Course Description

and
General Learning Objectives

1. Course Description
The course of tropical medicine system is a portion of Biomedical Program of School of
Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran that covers the most common tropical and environmental
diseases and it's essential clinical, behavioral and community aspects.
2. General Learning Objectives
At the end of the course the student will be able to explain the characteristics etiology,
epidemiology, Pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory findings, complications and
preventions, and to analyse the principles of diagnosis and management of treatment of
the most common tropical diseases.
Besides that, the students are expected to be competent in performing basic clinical skills
pertinent to the cases and show proper attitude.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Course Description and General Learning Objectives
Weekly Schedule of Tropical Medicine System
Organization of Tropical Medicine System

i
ii
iii

1.

Bacterial Infections

2.

Mycobacterial Infections

3.

Viral Infections

4.

Fungal Infections

11

5.

Parasitic Infections

13

6.

Zoonosis

18

7.

Environmental and Tropical Pathology

19

References

22

COURSE STUDY GUIDE

NO

TOPIC

1.

Bacterial
Infection
s

SUBTOPIC
1.1.
Bacterial
sepsis

1.2. Typhoid
fever

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

The learner will be able (TLWBA) to :
explain the definition of bacterial sepsis
explain etiology of bacterial sepsis
discuss epidemiology of bacterial sepsis
describe pathogenesis of bacterial sepsis
describe the mechanisms how the bacteria cause sepsis
explain the clinical manifestation of bacterial sepsis
explain laboratory findings of bacterial sepsis
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
bacterial sepsis
analyse the management therapy of bacterial sepsis
explain complications and prevention of bacterial sepsis
TLWBA to :
explain general features of the walls of the intestine and gall
bladder
explain agent of the etiology of typhoid fever
describe morphology, structure and characteristics of bacteria
that cause typhoid fever
discuss epidemiology of typhoid fever
describe pathogenesis of typhoid fever
explain clinical manifestation of typhoid fever
describe the specimen for laboratory examinations and laboratory
methods to diagnose the disease
explain laboratory finding of typhoid fever
analyze diagnosis and differential diagnosis of typhoid fever
analyze therapy of typhoid fever including mechanism of action
and resistance, pharmacokinetic, indication, side effects as well
as contraindication, preparation and route of drug administration
of antimicrobial agents in typhoid fever.
explain complication and prevention of typhoid fever
Explain thypoid toxic as complication of thypoid fever (signs &

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES
5 : 147-160
10 :193-201

2 : 842-850
5 : 248-261
8 : 849-863
10 : 323-338
13 : 970-975

symptom of thypoid toxic and its management).

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

1.3.
Diphteria

1.4. Tetanus

TLWBA to :
define the etiologic agent of diphteria
describe morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of bacteria cause the disease
discuss epidemiology of diphteria
describe pathogenesis of diphteria
explain the clinical manifestations of diphteria
describe the proper specimen collection, and laboratory
methods for isolation and identification of bacteria
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
diphteria
analyse the management therapy of diphteria
explain the complications of diphteria
explain the preventions of diphteria

2 : 817-820
5 : 212-218
10 : 279-285

2
5
8
10

TLWBA to :
define the etiologic agent of tetanus
describe morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of bacteria cause the disease
discuss epidemiology of tetanus
describe pathogenesis of tetanus
explain the clinical manifestations of tetanus
describe laboratory methods for isolation and identification of
bacteria
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
tetanus
analyse the management therapy of tetanus
explain the complications of tetanus
explain the preventions of tetanus

: 878-881
: 205-211
: 1119-1124
: 401-414

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

1.5.Pertusis

1.6.Meningiti
s

TLWBA to :
define the etiologic agent of Pertusis
describe morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of bacteria cause the disease
discuss epidemiology of Pertusis
describe pathogenesis of Pertusis
explain the clinical manifestations of Pertusis
describe laboratory methods for isolation and identification of
bacteria analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis
of Pertusis
analyse the management therapy of Pertusis
explain the complications of Pertusis
explain the preventions of Pertusis

