in progress (past
continuous) when it was interrupted by another action (past simple).
Chronologically, the past continuous action is previous to the past simple one.
We normally use when to introduce the past simple action:
e.g. Tom was making dinner when Marlon arrived.
We normally use while to introduce the past continuous action:
e.g. Marlon arrived while Tom was making dinner.
5. Fill in the past simple or the past continuous.

a. The police _________(ask) the thief questions when he ________(begin) to cry.
b. When the ambulance _________(arrive), Monica's friends ________(stand) outside.
c. Jamie ___________(wait) for help while Jonathan _________(lie) on the ground.
d. Daniel __________(walk) on a dark street when the thief ________(steal) his wallet.
e. My classmates__________(make) noise when our teacher ________(come) in.
f. While the teacher _________(give) us our tests, the pupils __________(sit) quietly.
6. Write the questions the policeman is asking the thief.
Policeman: (1) _________________________________?
Thief: I was at home last night.
Policeman: (2) _________________________________?
Thief: I was wearing a red shirt and jeans.
Policeman: (3) _________________________________?
Thief: I was watching television.
Policeman:(4) __________________________________?
Thief: No, nobody was watching with me. I was alone.
101

Policeman: We know that you stole the wallet. We found the wallet with your fingerprints on it. (5)
______________________________?
Thief: I stole it because I needed money for drugs. I'm sorry.
7. Complete the passage with an appropriate past tense form of the verb in bracket.
A man _________1(leave) his house when he ________2(see) some workmen who _________3(put)
rubbish in the road outside his front door. He _______4(tell) them to stop but they _______5(refuse)
and ________6(show) him a piece of paper explaining that his street ________7(be) now a rubbish
dump. The man ______8(go) red with anger and ________9(run) to speak to a policeman who
__________10(walk) up the street. The policeman ______11(do) nothing to stop the workmen, and
the man ________12(be) about to cry when he _________13(realize) that the "policeman" was
actually a television presenter, and they ________14(film) him for a television programme where the
presenter plays practical jokes on people.
8. Complete using the past simple or the past continuous.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Jane .. (wait) for me when I (arrive)

What ..(you/do) this time yesterday? I was sleeping.
(you/go) out last night? No, I was too tired.
Was Carol at the party last night? Yes, she (wear) a really nice dress.
How fast . (you/drive) when the accident. (happen)
John (take) a photograph of me while I .. (not/look).
We were in a very difficult position. We . (not/know) what to do.
I havent seen Alan for ages. When I last .. (see) him, he . (try) to
find a job in London.
9. I . (walk) along the street when suddenly I . (hear) footstep
behind me. Somebody . (follow) me, I was frightened and I
.. (start) to run.
10. When I was young, I .. (want) to be a bus driver.
9. Choose the correct tense, past simple or past continuous.
a. I was playing / played the guitar when the phone rang / was ringing.
b. John was listening / listened to his CD when his dad came / was coming.
c. What were they doing / did they do at twelve o'clock last night?
d. Where was she going / did she go? She went to the police station.
e. While Tom was cooking / cooked the dinner he burnt / was burning.
f. Nora was falling / fell off the ladder while she painted / was painting.
102
Plural nouns: irregular plural

Going on with the topic of plural nouns seen in unit 1, let's mention some particular cases in terms of
number.
Irregular plurals:
Child-children
Foot-feet
Man-men
Mouse-mice
tooth-teeth
person-people
woman-women
goose-geese
Other cases:
A. Some nouns have only a plural form with s and take a plural verb:
e.g. The clothes are beautiful.
Some of these words are:
Clothes
Surroundings
Arms
Goods
Ourskirts
Thanks
Belongings
Customs
Congratulations
Earnings
Troops
Remains
Your clothes are beautiful

Goods are being stolen.
After the fire their belongings are lost.
Earnings are high this month.
The city's surroundings are dangerous.
The outskirts of Paris are rather dangerous.
Customs are a government department that collects taxes.
Troops are well organized.
Arms are ready.
Thanks are expressions of gratitude.
Your congratulations make me happy.
The remains of the castle are there.
The following nouns are plural in the same sense as the above mentioned, but we may refer to them
using the expression "a pair of...".
Scissors
Tights
Glasses
Shorts
Trousers /Jeans
Pyjamas
My trousers are dirty but This pair of trousers is dirty
B. Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.Some of these words are:
News
Politics
Economics
Gymnastics
Billiards
Measles
Darts
Rickets
Draughts
Mumps
No news is good news.

Politics is boring
Billiards is my favourite game.
Measles takes a long time to get over
103
C. Words which are singular in form but are always used in the plural:
Cattle
Police
People
Clergy
Cattle are selling for record prices this year.

Fortunately, the police arrive in time.
There are many people in the party.
The clergy are gathered in the meeting room
D. We also have cases of zero plural.

Sheep
Fish
Duck
There are many sheep in that field.

10. Write the plural.
- Brother
- match
- woman
- child
- mouse
- man
- tooth
- leaf
- baby
- story
- church
- person
- sheep
- boy
11. Put in is or are

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
. the shop open?

. the shops open?
My hands . Cold.
My nose cold.
Where . my camera?
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Where .. my glasses?
Where .. your pen?
Where . his pencils?
Your coat dirty.
Her jeans blue.
12. Some of these sentences are right and some wrong. correct the sentences that are wrong.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
She is a very nice person. Right

I need a new jeans.
There are a lot of sheep in that field.
He put on his pyjama and went to bed.
I like your trouser. Where did you get it?
There were three persons in the car, two woman and a men.
This scissor isnt very sharp.
13. Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural.

a. Gymnastics is / are my favourite sport.
b. The trousers that you bought for me doesn't fit / don't fit me.
c. The police want / wants to interview two men about the robbery.
d. Fortunately, the news wasn't /weren't as bad as we expected.
e. Many people has given up / have given up smoking.
f. Measles takes / take a long time to get over.
g. Draughts are / is an easier game than chess.
104
Society
The legal system

Accusation
Alibi
Allegation
Appeal
Bail
Barrister
Capital punishment
Case
Court
Court of appeal
Courtroom
Crown court
Defence
Evidence
Fine
Guilty
High Court
To imprison
Innocent
Judge
Lawyer
Probation
Proof
Sentence
To set free
Statement
Trial
Veredict
Victim
Witness
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
To break the law

