The turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that finds wide use in aircraft propulsion.

The word
"turbofan" is a portmanteau of "turbine" and "fan": the turbo portion refers to a gas turbine enginewhich takes
mechanical energy from combustion,[1] and the fan, aducted fan that uses the mechanical energy from the gas turbine
to accelerate air rearwards. Thus, whereas all the air taken in by aturbojet passes through the turbine (through the
combustion chamber), in a turbofan some of that air bypasses the turbine. A turbofan thus can be thought of as a
turbojet being used to drive a ducted fan, with both of those contributing to the thrust. The ratio of the mass-flow of air
bypassing the engine core compared to the mass-flow of air passing through the core is referred to as the bypass
ratio. The engine produces thrust through a combination of these two portions working in concert; engines that use
more jet thrust relative to fan thrust are known as low bypass turbofans, conversely those that have considerably
more fan thrust than jet thrust are known as high bypass. Most commercial aviation jet engines in use today are of
the high-bypass type, and most modern military fighter engines are low-bypass.[citation needed] Afterburners are not used
on high-bypass turbofan engines but may be used on either low-bypass turbofan orturbojet engines.
Most of the air flow through a high-bypass turbofan is low-velocity bypass flow: even when combined with the much
higher velocity engine exhaust, the net average exhaust velocity is considerably lower than in a pure turbojet. Engine
noise is largely a function of exhaust velocity, therefore turbofan engines are significantly quieter than a pure-jet of the
same thrust. Other factors include turbine blade and exhaust outlet geometries, such as noise-reducing "chevrons"
seen on the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 and General Electric GEnxengines used on the Boeing 787.
Since the efficiency of propulsion is a function of the relative airspeed of the exhaust to the surrounding air, propellers
are most efficient for low speed, pure jets for high speeds, and ducted fans in the middle. Turbofans are thus the most
efficient engines in the range of speeds from about 500 to 1,000 km/h (310 to 620 mph), the speed at which most
commercial aircraft operate.[2][3]Turbofans retain an efficiency edge over pure jets at low supersonic speeds up to
roughly Mach 1.6, but have also been found to be efficient when used with continuous afterburner at Mach 3 and
above.[citation needed]
The vast majority of turbofans follow the same basic design, with a large fan at the front of the engine and a relatively
small jet engine behind it. There have been a number of variations on this design, however, including rear-mounted
fans which can easily be added to an existing pure-jet design, or designs that combine a low-pressure turbine and a
fan stage in a single rear-mounted unit.