TLWBA to :
explain the structure and function of blood brain barrier
describe the structure and function of meningens
explain the circulation of cerebrospinal fluids
define the etiologic agent of meningitis
describe morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of bacteria, fungi and viruses cause the disease
discuss epidemiology of meningitis
describe pathogenesis of meningitis
explain the clinical manifestations of meningitis
describe laboratory methods for identification causative agents
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
meningitis
analyse the management therapy of meningitis
explain the complications of meningitis and its therapy
explain the preventions of meningitis

2 : 838-842
5 : 282-284
10 : 377-382

5 : 279-282,
295-304, 734735
10 : 311-322,
367-376, 697706

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

1.7. Bacterial
skin
infection
(BSI)
1.impetigo
2.follikuliti
s
3.furunkel
4.carbunce
l
5.erysipela
s
6.selulitis

TLWBA to :
explain the layers of skin
define the etiologic agent of BSI
describe morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of bacteria that cause the disease
discuss the epidemiology of BSI
describe the pathogenesis of BSI
explain the clinical manifestations of BSI
describe laboratory methods for isolation and identification of
bacteria
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of BSI
analyse the management therapy of BSI including mechanism
of action, indication, side effects as well as contraindication of
antimicrobial agents in BSI.
explain the complications of BSI
explain the preventions of BSI

1.8. Anaerobic
Bacteria
infections

TLWBA to :
Define morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of infection anaerobic bacteria
discuss epidemiology of Anaerobic bacteria
describe pathogenesis of Anaerobic bacteria
explain the clinical manifestations of Anaerobic bacteria
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on anaerobic
bacteria patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
Anaerobic bacteria
analyse the management therapy of Anaerobic bacteria
explain the complications of Anaerobic bacteria
explain the preventions of Anaerobic bacteria

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES
1 : 251-295
5 : 223-230,
231-247
10 :221-258
14 : 1856-1877

5 : 305-311
10 :401-426

NO

TOPIC

2.

Mycobacterial
Infection
s

SUBTOPIC

2.1. Leprosy

2.2. Cutaneous
tuberculosi
s
(Scroffulod
erma,
cutaneus
tuberculosi
s,
verrucosa
lupus
vulgaris)

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

TLWBA to :
explain the layer of skin
define the etiologic agent of leprosy
describe morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of bacteria that cause the disease
discuss epidemiology of leprosy
describe pathogenesis of leprosy
explain the clinical manifestations of leprosy
describe the proper specimen collection, and laboratory
methods for diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
leprosy
analyse the management therapy of leprosy including
mechanism of action and resistance ,side effects as well as
contraindication of drugs in leprosy.
explain the complications of leprosy
explain the preventions of leprosy
explain the prevention of disability hang function
(rehabilitation)
TLWBA to :
define the etiologic agent of cutaneous tbc
describe morphology, structure, characteristics and the
mechanisms of bacteria that cause the disease
discuss epidemiology of cutaneous tbc
describe pathogenesis of cutaneous tbc
explain the clinical manifestations of cutaneous tbc
describe the proper specimen collection, and laboratory
methods for isolation and identification of bacteria
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
cutaneous tbc

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

1 :343-352
5 : 328-329
10 :297-310
14 : 1972-1980

1 : 333-342
2 : 1092-1093,
839-840
5 : 319-330
8 : 765-772
10 : 297-310
14 : 1933-1949

 analyse the management therapy of cutaneous tbc

explain the complications of cutaneous tbc
explain the preventions of cutaneous tbc

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

3.

Viral
Infection
s

3.1. Dengue
virus
infection

3.2.Varicella
zoster (VZ)
virus
Infection

TLWBA to :
explain the structure, function and percentage of each of the
formed elements in blood
describe in sequence the events of blood formation including
the role of the platelets
describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of dengue virus
discuss epidemiology of dengue virus infection
describe pathogenesis of dengue virus infection
explain the clinical manifestations of dengue virus infection
describe laboratory examinations to diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
dengue virus infection
analyse the management therapy of dengue virus infection
explain the complications of dengue virus infection
explain the preventions of dengue virus infection, report the
case