___________________
To commit a crime
___________________
To stand trial for something
___________________
To be convicted of something
___________________
To be charged with something
___________________
To plead guilty / not guilty
___________________
To give evidence
___________________
To witness a crime
___________________
105
The government
Bill
Cabinet
Civil Service
Democracy
Election
Electoral register
Head of State
Monarchy
Opposition
Parliament
Political Party
Politician
President
Prime Minister
Treasury
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
106
8. CARS
107
CARS
Motor cars are the dream that could ultimately become the
nightmare of the 21st century. The machines that once liberated rich
people have become essential for millions. They have also sentenced the
present generation to the frustration of neverending journeys that would
shock the pioneers of Britain's biggest single industry.
Cars have allowed millions to travel enormous distances for
business and holidays cheaply and quickly. But the rapid growth in
motoring has condemned us all to neurosis, not only over the time wasted
in traffic jams, but also over pollution. That is why noise, illnesses and
destruction caused through pollution, road building, and the making of
cars have made transport a major concern for the millennium.
Britain's motor industry today employs a million people. However, the industry which has shown such brilliant
inventiveness over the century now faces its biggest challenge: to ensure a future of growth without pollution. The problem
facing Britain is that millions rely on the car because there is no viable alternative.
After 100 years, what is the future of the car? We have asked the experts, now let us know what the ordinary
motorist thinks.
1. Answer questions 1-3 according to the information given in the text. use your own words.
1) Why do a lot of people use the car nowadays?
2) In what sense does traffic affect people?
3) What are the most remarkable features of Britain's motor industry?
2. Find in the text the word which has the following definition: Situation in which
there are so many vehicles that they move very slowly or not at all.
3. Find one synonym in the text for INTERMINABLE.
4. Find one synonym in the text for FAST.
5. Give one synonym for ORDINARY.
108
PARTS OF THE CAR

THE EXTERIOR
THE INTERIOR
Bumper
Roof rack
Bonnet
Boot
Door
Exhaust-pipe
Headlight and sidelight
Number-plate
Rear window
Tail-light
Tyre
windscreen
Engine
Wing mirror
Aerial
Wiper
Wing
Dashboard
Steering wheel
Ignition switch
Seat
Seat-belt
Brake pedal
Clutch pedal
Gear lever
Handbrake
Rear-view mirror
Accelerator pedal
Speedometer
1. Choose words from the list to complete the labels for the illustration.
roof rack
windscreen
aerial
bonnet
bumper tyre
engine
headlight
boot
wiper
exhaust-pipe
wing mirror
steering wheel
2.
Complete
the
sentence
s with the
following
words or
phrases:
overtake/
mpg (mile per gallon)/
vehicle/ fuel consumption/
indicate
rear/
body/
reverse/
performance/
petrol tank/
instruments/
a) The amount of petrol a car uses is called the __________________and it is measured in _______________.The petrol
goes in the ________________.
109

b) The way a car behaves (speed, brakes, acceleration, etc) is called the cars
_________________.
c) We can talk about the back of a ____________(car, bus, lorry, etc) but more often we use the
word_________________.
d) The speedometer, fuel gauge, and so on are called______________________.
e) To __________________means to pass another vehicle going in the same direction.
f) If you have to go backwards, you________________________.
g) The outside surface of the car, made of metal or fibreblass, is called the ___________.
h) Make sure you ____________before turning left or right.
The Future
There are many ways of talking about future time. It depends on what the speaker wants
to express. We use the following forms:
Will
STRUCTURE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM:
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEIR
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
+ VERB
+ COMPLEMENTS
e.g.: Maybe I ll see him later.
NEGATIVE FORM:
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEIR
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
(WON'T)
(WON'T)
(WON'T)
(WON'T)
(WON'T)
(WON'T)
+ VERB
+ COMPLEMENTS
e.g.: I think Paul wont be here until next week.
INTERROGATIVE FORM:
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEIR
+ VERB
+ COMPLEMENTS ?
110
e.g.: Will you come to the meeting on Monday?

USES
1. It is used when we tell people about a decision as we make it ( instant decision): What would you like to drink? ---
Ill have an orange juice.
2. We often use will in these situations:
- To make an offer: That bag looks heavy .Ill help you.
- To make a threat: Ill hit you if you do that again.
- To make a promise: I wont tell anyone, I promise.
- To make a request: will you shut the door, please?
3.It is used in predictions of future events --- to talk about what we think, guess or calculate will happen: By the year 2005
everyone will have a computer.
4. Expressions:We often use will (ll) with probably, I expect/ think/believe/ hope, Im (not) sure, maybe/perhaps:
Probably: Ill probably get home late.
I expect: I expect shell phone this evening.
Im (not) sure: Im sure youll pass.
I think/ believe/ hope: Do you think Sarah will like this present?
Maybe/perhaps: Maybe the police wont notice it.
3. Complete the sentences with will / (ll) and the following verbs: be/ come / get / like / live /look/ meet / pass.
a) Dont worry about the exam. Im sure you__________ it.
b) Why dont you try on this jacket? It__________ nice on you.
c) You must meet George sometime. I think you__________ him.
d) Its raining. Dont go out. Isure you__________ wet.
e) Do you think people__________longer in the future?
f) Goodbye. I expect we __________again before long.
g) Ive invited Sue to the party, but I dont think she_____________.
h) When the new road is finished, my journey to work_____ probably _____ much shorter.
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Be going to
STRUCTURE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEY
AM
ARE
IS
ARE
ARE
ARE
+ GOING TO
+ VERB
+ COMPLEMENTS
e.g.: She is going to buy a car.
NEGATIVE FORM
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEY
AM
ARE
IS
ARE
ARE
ARE
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
+ GOING TO
+ VERB
+ COMPLEMENTS
+ VERB
+ COMPLEMENTS ?
e.g.: They arent going to spend the weekend abroad.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
AM
ARE
IS
ARE
ARE
ARE
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEY
+ GOING TO
e.g.: Is he going to wash his car this evening?
USES
1. For decisions or intentions ( we have already decided to do something):
e.g.: I am just going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me?
2. For a prediction when something in the present tells us about the future:
e.g.: Look at those black clouds! Its going to rain.
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4. Complete the sentences using be going to .

a) There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. It _________________ (rain).
b) It is 8:30, Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45, but the journey takes 30 minutes. He_______________
(be) late.
c) There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the hole. The boat______________ (sink).
d) Lucy and Chris are driving. There is little petrol in the tank. The nearest petrol station is a long way away.
They______________ (run out).
5. Write a question with be going to for each situation.

a)Your friend has won some money. You ask: ( what/ do with it)
b) Your friend is going to a party tonight. You ask: ( what / wear)
c) Your friend has just bought a new table. You ask: ( where / put it)
d) Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask: ( who / invite)
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Will or Be going to
Decisions and intentions

WILL
BE GOING TO
We decide to do something at the time of speaking. We have already decided to do something. The speaker has
The speaker has not decided before.
decided previously.
past_________now__________future____
*
past___________now__________future________
Ill (decision)
*
Example: I will play football tomorrow, Im not
Im going to ( decision before)
working.
Example: They are going to have dinner at home today. I
invited them yesterday
Predictions
WILL
BE GOING TO
We can use will for prediction about the future.
We can use be going to for a prediction when we see from

the present situation what is going to hapen in the future.
Example: One day people will travel to Mars.
Example: There isnt a cloud in the sky. Its going to be a

lovely day.
6. Complete the sentences using will (ll) or be going to:

a) Adrian:
Katie:
b) Robert:
Chris:
c) Ann:
Miriam:
d) Luke:
Leo:
Did you post that letter for me?

