Chapter 3

THE DESIGN SYSTEM

This chapter deals with the discussion of methods used in the
development

of

the

system.

It

included

the

procedure,

technical

specifications of components of the design and all necessary information

needed for study.
3.1 Data Gathering Tools
The effective instruments for gathering data used in the study.
Observation. Was used

by the

proponents to collect

information

through observing things, the proponents were able to describe and analyse
current problems of the society , and come up with to a design a system.
Library Research. The proponents researched for relevant topics and
studies to aid up the study. Scan and review unpublished and published
materials to design a original concept for the system.
Internet-based Research. Through the use of computer network, the
internet, the

researchers acquired a vast variety of relevant information

from local to international sources to identify the existing systems and not
override

the design system. The proponents also used this tool to check

availability of materials needed for the construction of the design system.

3.2 Functional Block Diagram

Figure 3.2 Functional Block Diagram of the Designed System

3.2.1 Hardware Operation Description of the Block Diagram

Power Supplies a power source of 220V was required to power up

the system with an ac-dc converter output voltage of 5V.

Microcontroller - a small computer on a single Integrated Circuit for
embedded application, it has the program codes that run the system

automatically.
LCD Display used

system, verifying that the microcontroller works properly.

4 Digit 7 Segment used as a visual interface also.
LED used also as a visual interface verifying the system

as a visual interface between user and the

works

properly.
3.3 Process Flow
Programmable Interface Controller model 16F628A has an
interface. Divided into Four (4)

groups, Vss,

Vdd, Port A and

18-pin
Port

B.

Knowing Vss is the ground and Vdd is for the 5V supply. Most of the time,
Port B is being used for output and Port A is for input but if ever Port A is
needed, disabling the comparator is the solution. The system came up
with different examples with different visual interface. RA5/MCLR/Vpp
needs to be held high so putting a 10k in series to it will make this work.
For application wanting the LCD to be used as an output, Pins 1/GND and
5/R/W of LCD should be grounded and Pin 2/Vcc is connected to source. For
backlight enabling, Anode should be in VCC and Cathode in ground.

For

the Potentiometer, 10k is a good variable resistor. For outputs D4-D7

should be connected to RB4-RB7 respectively.
Four Digit Seven Segment works also as a visual interface, it has 12
pins, for 4 Digit,

it has D1, D2, D3 and D4, a,b,c,d,e,f,g and h. For D1, D2,

D3 and D4 to function it is needed to be connected to VCC but 4 Digit 7

Segment cannot handle 5V using of BC547 would best fit.
Switches are used mostly for increment and decrement. It is connected
to Port A for input.
3.4 Component List
Table 3.5.1 Parts List - Processing Devices
Material/s
PIC
Protoboard
PCB
PCB
Programmer
Breadboard

Specification
PIC16F628A
4X5 protoboard
2X2 PCB
1X1 PCB
K150
Breadboard

Quantity
5
4
5
5
1
5

Table 3.5.2 Parts List - Output device

Material/s
LCD
7-segment

LED
LED
LED

Specification
16X2
LCD
Display
Module
4-digit
common
cathode
7-segment
display
Red LED
Green LED
YELLOW LED

Quantity
5
5

25
5
5

Table 3.5.3 Parts List - Switching components

Material/s
Transistor
Tact switch
Resistor
Resistor
Resistor
Resistor
Trimmer

Specification
BC547
Push button
4.7k Ohms
10 k Ohms
330 Ohms
470 Ohms

Crystal
Capacitor
Capacitor
Transistor
Header
Header
Holder
Connecting wires
Breadboard wires

4.0MHz crystal
22 pF
104 pF
LM7805
Female Header
Male Header
IC Holder
Solid
Stranded

10k potentiometer
LCD contrast

Quantity
20
20
40
5
40
35
for 5
5
10
10
5
285
30
5

Table 3.5.4 Parts List - miscellaneous components

Material/s
File case
Fiber glass

Specification
Rectangular
Rectangular

Quantity
5
1X1 foot

3.6 Bills of Materials

Table 3.6.1 Bill of Materials - Processing Devices
Material/s

Specification

Quantity

PIC
Protoboard
PCB
PCB
Programmer
Breadboard
Total:
Table 3.6.2 Bill of

PIC16F628A
4X5 protoboard
2X2 PCB
1X1 PCB
K150
Breadboard

5
5
5
5
1
5

Materials - Output device

Unit price
(PHP)
150
90
10
5
800
140

Total
amount
750
450
50
25
800
700
2775

Material/s

Specification

Quantity

LCD

16X2
LCD
Display Module
4-digit common
cathode
7segment display
Red LED
Green LED
YELLOW LED

Unit price Total

(PHP)
amount
250
1250

70

350

25
5
5

3
3
3

75
15
15
1705

7-segment

LED
LED
LED
Total:

Table 3.6.3 Bill of Materials - Switching components

Material/s

Specification

Quantity

Transistor
Tact switch
Resistor
Resistor
Resistor
Resistor
Trimmer

BC547
Push button
4.7k Ohms
10 k Ohms
330 Ohms
470 Ohms
10k
potentiometer
for LCD contrast
4.0MHz crystal
22 pF
104 pF
LM7805
Female Header
Male Header
IC Holder
Solid

20
20
40
5
40
35
5

Crystal
Capacitor
Capacitor
Transistor
Header
Header
Holder
Connecting
wires
Breadboard
wires
Power supply
Totat:

Unit price
(PHP)
4
10
1
1
1
1
10

Total
amount
80
200
40
5
40
35
50

5
10
10
5
8
1
5

20
1
1
15
20
25
20
30

100
10
10
75
160
25
100
30

Stranded

65

200

200

Power supply

150

750
1820

Table 3.6.4 Bill of Materials - miscellaneous components

Material/s

Specification

Quantity

File case
Fiber glass
Screw
Washer
Knot
Total:

Rectangular
Rectangular

5
1X1 foot
70
70
70

Unit price
(PHP)
116
360
1
1
1

Total
amount
580
360
70
70
70
1150

3.7 PCB Layout

3.7.1
Below is the PCB layout of the PIC16F628A

Figure 3.7.1
PCB Layout of PIC16F628A
3.7.2
Below is the schematic of the step down circuit

Figure 3.7.2
PCB Layoout of Voltage Step-Dpwn Regulator
3.7.3

Below is the schematic of the whole system

Figure 3.7.3
PCB Layout of Application Circuit
3.7.4 Actual Pictures

Fig. 3.7.4a Complete Image

Fig. 3.7.4b Application Circuit

Fig. 3.7.4c PIC Circuit

Fig. 3.7.4d Step Down Regulator

Fig. 3.7.4e AC-DC Converter