1 : 473-491
2 : 973-977
5 : 526-527
10 : 637-649
14 : 2070-2085

1 : 376-384
2 : 856-959
5 : 429-441
10 : 541-553
14 : 2059-2069

TLWBA to :
describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of varicella-zoster virus
discuss epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus infection
describe pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus infection
explain the clinical manifestations of varicella-zoster virus
infection
describe laboratory examinations to diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
varicellazoster virus infection
analyse the management therapy of varicella-zoster virus
infection
explain the complications of varicella-zoster virus infection
explain the preventions of varicella-zoster virus infection

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

3.3.
Poliomyelitis

3.4. Measles

3.5. Mumps

TLWBA to :
define the etiologic agent of Poliomyelitis (wild type polio
virus)
describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of polio virus
discuss epidemiology of Poliomyelitis
describe pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis
explain the clinical manifestations of Poliomyelitis
describe laboratory examinations to diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
Poliomyelitis
analyse the management therapy of Poliomyelitis
explain the complications of Poliomyelitis
explain the preventions of Poliomyelitis
explain the prevention of disability walking ability
(rehabilitation)
TLWBA to :
describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of measles virus
discuss epidemiology of measles
describe pathogenesis of measles
explain the clinical manifestations of measles
describe laboratory examinations to diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
measles
analyse the management therapy of measles
explain the complications of measles
explain the preventions of measles
TLWBA to :
describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of varicella-zoster virus
discuss epidemiology of mumps
describe pathogenesis of mumps
explain the clinical manifestations of mumps
describe laboratory examinations to diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of

2 : 946-951
5 : 487-493
10 : 579-590

2 : 954-955
5 : 562-564
10 : 597-603

5 : 550-561
10: 604-606

mumps
analyse the management therapy of mumps
explain the complications of mumps
explain the preventions of mumps

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

3.6. Rubella

TLWBA to :
describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of rubella virus
discuss epidemiology of rubella
describe pathogenesis of rubella
explain the clinical manifestations of rubella
describe laboratory examinations to diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
rubella
analyse the management therapy of rubella
explain the complications and preventions of rubella

2 : 951-953
5 : 566-569
10 : 645-649

3.7. Molluscum
contagiosum

TLWBA to :
describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of molluscum contagiosum virus
discuss epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum
describe pathogenesis of molluscum contagiosum
explain the clinical manifestations of molluscum contagiosum
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
molluscum contagiosum patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
molluscum contagiosum
analyse the management therapy of molluscum contagiosum
explain the complications and preventions of molluscum
contagiosum

1 :394-397
5 : 463-464
10 : 565-571

5 : 599-600
10 : 523-528

3.8. Verruca
vulgaris
TLWBA to :

 define the etiologic agent of verruca vulgaris

describe taxonomy, classification, morphology, structure,
characteristics and replication of virus that cause the disease
discuss epidemiology of verruca vulgaris
describe pathogenesis of verruca vulgaris
explain the clinical manifestations of verruca vulgaris
describe laboratory examinations to diagnose the disease
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of
verruca vulgaris
analyse the management therapy of verruca vulgaris
explain the complications and preventions of verruca vulgaris

10

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

4.

Fungal
Infections

4.1.
Histoplasmosis

4.2. Candidiasis
cutis and
unguium

TLWBA to :

explain taxonomy, classification, morphology,

structure, growth and reproduction of fungi and yeasts
that caused histoplasmosis

discuss epidemiology of histoplasmosis

describe pathogenesis of histoplasmosis

explain the clinical manifestations of

histoplasmosis

describe cultivation and laboratory examination of

fungi

analyse principle diagnosis and the differential

diagnosis of histoplasmosis

analyse the management therapy of

histoplasmosis

explain the complications and preventions of

histoplasmosis
TLWBA to :
define the etiologic agent of candidiasis cutis and
unguium
explain taxonomy, classification, morphology,
structure, growth and reproduction of fungi and yeasts
that caused superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous
mycosis
discuss epidemiology of candidiasis cutis and unguium
describe pathogenesis of candidiasis cutis and
unguium
explain the clinical manifestations of candidiasis cutis
and unguium
describe cultivation and laboratory examination of
fungal infections
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of candidiasis cutis and unguium
analyse the management therapy of candidiasis cutis
and unguium including mechanism of action ,side
effects as well as contraindication of drugs in
candidiasis cutis and unguium
explain the complications of candidiasis cutis and