Oh, Im sorry. I completely forgot. _________________it now. (I/do)
The ceiling in this room doesnt look very safe, does it?
No, it looks as if _____________________ . (it/fall)
Why are you filling that bucket with water?
___________ the car. (I/wash)
What would you like to drink?
_____________________ a sandwich, please. (I/have)
7. Choose the correct option.

a) The doctor says that I ________________ a baby girl.
1. will have
2. have
3. am going to have
b) I expect that the weather ___________ be nice later.
1. shall
2. will
3. is going to
c) Ann is in hospital.--- Yes, I know. ________________ her tomorrow.
1.I visit
2. Im going to visit
3. I will visit
d) You cant play football in the garden. Andrew ______________ the grass.
1. is going to cut
2. will cut
3.cut
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8. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of will or be going to.
a. This bags very heavy.----Ok. I (help) __________ you.
b. Ive decided to have a party. I (invite) _____________all my friends.
c. Would you like tea or coffee?----I (have) ___________ coffee, please.
d. Sarah has bought a tent because she (go) ___________camping in the summer.
e. The phone is ringing---- Ok. I (answer) ____________it.
f.
Its Petes birthday tomorrow. We (go) ____________ out for a pizza.
g. Lets go now----Ok. I (phone) ___________ for a taxi.
The Present Continuous

STRUCTURE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEY
AM
ARE
IS
ARE
ARE
ARE
-ING
e.g.: I am working / She is eating / We are writing.
NEGATIVE FORM
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEY
AM
ARE
IS
ARE
ARE
ARE
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
-ING
e.g.: Im not working/ She isnt eating/ We arent writing
INTERROGATIVE FORM
AM
ARE
IS
ARE
ARE
ARE
I
YOU
SHE / HE / IT
WE
YOU
THEY
-ING ?
e.g.: Am I working?/ Is she eating?/ Are you writing?
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USE
1. We use the present continuous for arrangements.
e.g.: Nick is going to a football match.
(Nick has arranged to go to the match. He has bought a ticket)
2. The present continuous for the future and be going to have similar meanings.
e.g.:
Pres. Cont.: Were having a party next weekend. (We have made the arrangements)
Be going to: Were going to have a party next weekend. (We intend/ have decided to have one).
Often we can use either form. Eg: Im meeting/ Im going to meet Paul at 2 oclock.
9. Put the verbs into the present continuous or the present simple.
Emma: ____________(you/do) anything tonight?
Mathew: Yes, ______________(I/go) to the station to meet my friend Richard.
___________ (he/ stay) here for the weekend, remember? His train _
___________
(get) in at eight fifteen.
Emma:
Oh, of course. Id forgotten about that.
Mathew: Maybe well see you later. What ____________(you/do) tonight?
Emma:
Oh,_________ (I/go) to the cinema with Vicky and Rachel and a couple of other people. The film
____________(finish) quite early, so _____________(we/go) to a pizza place afterwards.
10. Put the future with will, be going to and present tenses.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
I dont want fish. I think I ________(have) the chicken.

Theres a party tomorrow. Janet ____________(go).
My birthday _____________(be) on a Sunday next year.
The alarm is making an awful noise. I ____________ (switch) it off.
One day people ________(travel) to Mars.
This bag isnt very big. It ______________(break).
The plane ____________(leave) the airport at 7.30.
I ______________(start) work in September.
Mark and Ed ____________ (meet) their friends tonight.
Reflexive pronouns
FORM
SINGULAR
PLURAL
1ST PERSON
Myself
Ourselves
2ND PERSON
Yourself
Youselves
3RD PERSON
Himself /Herself/ Itself
Themselves
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USES
1. To talk about actions where the subject and object are the same person:
I cut myself shaving this morning.
We got out of the water and dried ourselves.
Eva made herself pasta.
2. Reflexives pronouns can also refer to possessives and objects:
His letter are all about himself.
Paul told us a few facts about ourselves.
3. We often use reflexive pronouns after: behave, burn, cut, defend, enjoy,
help, hurt, introduce, kill, look at, imagine, etc. :
Imagine yourself at sea in a small boat.
4. We often use reflexive pronoun for emphasis:
The house itself is beautiful, but the surrounding are very unpleasant.
5. We can use a reflexive pronoun after a preposition:
My grandparents are too old to look after themselves.
But with prepositions of place, we often use a personal pronoun ( me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) :
Margaret took her dog with her./ I didnt recognize the man in front of me.
IDIOMS WITH REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
o
o
o
o
o
By myself, yourself, etc means alone, without company or without help.

Eg: Do you need help? --- No, thanks. I can do it by myself.
Enjoy yourself, himself, ourselves, etc. means to have a good time.
Eg: They really enjoyed themselves at the party.
Help yourself, herself, etc means to take as many as you want.
Eg: Just help yourselves to sandwiches, wont you?
Behave myself, yourself, etc means to behave well.
Eg: My parents said that we must behave ourselves at the meeting.
Make yourself, yourselves, etc at home means to behave as if this was your home.
Eg: They were so nice to me that I made myself at home very quickly.
VERBS WITHOUT A REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
Some verbs dont take a reflexive pronoun. Some of these are: concentrate, change (clothes), dress, wash, feel,
get up, hurry, meet, open, remember, rest, relax, sell, shave, sit down, wake up, wonder, worry.
Examples:
Eva washed and changed before going out./
When I feel nervous, I just try to relax./
Hurry!
We met at Johns last night.

His book is selling well.
Each other, one another

We use each other and one another with two or more people. They have the same
meaning.
Study the difference between a reflexive pronoun and each other/ one another:
a) Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves.
(=Tom looked at Tom and Ann looked at Ann)
117
b) Tom and Ann looked at each other/ one another.

