Name visibility :

Named entities, such as variables, functions, and compound types

need to be declared before being used in programs. The point in the program
where
this
declaration
happens
influences
its
visibility.
An entity declared outside any block has global scope called
Global variables , meaning that its name is valid anywhere in the code.
While an entity declared within a block, in a function or as a function
parameters has block scope, and is only visible within the specific block in
which it is declared, but not outside it. Variables with block scope are known as
Local variables.

For example :

int a;

// global variable

void function1 ()
{
int b;
// local variable
b = 0;
}
void function2 ()
{
a = 1;
// a is a global variable
b = 2;
// b is a local variable but not visible as it is not
declared in this function
}

we can also call a variable as Local variable ,If we can also declare it in
the block or constructor.
void c()
{
int b=2;
{
int c=3;
cout<<c<<endl;
}
}

//

b is a local variable

// starting mark of block

// c is also a local variable
// ending mark of block

Here b can be accessed inside the block also.

If the global variable value is changed anywhere in the program (i.e. with
out declaring it ) ,it's value will be changed.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int b=0;

// b is a global variable

void c()
{
cout<<"before change : "<<b<<endl;
b=2;
cout<<"after changed : "<<b<<endl;
{
int b=3;
// local variable
cout<<"in block : "<<b<<endl; // sets value to inner b
}
}
int main ()
{
c();
cout<<"in main : "<<b<<endl;
}

Without compiling it directly in the compiler,once u check the output by u

r self. Then u will get the clear idea how the values of variables will
change.

Suppose if u want two values for the same variable in the same function,
then a new concept namespace is to be used.

Here is a set of programs for u for practice.

1.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std ;
int main ()
{
int x = 1;
int y = 2;
{
x = 3;
int y;
y = 5;
cout << "inner block : \n";
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
cout << "y : " << y << '\n';
}
cout << "outer block : \n";
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
cout << "y : " << y << '\n';
return 0;
}

2.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std ;
int x=0;
void c()
{
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
int x=4;
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
}
int main ()
{
int x = 1;
int y = 2;
{
x = 3;
int y= 5 ;
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
cout << "y : " << y << '\n';
}
c();
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
cout << "y : " << y << '\n';
return 0;

3.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std ;
int x=0;
void c()
{
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
x=4;
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
}
int main ()
{
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
{
x = 3;
int y;
y = 5;
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
cout << "y : " << y << '\n';
}
c();
cout << "x : " << x << '\n';
cout << "y : " << y << '\n';
return 0;
}

4.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int b=0;
class s
{
public:
s()
{
cout<<b<<endl;
int b=1;
cout<<b<<endl;
}
};
void c()
{

cout<<b<<endl;
b=2;
cout<<b<<endl;
int a=10;
{
cout<<a<< endl;
int b=3;
cout<<b<<endl;
}
}
int main ()
{
s d;

// calling constructor

b=9;
c();
cout<<b<<" " <<"main";
}

5.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int b=0;
class s
{
public:
s()
{
cout<<b<<endl;
int b;
b=1;
cout<<b<<endl;
}
};
void d()
{
int a=15;
}
void e()
{
b=16;
}
void c(int a,int b)
{
cout<<a<<endl;
cout<<b<<endl;

{
int a=10;
b=12;
d();
e();
cout<<a<<endl;
cout<<b<<endl;
}
}
int main ()
{
s d;
c(6,7);
cout<<b<<endl;
}

The answers for this programs are available in the below link :

https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B5NxWL3Gw78dW1QMXlqWXdvdUk&usp=drive_web
FOR REFERENCES :
http://comsciguide.blogspot.in/2014/12/name-visibility-namedentities-suchas.html