1 : 297-314
5 : 640-642
10 : 772-775
14 : 1989- 2006

5 : 645-647
10 : 779-787

unguium
explain the preventions of candidiasis cutis and
unguium

11

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

5.3. Ascariasis

TLWBA to :
define agent, form and characteristic of the etiology
of ascariasis
discuss epidemiology of ascariasis
describe pathogenesis of ascariasis
explain the clinical manifestations of ascariasis
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
ascariasis patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of ascariasis
analyse the management therapy of ascariasis
including mechanism of action, side effects as well as
contraindication of agents in ascariasis
explain the complications of ascariasis
explain the preventions of ascariasis.

2 : 1064-1065
8 : 1374-1381

14

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC
5.4. Hookworm
Infections
(Necator
americanus)

5.5. Enterobiasis

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

TLWBA to :
define agent, form and characteristic of the etiology
of hookworm Infection
discuss epidemiology of hookworm Infection
describe pathogenesis of hookworm Infection
explain the clinical manifestations of hookworm
Infection
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
hookworm Infection patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of hookworm Infection
analyse the management therapy of hookworm
Infection
explain the complications of hookworm Infection
explain the preventions of hookworm Infection

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES
2 : 1065-1066

2 : 1067-1068
TLWBA to :
define agent, form and characteristic of the etiology
of enterobiasis
discuss epidemiology of enterobiasis
describe pathogenesis of enterobiasis
explain the clinical manifestations of enterobiasis
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
enterobiasis patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of enterobiasis
analyse the management therapy of enterobiasis
explain the complications of enterobiasis
explain the preventions of enterobiasis

15

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC
5.6. Trichuriasis

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

TLWBA to :
define agent, form and characteristic of the etiology of
trichuriasis
discuss epidemiology of trichuriasis
describe pathogenesis of trichuriasis
explain the clinical manifestations of trichuriasis
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
trichuriasis patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of trichuriasis
analyse the management therapy of trichuriasis
explain the complications of trichuriasis
explain the preventions of trichuriasis

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES
2 :1073
8 : 1372-1374

16

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

5.8. Scabies and

Pediculosis

TLWBA to :
explain the layer of skin
define agent, form and characteristic of the etiology
of scabies and pediculosis
discuss epidemiology of scabies and pediculosis
describe pathogenesis of scabies and pediculosis
explain the clinical manifestations of scabies and
pediculosis
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
scabies and pediculosis patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of scabies and pediculosis
analyse the management therapy of scabies and
pediculosis including mechanism of action, side effects
as well as contraindication, preparation and route of
drug administration of agents in scabies and
pediculosis.
explain the complications of scabies and pediculosis
explain the preventions of scabies and pediculosis

5.9. Larvae
migrans

TLWBA to :
define agent, form and characteristic of the etiology
of larvae migrans
discuss epidemiology of larvae migrans
describe pathogenesis of larvae migrans
explain the clinical manifestations of larvae migrans
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
larvae migrans patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of larvae migrans
analyse the management therapy of larvae migrans
explain the complications of larvae migrans
explain the preventions of larvae migrans

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES
1 :
3 :
4 :
6 :
11 :
15 :

1 :
4 :
15 :

17

NO
6.

NS

TOPIC
Zoonosis

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

6.1.
Leptospirosis

TLWBA to :
define the etiologic agent of leptospirosis
describe morphology, structure and characteristics of
bacteria that cause leptospirosis
discuss epidemiology of leptospirosis
describe pathogenesis of leptospirosis
explain the clinical manifestations of leptospirosis
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
leptospirosis patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of leptospirosis
analyse the management therapy of leptospirosis
explain the complications of leptospirosis
explain the preventions of leptospirosis

6.2. Anthrax

TLWBA to :
definethe etiologic agent of anthrax
describe morphology, structure and characteristics of
bacteria that cause anthrax
discuss epidemiology of anthrax
describe pathogenesis of anthrax
explain the clinical manifestations of anthrax
explain the laboratory findings which can be found on
anthrax patient
analyse principle diagnosis and the differential
diagnosis of anthrax
analyse the management therapy of anthrax
explain the complications of anthrax
explain the preventions of anthrax

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES
5 : 338-340
8 : 963-970
10 : 438 - 441
13 : 1055-1057

5 : 202-204
10 : 265 - 271

18

NO
7.