(= Tom looked at Ann and Ann looked at Tom).
11. Complete each sentence using a reflexive pronoun with one of these verbs in the
correct form:
burn
enjoy
hurt
put
express
a) Sometimes I cant say exactly what I mean. I wish I could_____________better.

b) Be careful! That pan is very hot. Dont ___________________.
c) They had a great time. They really________________.
d) Bill fell down but fortunately he didnt ________________ badly.
e) Please, try to understand how I feel. ________________ in my position.
12. Complete the following sentences with a reflexive pronoun or an object pronoun.
a) What I did was very wrong. Im ashamed of ______________.
b) Weve got a problem. I hope you can help ________________.
c) Dont worry about Tom and me. We can look after _________.
d) Can I take another biscuit? Of course. Help ____________.
e) Its not my fault . You cant blame _____________.
f) You will all need photos of _____________ for your membership cards.
13. Complete the following sentences with a reflexive pronoun or each other/one another.
a) John and Mary write to ___________ every week.
b) The little boy is learning to dress _____________.
c) I cut down the tree _____________.
d) We promised to telephone ____________.
e) Do you and your wife tell ______________everything?
f) Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed ____________.
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HOBBIES AND INTERESTS

14. Match each picture with the right word.
astrology/
photography/
hockey/
car races/
volleyball/
golf/
football/
darts/
fencing/
computer games/ sailing/

baseball
OTHER EXPRESSIONS
Basketball
Swimming
Climbing
Cycling
Theatre
Cinema
Gambling
Hunting
Dancing
Hiking
Meeting people
Travelling
Gardening
Camping Embroidery Model-making
Do-it-yourself
Bowling
Dice
Jigsaw
Crosswords
Fishing
Tennis
Skiing
Chess
Table tennis
Open-air skating
Billiards
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15. Match these words with the comments given.

Cards
gardening
draughts
billiards hiking
jigsaw
embroidery
camping/
gambling/
do-it-yourself/
crossword
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Katie dealt, and gave me the ace, king and queen of hearts. ________________.
You need a needle and threads of different colours. ________________.
I couldnt find ten down, so I looked for words in the dictionary. ____________.
Ed missed the red, and put the pink in the pocket by mistake. ______________.
When Paul is losing, he tries to knock the pieces off the board. _____________.
The path we want doesnt seem to be on the map.
________________.
I want to put 50$ on Dark Pearl to win in the 4.30 at York. ______________.
The daffodils I put in havent come up this year.
_________________.
These pieces with flowers on all look the same, dont they?. _______________.
When I woke up there was a chicken inside the tent. ________________.
Ed was papering the hall while I was painting the doors.
_________________.
TRAVEL AND
HOLIDAYS
Journey , trip, travel and voyage

Journey: an act of travelling from one place to another. How long is your journey to work?
Trip : a journey to a place and back, specially for a short visit.
Go on a trip: an organised short excursion. We went on a trip to London last summer.
Travel: is a general word. It is a verb and an uncontable noun.
As a noun, it means the general act of travelling. She loves travel.
As a verb, it is used to put emphasis on the journey itself. I usually travel by train.
Voyage: a long journey usually by sea or in space. The Titanic sank on its first voyage.
120
16. WAYS OF TRAVELLING. Match the words in I with the definitions in II.
I
Expedition
Flight
Tour
Voyage
Itinerary
Trip
Travel
Cruise
Crossing
Hitch-hike
II
A journey by plane.
A journey by ship for pleasure
A journey by sea
A journey from one side of the sea to the other.
An organised journey to see the sights of a place.
Taking journeys, as a general idea.
A journey for a scientific or special purpose.
An journey for a short visit.
Getting lifts in other peoples cars.
A holiday which includes travel and accomodation.
17. PLACES TO STAY AND TYPES OF HOLIDAYS. . Match these words with the definitions given.
Time-share apartment/
Camp-site/
Guesthouse/
Package holiday/
Self-catering flat/
Youth hostel/
Cruise/Bed and Breakfast (B and B)/
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Holiday camp/
A ______________ is a place where you can pitch a tent or park a caravan.

A ______________ is a flat which you can rent; you cook for yourself.
A ______________ is accommodation like a hotel but cheaper and with fewer services.
A ______________ is cheap accomodation, mainly for young people, with ten or more people sleeping in bunk
beds in one room.
A ______________ is a place providing holiday accommodation in little chalets or flats, with restaurants, bars,
swimming pools and other facilities and entertainment for when visitors want a break from sun-bathing.
A ______________ is accommodation of which you share ownership with a number of people,for example, you
own a twelfth of the apartment so you have the right to stay there for one month every year.
A _____________ is a service that provides a room to sleep in and meals the next morning in private houses and
small hotels.
A __________ is a holiday in which you pay for travel, accommodation and food in advance.
A __________ is a holiday spent touring on a boat, stopping off to go sight-seeing at different ports.
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122
9. DRIVING
123
DRIVING TIPS
Allow enough time. Trips to the mountains can take longer during winter that other times
of the year, especially if you encounter storm conditions or icy roads. Get an early start
and allow plenty of time to reach your destination.
Keep your gas tank full. It may be necessary to change routes or turn back during a bad
storm or you may be caught in a traffic delay.
Keep windshield and windows clear. You may want to stop at a safe turnout to use a
snow brush or scraper. Use the car defroster and a clean cloth to keep the windows free of
fog.
Slow down. A highway speed of 65 miles per hour may be safe in dry weather, but an
invitation for trouble on snow and ice. Snow and ice make stopping distances much
longer, so keep your seat belt buckled and leave more distance between your vehicle and
the vehicle ahead. Bridge decks and shady spots can be icy when other areas are not.
Remember to avoid sudden stops and quick direction changes.
Be more observant. Visibility is often limited in winter by weather conditions. Slow down
and watch for other vehicles that have flashing lights, visibility may be so restricted
during a storm that it is difficult to see the slow moving equipment.
When stalled, stay with your vehicle and try to conserve fuel while maintaining warmth.
Be alert to any possible exhaust or monoxide problems.
1. Comprehension: True or false statements.
1. Go to the mountains with your car in winter takes you shorter than in summer.
2. A highway speed of 65 miles per hour may be an invitation for trouble in dry weather.
3. When there is snow and ice on the road you should keep your seat belt buckled and leave more
distance between your car and the one ahead.
2. Find in the text words with similar meanings.
a) Complete
b) motorway
c) fastened
d) zones
e) circumstances
3. Find in the text words with the following meanings:
a) _________: the place to which one person goes in any means of transport.
b) _________: it is the glass window at the front of the car which the driver looks through.
c) _________ : it is a machine such as a bus, car, or a lorry, that carries people or things
from place to place.
d) _________ : it is a substance such as wood, coal, or petrol that is burned to supply heat or power.
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Traffic
Traffic code/Infringement of traffic code
You have to:
have all the statutory documents.
have the vehicle in proper working
condition.
have all lights in proper working condition.
have a rear plate light.
have proper reflecting lights on rear and
stop lights
have a rear view mirror
have working wipers.
respect all traffic signs ( stop, speed limits,
etc.)
respect the traffic priority
facilitate overtaking
dime headlights when another car approaches or when passing a
motorcycle or bicycle
reduce speed when dazzled by lights on an approaching car.
use turn signals/indicators before turning
give way to ambulance, police cars or fire trucks.
You mustnt:
drive carelessly or dangerously
drive on the left
overtake on the wrong side or in a forbidden zone
spoil deliberately a traffic sign
drive with items extending three meter in the front (or rear) of the car
pour gasoline or greases on the highway
have lights other than normal indicator and front and rear lights.
Useful expressions
Fine sb for sth/for doing sth: He was fined for dangerous driving.
Fine: Her escapade cost her 1.000 in fines
To pull the car to the side of the road: Could you pull your car to the side of the road?
125

