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18
Solid Waste
Contribution of Different Sources (%)
Generation
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Hospital
(ton/day)
MMI 1991a
1300
46.8
17.3
12.9
0.50
PAS 1997a
3000-5000
46.7
20.0
26.7
6.70
RSWC 1998a
1200-1600
47.0
17.0
13.5
0.50
BCAS 1998b
2398
81.9
13.9
2.31
1.87
DCC 1999
3500
49.0
21.0
24.0
6.00
* Please refer to the Index Notations at the end of the paper
a
As quoted in BCAS (1998)
b
Estimates are for the portion of waste that are dumped at the dumping sites
The DCC estimate (DCC 1999) shows that, of the total daily
generation of 3500 tons of solid waste, 1800 tons are
collected and dumped by the DCC, 900 tons go to backyard
and land filling, 400 tons go to road side and open space, 300
tons are recycled by the Tokais (mostly the children of slum
dwellers), and 100 tons are recycled at the generation point.
However, the quantity of solid waste varies depending on
month and season by a factor of about 20%, the generation
being higher during wet months and fruit seasons.
Street
22.6
-22.0
---
1.20
This study
30000
BCAS
25000
0.80
20000
0.60
15000
0.40
10000
0.20
0.00
1990
ton/d
kg/capita.d
1.00
35000
5000
2000
2010
Year
2020
0
2030
20
21
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HIG
LIG
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MIG
AIG
Motijheel C/A1
Motijheel C/A2
Motijheel (near Shilpa bhavan)
New M arket
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Tejgaon I/A2
Hazaribagh1
Hazaribagh2
Tejgaon I/A1
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Chatbari, Mirpur
South Kamlapur
Mugda Fish Arat
Matuail, Dhaka
For Figs. 2, 3, 5 1 = Food waste, 2 = Paper, 3 = Polythene, plastic, 4 = Cloth, 5 = Garden trimmings, leaves &
branches, 6 = Brick/ stone, wood, metal, glass/ ceramic, 7 = Others
For Fig. 4 Same as the others, except that 7 = Shredded skin & leather
transported and dumped in disposal sites. Different studies
suggest that solid waste of Dhaka city can be considered to
consist of as much as 80% organic material (Figs. 2~5 and
Yousuf 1996). Again, during composting, 85% of the organic
waste may be converted into compost and remaining 15% is
required to be land filled (Enayetullah & Sinha 2002). Land
requirements with and without composting were compared
assuming a collection efficiency of 50%. From the estimated
waste generation, the required land area is calculated
assuming a compacted solid waste density of 1.1 ton/m3 and a
6m dumping height. Land requirement was calculated as
follows:
Volume
at landfill
(m3/yr)
Volumedisposed
disposed
at landfill
(m=3/yr)
22
350
200
150
100
300
250
50
0
1995
2000
2020
2025
250
200
150
without composting
40% composting
60% composting
80% composting
100
50
0
1995 2000
2005
2010 2015
Year
2020 2025
23
2
Round
trip
Distance
(km)
14
18
22
18
22
26
42
44
35
60
4
3 ton
Tk./
cu.m
124.50
139.80
145.33
139.80
145.33
145.33
158.14
158.14
148.31
170.95
No. of
Vehicle
22
32
19
11
8
10
8
1
7
X
118
10
11
12
Total
Vehicle
23
33
20
13
18
16
8
8
10
2
151
Tk./
cu.m
101
116
121.80
116
121.80
121.80
144.20
144.20
141.20
158
Tk./
ton
184
211
221.5
211
221.5
221.5
262
262
257
287.5
Total
vehicle
2
18
5
23
20
11
3
8
5
1
96
13
Final
Weighted
Average
Cost
Tk./ ton
221
237.5
253
223
224
232
280.5
250
256
282
At each zone, under open truck system, 5, 3, 2 and 1.5-ton trucks are operating. But data are available for 3 and 5-ton trucks only. For trucks of 2 and 1.5-ton, the transportation cost/ cu.m was assumed
to be similar to that of 3-ton trucks.
At each zone, under demountable container collection system, 5 and 3-ton trucks are operating. But data are available for 3-ton trucks only. For trucks of 5-ton, the transportation cost/ cu.m was
assumed to be similar to that of 3-ton truck.
The weighted average in column 7 is calculated using the values in columns 3, 4, 5 and 6.