TOPIC
Environmental
Pathology and
diseases

SUBTOPIC
7.1.
Environtmental
pollution
-outdoor air
pollution
-indoor air
pollution
-industrial
exposures

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

TLWBA to
describe major outdoor air pollutants, origins and
consequences
describe pattern of lung injury related to air
pollutions
describe health effect of indoor air pollutans
describe human diseases associated with
occupational exposures
describe human diseases associated with toxic
and carcinogenic metals

7.2.
Pneumoconiosis

7.3. Sillicosis

7.4. Asbestosis

describe pathogenesis of pneumoconioses, coal

worker pneumoconiosis (CWP)
describe the morphology of pulmonary
anthracosis, simple CWP, Caplan Syndrome
explain clinical course of CWP
describe definition and epidemiology of sillicosis
describe classification of sillicosis acording to
intensity of exposure
describe morphology of sillicosis
explain the clinical course of sillicosis
describe definition and epidemiology of
asbestosis
describe pathogenesis of asbestosis
describe morphology of asbestosis
explain the clinical course of asbestosis

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES
7 : 265-290

19

NO

TOPIC

SUBTOPIC

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVE

RESOURCE
PERSON

REFERENCES

7.6. Injury by
chemical agent
injury by
therapeutic
agents
( adverse drugs
reactions)
-

injury by
nontherapeutic
toxic agents

-Describe the mechanisms of chemical injury

-Describe some common adverse drug reactions and
their agents
-Describe adverse effects of
-estrogen therapy and oral contraceptive
-acetaminophen
-acetosal (acetylsalicylic acid )
-Describe some common nontherapeutic toxic agents
and major associated pathologic effects
-describe pathogenesis and morphology of
-lead poisoning
-carbon monoxide
-alcohol and drug abuse ( ethanol, cocaine,heroin,
marijuana and other illicit drugs.

- injury by physical
agents

-describe injury induced by physical agents .

-describe morphology of abrasion, contusion, laceration,
incised wound, and puncture wound.
-describe morphology of thermal burns, hyperthermia
and hypothermia.

-electrical injury
- injury produced
by
ionizing radiation

-describe morphology and effects of electrical injury

-describe the biologic effects of radiation

20

List of References :
NO

REFERENCES

21

1.

Arnold HL, Odom RB, James WD. Andrews Disease of the Skin. Clinical Dermatology, WB Saunders Co.,

2.

Philadelphia,1990
Behrman RE, Kliegman RM and Jenson HB (eds) Nelson Textbook of Pediatric, 17 th ed., WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia,

3.
4.
5.

2003.
DepKes. RI. Tata Laksana Malaria.
Garcia LS, Bruckner DA, Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 3 rd Edition, ASM Press Washington DC,1997
Geo F Brooks, JS Butel , SA Morse. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology, 23 rd edition, Lange Medical

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Books/Mc-Graw-Hill, 2003
Katzung B.G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 10th. Ed. 2007
Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL, Robbins Basic Pathology, 7th Ed, Saunders, 2003
Mansons Tropical Disease 21st ed. WB Saunders, 2003.
Natadisastra D., Parasitologi Klinik Ditinjau dari Organ Tubuh Yang diserang.
Patrick R Muray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller, Medical Microbiology. 5 th Ed. Elsevier Mosby, 2005
Junquieira LC.,Carneiro J.,O Kelley R.Basic Histology,Appleton & Lange,2005
WHO, Dengue Haemorhagic Fever, Diagnosis, preventive and Treatment. 1997
Harisons Principles of internal medicine, 15 th ed. Mc Graw Hill. 2001
Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Fitzpatricks Dermatology in General Medicine, 6 th. Ed., Mc Graw- Hill Inc.,

15.
16.
17.

New York, 2003

Judith S, Heclan, Frances WI., Essentials of Human Parasitology
Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Infectious Diseases. 1 st Ed., International Edition : McGraw-Hill , 2001
Gartner L.P., Hiati J.L., Histology: 2001