1.Join the following names with its corresponding traffic sign.
a. no entry
b. give way
c. no through way
d. no overtaking
e. traffic lights
f. no waiting
g. two-way traffic
h. slippery road
i. no turn right
j. keep right
k. one-way traffic
l. maximum speed limit.
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127
Modal Auxiliary Verbs

The verbs can, could, may, might, would, should, must and have to among others- are called modal
auxiliary verbs. They are used before the infinitives of other verbs, and add certain kinds of meaning connected with
certainty or with obligation and freedom to act.
It is worth remembering some grammatical features of modal auxiliary verbs:
- Modal verbs have no s in the 3rd person singular.
e.g. She may know his address. (NOT * She mays)
- After modal auxiliary verbs we use the infinitive without to of other verbs.
e.g. I must water the flowers. ( NOT * I must to water)
- Interrogative and negative sentences are made without do/does.
e.g. Can you swim? (NOT * Do you can swim?)
Have to is usually considered as a modal verb, but it lacks the characteristics mentioned above. We will see it later
in this unit.
Can and Could

Can is used to talk about ability and possibility, to ask for and give permission and to make requests and offers. Its
negative form is cant (cannot).
e.g: - Can you speak French? (ability)
- You can stop work early today (permission)
- Can I help you? (offer)
- Can you pass me the salt? (request)
- Anybody can join the club (possibility)
Could is the past form of can. The negative form is couldnt (could not).
e.g: - My grandfather could speak five languages.
- In the past anybody could join the club.
Could is also used to make polite formal requests in the present:
e.g:- This exercise is too difficult, could you help me?
2. Complete these sentences using can and one of these verbs.
come find hear see speak
a) Im sorry, but we _______to your party next Saturday.
b) She has got the job because she ________three languages.
c) You are speaking very quietly. I ______you.
d) Have you seen my bag? I ________it.
e) I like this hotel room. You ________the mountains from the window.
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3. Complete the sentences with can / cant / could / couldnt and one of these verbs.
eat hear run sleep wait

a) Im afraid I cant come to the meeting next week.
b) When Tim was 16 he was a fast runner. He __________100 metres in 11
seconds.
c) Are you in a hurry? No, Ive got plenty of time, I____________.
d) I was feeling sick yesterday. I ____________anything.
e) Can you speak up a bit? I _____________you very well.
f) You look tired. Yes, I ___________last night.
Be able to
Can has no infinitive or participles. When necessary, we use be able to.
Youll be able to walk soon.
Ive always been able to play games well.
We use will be able to to talk about future ability
Ill be able to speak good English in a few months.
We use could and was/were able to for general ability in the past.
My father could speak three languages.
She was able to read when she was four.
4.Use can or be able to. Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only be able to is possible.
Examples:
-George has travelled a lot. He can ( or is able to) speak four languages.
-I havent been able to sleep very well lately.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tom _________ (drive), but he doesnt have a car.

I cant understand Martin. Ive never __________ understand him.
I used to _________ stand on my head, but I cant do it now.
Ask Ann about your problem. She should __________ help you.
May and Might

You are looking for Bob. Nobody is sure where he is but you get some suggestions.
Where is Bob? He may be in his office( =perhaps he is in his office)
He might be having lunch (=perhaps he is having lunch)
Ask Ann. She might know (=perhaps she knows)
129

We use may or might to say that something is a possibility (might suggests a smaller possibility than may), so you can
say:
e.g: - It may be true or It might be true
The negative forms are may not and might not (mightnt).
e.g: - It might not be true
- Ann may not come to the party tonight.
We can also use may to ask for permission in the same way as can:
e.g: -May I smoke? (Can I smoke?)
- May I sit here? Yes, of course, you may.
5. Complete the sentences using might and one of these verbs.

bite break need rain slip wake
a) Take an umbrella with you when you go out. I might rain later.
b) Dont make too much noise. You __________________the baby.
c) Be careful of that dog. It _____________________you.
d) I dont think we should throw that letter away. We ________________it later.
e) Be careful. The footpath is very icy. You __________________________.
f) I dont want the children to play in this room. They _________something.
6. Write sentences with may or might.
a) Where are you going for your holidays? (to Ireland ??)
I havent decided yet, I may go to Ireland.
b) What sort of car are you going to buy? (a Mercedes???)
Im not sure yet, I ______________________________.
c) What are doing this weekend? (go to London???)
I havent decided yet, ___________________________.
d) Where are you going to hang that picture? ( in the dining-room???)
I havent made up my mind yet, ____________________________.
e) When is Tom coming to see us? (on Saturday??)
I dont know yet, ________________________________________.
f) What is Julia going to do when she leaves school? (go to university??)
She hasnt decided yet, ____________________________________.
130
TECHNOLOGY
131
132
11. IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
133
Reporting a Traffic Accident