The value in column 8 is derived by dividing the value in column 7 by 0.55 (i.e., considering waste density of 0.55 ton/cu.m)
For demountable container system, since only cost data available is that of 3-ton payload, weighted average for that system could not be taken.
The final weighted average in column 13 is calculated using the values in columns 8, 9, 11 and 12.
Data source for those in the columns 2-6 and 10, 12: DCC, as quoted by Salam (2000).
Dhaka City
Corporation
Matuail
24
Available
Data*
130.38
200.77
Estimated
(from Colm 2,4)
250
385
122.30
235
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
194.90
211.78
151.19
8.78
27.66
118.42
31.02
374
407
290
73.35
231
227
60
Sites
Amount (ton)
Mugdapara Fish
468
Arat
1066
Kamlapur
598
Playground
Chatbari
238
268
Kachukhet
30
Sample Calculation:
Zone 1= 130.38+130.38*1066/1160.76
Zone 7= 8.78+8.78*268/36.44
*BCAS (1998)
Table 4 Daily waste transportation cost for existing and proposed distant landfill site
Land Site
DCC
Zone
Total
Waste
(ton)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
250
385
235
374
407
290
73.35
231
227
60
Round
Trip
distance,
km
14
18
22
18
22
26
42
44
35
60
Matuail
Cost,
Tk./
ton
221
237.5
253
223
224
232
280.5
250
256
282
Total
Cost,
Tk.
55250
91437.5
59455
83402
91168
67280
20575
57750
58112
16920
601350
3
Million
mmeter/yr
/yr
million
cubic
700
600
No
no composting
500
With 80%
composting
400
300
200
100
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020 2025
Year
Year
2030
2035
2040
25
Conclusion
Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) is unable to offer the
desired level of services with the existing capacity and
trend of waste management. Projection of future
generation rate indicates that by the year 2020 it may
exceed 30 thousand tons/day, which in turn will require
over 200 acres/yr of landfill area. Experts have suggested
that a community based solid waste management system
involving recycling and composting in conjunction with
sanitary landfilling with possible provision for transfer
Index Notations
BCAS Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies
DCC Dhaka City Corporation
IFRD Institute of Fuel Research and Development
MMI Mott MacDonald International
PAS Pan Asia Services
RSWC Rotted Solid Waste Consultancy
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
References
Ahmed MF and Rahman MM (2000). Water Supply and
Sanitation: Rural and Low-income Urban Communities,
ITN-Bangladesh, Dhaka.
BCAS (1998). Refuse Quantity Assessment of Dhaka City
Corporation for Waste to Electrical Energy Project, Final
Project Report funded by the World Bank and Power Cell,
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of
the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.
DCC (1999). Solid Waste Management by Dhaka City
Corporation, Dhaka City Corporation, Dhaka.
Enayetullah I and Sinha AHMM (2002). Decentralized
Composting: Experience of Waste Concern in Dhaka,
Bangladesh, Training Workshop on Incorporation of the
Informal Sector Waste Pickers and Community-Based
Decentralized Composting in Formal Solid Waste
Management System by United Nations Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Dhaka.
Hossain MD, Badruzzaman ABM and Ali MA (2000).
Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste of Dhaka City,
Research Report, Environmental Engineering Division,
Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka.
IFRD (1998). Refuse Quality Assessment of Dhaka City
Corporation for Waste to Electrical Energy Project,
Project Report funded by The World Bank and Power Cell,
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of
the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.
Eam-o-pas K et al. (2000). Landfill gas generation and
recovery in Thailand, Proceedings 2nd Intl. Conf. on
Methane Mitigation, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Kazi MN (1999). Capacity Building for Primary Collection in
Solid Waste, Citizens Guide for Dhaka, Environmental and
Development Associates (BDA), Dhaka, in association
with Water, Engineering and Development Centers
(WEDC), Loughborough University, U.K.
Sarmin T (2000). Study of present status of solid waste
management practices of Dhaka city. B. Sc. Engg. Thesis,
Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka.
Salam A (2000). Analysis and design of solid waste
management system for a residential zone of Dhaka city.
M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET,
Dhaka.
USEPA (1998). Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model
(Version 2.01), EPA 68-D1-0117, EPA 68-D3-0033.
Yousuf TB (1996). Sustainability of solid waste management
system of Dhaka City Corporation. M. Sc. Thesis,
Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka.
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