If you are involved in an accident, there are several things you are legally required to do. First, you must stop at the
scene of the accident or as close to the scene as possible without blocking traffic.
Even before the police arrive, you may move the vehicles if they are a traffic hazard.
Second, give any help you can if someone is obviously injured. Don't attempt to move an injured person from a
wrecked vehicle unless you have the necessary medical training or if they are in immediate danger, such as a fire.
Third, report the accident to the Cerritos Sheriff's Station at 860-0044 as quickly as possible. This includes accidents
that occur on private property, that involve personal injury, death, vehicle or property damage.
Fourth, exchange information with other people involved in the accident as soon as possible. This includes the
name, address and driver's license number of other drivers; license plate numbers; names and addresses of anyone
injured; names and addresses of any witnesses; name, address and insurance policy number from other vehicle owners. Be
sure to notify your own insurance company immediately. You should also see a doctor at the first opportunity. You might be
injured and not know it.
1-. After reading the text, answer the following questions:
What is the first thing you have to do when you are involved in an accident?
What can you do if someone is injured?
2-. Find words in the text with the following meaning:
a) Something which could be dangerous to you, your health or safety, or your plans or reputation.
b) Damaged.
c) Inform.
ACCIDENT REPORT
Here we have some expressions related to the report of an accident:
We need to know the report of the witnesses.
He has collided with another vehicle.
The damaged part is in front / at the rear of the car.
The car skidded before the collision.
Are there any injured people /deads?
Someone call an ambulance, quick.
Can anyone do mouth-to-mouth resucitation?
He was driving without lights.
Were any changes mede when the accident happened?
A brakeless truck collided / crashed with a bus.
Infringement of the law caused the tragic crash.
These are the remainings of the bus.
Witnesses wanted to take the passengers out from the car.
They are not English. Please notify the Embassy.
Here is the wrecker / tow-truck to remove the car.
134
Imperatives
In sentences like Come here, Be quiet, Have a drink or Dont worry about it, the verb
forms are called imperatives. Imperatives are used, for example, to tell or ask people
what to do, to make suggestions, to give advice or instructions, to encourage and to offer.
Affirmative imperatives have the same form as the infinitive without to:
e.g. Sit down!
Pass the salt, please.
Negative imperatives are constructed with do not (dont) + infinitive:
e.g. Dont worry!
Im very cold, please dont open the window.
We can make an emphatic imperatives with do + infinitive. This is common in polite
requests, complaints and apologies.
e.g. Do sit down.
Do be a bit more careful.
Always and never come before imperatives.
e.g. Always remember what I told you. (NOT* Remember always)
Never speak to me like that again.
Some languages have a first person imperative form (used to suggest that I or we
should do something). English does not have this, but there is a structure with let +
infinitive that has a similar meaning. Let us is contracted to lets except in a very formal
style.
e.g. Lets go home.
Let us pray.
Lets not tell dad what happened.
1. Write the imperative form for these sentences.
a) The window is open. Ask Paul to close it.
________________________________________________________________.
b) Its time for Helen to get up.
________________________________________________________________.
c) Id like Paul to turn down his radio.
________________________________________________________________.
d) I want Paul to bring me a newspaper.
________________________________________________________________.
e) I dont want Helen to be late tonight.
________________________________________________________________.
More examples:
e.g. There are some pens on the table.
He put his shoes under the bed.
Tom always sit behind me in class.
The chemists is opposite the post office.
My cousin lives next to the museum.
135
At; In; On
At the bus-stop
In the filing cabinet
On the armchair
These prepositions are used to talk about position in space and many times it isnt easy to say which of the three is correct.
In general we can say that:
1.At
At is used to talk about position at a point. We often use at with the name of a place when we are interested in the activity
that happens there, and not in the exact shape or dimensions of the place.
e.g. Sorry I didnt phone you last night. I was at the theatre.
Turn right at the next corner.
This train doesnt stop at Oxford.
Sometimes we use at with a larger place,if we just think of this as apoint : a stage in a journey or a meeting place,for
example.Compare:
-The planes stops for an hour at Frankfurt.
She lives in Frankfurt.
We very often use at before the name of a building,when we are thinking not of the building itself but of the activity that
happens there.
There is a good film at the cinema in Market Street.
Eat at the Steak House-best food in town.
At is particularly common with prioper names used for buildings or organisations.Compare.
-I first met your father at/in Harrods.
At is used to say where people study:
Hes at the London School of Economics.
We use at with the name of a city to talk about the citys university.Compare.
Hes a student at Oxford.
At is also used before trhe names of group activities:
At a party
at a meeting
at a concert
At a lecture
at the match
We say:
at home /work / school / university
at the end (of the street)
at the hairdressers/ doctors /dentists / Janes (house)
at a concert / a lecture / a party / a football match
136
2. In
In is used for position inside large areas, and in three-dimensional space (when something is surrounded on all sides).
e.g. I dont think hes in his office.
She grew up in England.
I last saw her in the car park.
We say:
in bed / a street / a park / a garden
in the sky / in the world
in hospital / in prison
in a newspaper / a book / picture /photograph
in a car ( but on a bus / on a train / on a plane)
in the middle (of)
3. On
On is used to talk about position on a line (for example a road or a river).
e.g. Stratford is on the river Avon.
Theres a good restaurant on Glasgow road.
On is used for position on a surface.
Hurry up!-supper is on the table!
Theres a big spider on the ceiling.
On can mean arttached to.
There arent many apples on the tree this year.
On is also used for position by a lake or sea.
Southend -on-Sea.
BUT in is used to talk about the position of things which actually form part of the line.
e.g. Theres a misprint in line 6 on page 22.
On is also used for position on a surface.
e.g. Theres a big spider on the ceiling.
On is also used for position by a lake or sea.
e.g. Bowness is on Lake Windermere.
Who is the good looking boy in the sixth row?
2. Translate the prepositions into English.
a) The cat is _______________(debajo de) the table.
b) There is a tree______________(detrs de) the house.
c) My flat is __________________ (sobre) a shop.
d) She is standing_______________ (delante de) the piano.
e) His name is _________________ (en) the door.
f) The town hall is _______________(enfrente de) the station.
g) The switch is ________________(debajo de) the window.
h) The cupboard is _______________ (sobre) the sink
i) There are some shoes _______________(debajo de) the bed.
j) In Britain, we drive ______________(por) the left.
137
Giving directions
A: Excuse me, where is the supermarket,
please?
B: Go straight ahead. Take the first turning on
your right. The supermarket is on your left.
A: Thank you.
Here we have tome examples of expressions used to give directions:
Go straight ahead
Go on
Opposite
turn right (at...)
turn left (at..)
here / there
The first intersection
The first crossroads

Next to
Go past...
On the right
On the left
On the other side
Near/ far
Take the first turning on your right /left

Take the second turning on your right/left
The second side street
On the corner
SOME USEFUL QUESTIONS

How far is the supermarket?
How far is it from London to Liverpool?
How can I get to the airport? / How can I go to the airport?
How long does it take to go to Madrid?
138
Indirect Questions
To ask for information we can use ordinary questions forms, which, as you know have the following pattern:
WH- + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
e.g. Where is the supermarket?
What time does the train leave?
Is there a police station in this town?
Is the chemists near here?
But some other times we use these questions in structures beginning :
Do you know?
Can you tell me?
These are indirect questions, and their word order is different from a simple questions:
Do you know + WH- + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
Can you tell me + WH- + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB
If there is no Wh- element ( who, where, what) we may use If or Whether:
e.g. Do you know if there is a police station in this town?
Do you know whether there is a police station in this town?
Can you tell me if the chemists is near here?
Can you tell me whether the chemists is near here?
HOW CAN I GET TO?
3. Look at the picture above, you are in the Museum, tell a visitor how to get to
a) the Chinese Restaurant
b) the Municipal Court
c) the Shopping Mall
d) the Ice-cream Shop
139

4. Imagine you are a tourist; ask about the following places and try to answer where you can find them.
a) the police station
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b) the cathedral
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
c) the Town Hall
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
d) the hotel
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Write questions with How far?
a) (here / the airport) How far is it from here to the airport ?
b) (New York /Washington ) ____________________________________________.
c) (your house / the station ) ____________________________________________.
d) (the hotel / the beach) _______________________________________________.
6. Turn the following questions into indirect questions beginning with Can you tell me? Or Do you know?
a)Have they got a car? ____________________________________________________
b) When did he come? ____________________________________________________
c) Are they married? _____________________________________________________
d) Why is she smiling? ___________________________________________________
e) Does she like her job? __________________________________________________
f) What is your father doing? ______________________________________________
g) Did he pass his exams? _________________________________________________
h) Will George be here tomorrow? __________________________________________
i) Why did your friend go there? ____________________________________________
j) How is your mother today _______________________________________________
k) Are you happy? _______________________________________________________
l) Do you have much work to do? _________________________________________
140
SHOPS AND SHOPPING: PLACES TO GO

Barbers
Outfitters
Cake shop / Pastry shop

Furriers shop
Butchers
Shopping centre (U.K.)/
Mall (USA)
Domestic Appliances
Butchers Hairdressers
Chemists (U.K.) /
Drugstore (USA)
Kiosk /Newsagent's
Ironmongers
Mens wear
Florists
Childrens wear
Fruiterers
Ladies' wear
Herbalists shop
Supermarket
Jewellers
Toyshop
Pet shop
Record shop
Launderette
Sweetshop
Creamery
Tobacconist's
Bookshop
Video club
Market
Shops
Opticians
Dry cleaners
Bird shop
Grocers
Bakers
Greengrocers
Stationers
Shoe shop
Perfumery
Fishmongers
141
142
12.DRUGS
143
DRUG--RELATED CRIME IN SPAIN

DRUG
Drugs are related to crime in multiple ways. Most directly, in our country it is a crime to use, possess, manufacture
or distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse (such as cocaine, heroin, marihuana or amphetamines). Drugs
are also related to crime through the effects thay have on the users behaviour and by generating violence and other illegal
activities in connection with drug trafficking. Drug-related offences and drug-using life styles are major contributors to the
crime problem in Spain.
Nowadays drug prices are the lowest ever seen in all Europe. The UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime) reveals that Spain is at the top of the list of cocaine consumption but it is cannabis is the substance that causes the
biggest number of arrests. Most people belongs to the 19 to 20 age group and to the 35 to 40 age group.
The Autonomous Communities with higher arrest rates are Andalusia, Catalonia, Madrid and Valencia.
Reading comprehension:
1. How are drugs related to crime?
2. Write the name of some drugs considered as having a potential for abuse.
3. Which country is at the top of the list of cocaine consumption in Europe?
4. Which is the substance that causes the biggest number of arrests?
Vocabulary:
1. Find in the text an an antonym for SMALLER.
2. Find in the text a synonym for UNLAWFUL.
3. Choose the correct definition for RATE.
a. A response to a situation, an act, an influence.
b. A substance that have a physiological effect when ingested.
c. A position in a scale of responsibility, quality, social status, etc.
Drug Consuming in the Whole Planet
(Year 2000)
Heroin = 8,000,000
Cocaine= 13,300,000
Hallucinogen (LSD, Mushrooms...) = 25,500,000
Amphetamine= 30,200,000
Marihuana = 141,200,000
Sedative = 227,400,000
144
1. Join the following words with the most suitable Picture:
Hallucinogen
Heroin
Marihuana
Drug Addict
Amphetamines
Cocaine
2. Which drug are we referring to in the following definitions? LSD, Heroin, Amphetamine.
a. Also called Horse. Its a white powder which is easily soluble in water. It is made from morphine and it causes sleep
and relieves pain.
b. It usually comes in small paper tablets that may have a picture printed on them. Its effects are: dry mouth, dilated
pupils and various tingling sansations.
c. It is a drug which speed up the way your body works and pump adrenaline to your system. It gives extra energy,
prevents sleep and reduces appetite.
SLANG
Hash
Coke
Sugar
Pusher (Drug Dealer)
Weed
Charlie
Smack
To be on drugs
Shunk
Fix
Horse
To be high
145
The Present Perfect tense

This tense refers to an action that took place at an unstated time in the past and has some relevance in the
present.
e.g.- Peter has arrived.
It can also be an action that began in the past and continues until the present.
e.g.- She has studied here for five years.
FORM:
Subject + Have (Has) + Past Participle*
*For regular and irregular forms of Past Participle see topic 6.
The rules for interrogative are the same as we have seen for all the tenses:
Interrogative: Inversion.
Have (Has) + Subject + Past participle
e.g.- Have you finished?
Negative: Adding the particle not after the auxiliar. In this case, The verb have works as the auxiliar.
Subject + (Have/Has + not= Havent/Hasnt) + Past Participle
e.g.- She hasnt finished
Useful time expressions: Yet, still, already, since, for, never, recently...
3. Complete the following sentences with the most suitable time expresion:
for
a.
b.
c.
d.
already
since yet
still
Sara has lived in this house ________ thirteen years.

Paul hasnt arrived _______. Were still waiting for him.
This library hasnt sold a book _______ 1998 but its _______ open.
Hurry up! Your favourite program has __________ started!
4. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use Present Perfect.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
_______ you________ (finish) your homeworks?

I ________________ (forget) my meal at home.
I cant believe you __________________ (not understand) it yet!
Norah _______________ (be) an architect for fifteen years.
How long ______ you _______ (be) waiting for us?
146
Present Perfect vs. Past Simple

The main difference between the use of Past Simple and Present perfect is the relevance with the present. If the
tense is related to the period of time in which we situate the present (can be today, this week or even this year) we use
Present Perfect.
I have read your letter twice today
I have trained fifteen hours this week *
*It could have been three days ago, but the unit of time we use as the present is the whole week.
If we refer to an action that occurred in a period of time which is not linked to the present we use Past Simple.
She wrote this letter last week
I trained fiver hours yesterday
We use always Past Simple when we are making a question starting with When or What time.
When did you arrive?
When have you arrived?
5. Complete the following sentences choosing the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use Past Simple or
Present Perfect.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Tom ____________ (arrive) last week.

_______ you _______ (see) Pam today?
How long _______Tom_________(work) here? Hes great doing his job.
What time _______ you _________ (leave)?
________you_________(see) Paula? I need her to finish her work.
________you_________(see) Paula? Her performance was sublime.
147
Health
COMMON
ILLNESSES
PEOPLE
MORE
Cold
Measles
Flu
Mumps
Appendicitis
Temperature
Cough
Dentist
Doctor
Surgeon
GP
Nurse
Patient
Heart attack
Blindness
Deafness
Allergy
Cancer
AIDS
Stomach- ache
Head-ache
Back-ache
Tooth-ache
Useful expressions:
Go to hospital
To be ill
To feel sick
To have health insurance
6. Diagnose your patient:

a.
b.
c.
d.
The patient has got a pain in his/her back

The patient has got an abnormally high degree of heat in his/her body.
The patient has got several red spots in his/her face.
The patient is not able to see anything.
7. Find the words which correspond to the following definitions:

e. A person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.
f. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
g. A person qualified to treat the diseases and confititons that affect the teeth and gums.
148
13.DETENTION REPORT AND

INFORMATION OF CRIMES
149
Detention report and information of crimes

Arrested person:
Name:
Surname:
Nationality:
Date of birth:
Place of birth:
Sex:
Address:
Passport number:
Identity Card number:
The officials identity:
Place:
Date:
Time:
According to what is laid down in the article 520 of the Spanish Criminal Procedure Law, we proceed to inform the
afore-mentioned person that he/she has been arrested for an alleged crime of (...) as well as about the rights that he/she
has, which basically are:
a)
Not to make any statement if he/she doesnt want, not to answer any of the questions asked to him/her, or
to declare that he/she will only testify before the Judge.
b)
Not to make any statement against himself/herself and not to declare himself/herself guilty.
c)
To nominate a Lawyer and to request his attendance during the statement and his/her recognition of
identity. Otherwise, a Lawyer, at the States expenses, will be nominated to assist him/her.
d)
To provide the name of the person whom he/she wishes to inform about his/her arrest and the place where
he/she is under custody.
150

e)
As a foreigner, he/she has the right to have his/her Consulate informed about these facts and to be
assisted by an interpreter (without charge).
f)
To be examined by a forensic doctor or any other clerk of the Public Administrations.
Making use of the mentioned rights, the arrested person states that he/she wishes:
To declare
Not to declare
To be assisted by a Lawyer Mr/Mrs.
To be assisted by a Lawyer at the States expenses.
To have the following person informed about his/her arrest and place of custody:
Name:
Address:
Telephone number:
To have Consulate informed about the arrest
To be assisted by an interpreter of English
To be examined by a doctor
Read and approved, he/she signs it, before the Instructor, what I CERTIFY as Secretary.
151

Useful expressions:
-According to the article 520 of the Spanish criminal procedure law, I proceed to notify you that you are under arrest for
.........
-I proceed to notify you of your statutory rights which are the following:
1- Not to make any statement if you dont want.
2- Not to make any statement against yourself.
3- Not to plead guilty.
4- Not to answer to any questions asked.
5- To declare that you will only testify before the judge.
6- To nominate a lawyer and to request his attendance during your statement and identity check. otherwise, a duty lawyer,
will be nominated to assist your person.
7- To provide the name of the person you wish to inform about your arrest and the place where you are under custody.
8- As a foreigner, you have the right to have your embassy or consulate informed about these facts and to be assisted by
an interpreter without charge.
9- To be examined by a doctor.
152
Passive voice, present and past
The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action.
Form:
Tense
Subject
Verb
Object
Active:
Rita
writes
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
is written
by Rita.
Active:
Rita
wrote
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
was written
by Rita.
Simple Present
Simple Past
We form the passive with to be + past participle.

The object in the active voice becomes the subject of the passive.
In passive voice we can mention or not the agent of the action with the use of
by + (somebody).
Uses:
SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST

The active object becomes the passive subject.
am/is/are + past participle
was/were + past participle
Active: Simple Present
The movie fascinates me.
The movie bores Jack.
The movie surprises them.
Passive: Simple Present

I am fascinated by the movie.
Jack is bored by the movie.
They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past

The movie bored me.
The movie fascinated Jack.
The movie surprised them.
Passive: Simple Past

I was bored by the movie.
Jack was fascinated by the movie.
They were surprisedby the movie.
153

a) We use the active to say what the subject does / did.
We use the passive to say what happens / happened to the subject.
b) We use the passive when we are more interested in something than the person who did / made it.
Jurassic Park was made in 1993.
Jurassic Park was filmed in Hawaii.
c) We can also say the same thing both in an active way or a passive way.
George Lucas directed Star Wars.
Star Wars was directed by George Lucas.
1. Put the verb in parentheses () into the passive voice. Use present simple passive only.
a) The words.....................by the teacher today. (to explain)
b) Susan......................to hospital by our uncle. (to take)
c) English.......................in many countries. (to speak)
d) The children...........................by the policemen. (to help)
e) This company........................by two members. (to manage)
f) A letter........................by Peter. (to write)
2. Put the verb in parentheses () into the passive voice. Use past simple passive only.
a) We..........................a letter the day before yesterday. (to send)
b) He.........................to the party yesterday. (to invite)
c) She..........................last week. (to arrest)

d) I..........................a present on my birthday. (to give)
e) Ten friends.........................to the party last Saturday. (to invite)
154

3. Choose the correct tense.
a) Shakespeare ( wrote / was writing / was written) Romeo and Juliet.
b) Premier League football games (play / playing / are played) on Saturdays.
c) English and French (speak / spoken/ are spoken) in Canada.
d) Paul McCartney (aws born / born / is born) in Liverpool.
e) Those houses (built / are built / were built) 200 years ago.
f) They (make/ are made/ making) a lot of films in Hollywod.
g) This shirt (is making / is made / made) of cotton.
h) The United States (produced / is produced / produces) a lot of manufactures.
155
TV and ENTERTAINMENT
What do you like?
Opera
ballet
theatre
football
classical music
rock music
Practice with your classmate:

-Do you like (classical music)?
-Yes, I do / No, I dont
Whats on in your town?

There is
WHAT?
WHERE?
WHEN?
a new film
at the cinema
this week.
a rock concert
at the theatre
at 8 oclock tonight.
a football match
at the stadium
on Saturday.
a ballet
at the concert hall
a play
at the town hall
an opera
in London
What do you watch on TV?

a) weather reports
b) news
c) game shows
d) sitcoms
e) sports
f) soap operas
g) documentaries
h) chat shows
i) reality TV
-Do you watch the weather report on TV?

a) always
b) usually
c) sometimes
d) hardly ever
e) never
-Do you watch soap operas? Think of a popular soap opera in your country. How many
times a week is it on TV?
a) once a week
b) twice a week
c) three or more times a week
d) every day
156

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days of the week

Present simple +,-,?

Parts of the house

Comparative and superlatives

Telling the time

Pres. simple vs. Pres. continuous

The definite article THE

"Merging INS and Customs

how much, how many

quantifiers: a lot, not much, few

Past simple there be

Society: the legal

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

Parts of the car

Will/going to / present continuous

Places in the city

Passive voice, present and past

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

1. THE CIVIL GUARD

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

The Civil Guard

Find in the text an opposite for DISLOYALTY.

Non existence of laws.

Things that have been passed on from earlier generations.

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

- How do you spell army?

The military alphabet

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

The verb TO BE: present simple

Yes, I am/ No, I am not

Yes, you are/ No, you arent.

Yes, he is/ No, he isnt

Yes, she is/ No, he isnt

Yes, it is/ No, it isnt

Yes, we are/ No, we arent

Yes, you are/ No, you arent

Yes, they are/ No, they arent

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

The weather ________very nice today.

2.Write affirmative or negative sentences using the verb to be.

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

4.Complete with the right country or nationality.

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

6. Complete the text about yourself.

Hello! My names .................................. and Im ............................................. years old. Im from

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales

7. Put the suitable possesive adjective where it corresponds:

8. Complete the dialogue with these words.

. .............. names Casey. ........................ fifteen.

Academia de Guardias y Suboficiales de la Guardia Civil beda-Baeza (Jan)

XXXVI Curso de acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales