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MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BASIC
Experiment # 9
Objective:
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Spring balance
Weights
Hanger
Measuring Ruler
Theory:
The elastic properties of matter are involved in many physical phenomena. When
matter is deformed (compressed, twisted, stretched, et cetera) and the deforming forces
are sufficiently small, the material will return to its original shape when the deforming
forces are removed. In such cases, the deformation is said to take place within the elastic
limit of the material, i.e., there is no permanent deformation. The slight stretching of a
rubber band is an example of an elastic deformation. Steel wires, concrete columns,
metal beams and rods and other material objects can also undergo elastic deformations.
For many materials, it is approximately true that when the material is stretched or
compressed, the resisting or restoring force that tends to return the material to its
original shape is proportional to the amount of the deformation but points in a direction
SUBMITTED
BY:
AHMAD BHUTTA
AREEB
REG. #: 2013-BTMECH-106
LAB MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BASIC
Hookes Law:
Hookes law, law of elasticity
discovered by the English scientist
Robert Hooke in 1660, which states
that, for relatively small deformations of
an object, the displacement or size of
the deformation is directly proportional
to the deforming force or load. Under
these conditions the object returns to its
original shape and size upon removal of
the load. Elastic behavior of solids
according to Hookes law can be
explained
by
displacements
the
fact
of
their
that
small
constituent
SUBMITTED
BY:
AHMAD BHUTTA
AREEB
REG. #: 2013-BTMECH-106
LAB MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BASIC
equal and oppositely directed restoring force that causes elastic materials to return to
their original dimensions.
Hookes law may also be expressed in terms of stress and strain. Stress is the force
on unit areas within a material that develops as a result of the externally applied force.
Strain is the relative deformation produced by stress. For relatively small stresses, stress
is proportional to strain.
Stress and strain are directly proportional to each other with in the elastic limit.
stress( ) strain ( )
=E
(1)
(2)
In the equation (2), E shows the Modulus of elasticity or Youngs Modulus of spring.
Stress:
Stress is force per unit area within materials that arises from externally applied
forces, uneven heating, or permanent deformation and that permits an accurate
description and prediction of elastic, plastic, and fluid behavior. A stress is expressed as a
quotient of a force divided by an area.
There are many kinds of stress. Normal stress arises from forces that are
perpendicular to a cross-sectional area of the material, whereas shear stress arises from
forces that are parallel to, and lie in, the plane of the cross-sectional area.
It is denoted by ' .
=F/ A
Strain:
Strain is number that describes relative deformation or change in shape and size
of elastic, plastic, and fluid materials under applied forces. The deformation, expressed
by strain, arises throughout the material as the particles (molecules, atoms, ions) of
which the material is composed are slightly displaced from their normal position.
SUBMITTED
BY:
AHMAD BHUTTA
AREEB
REG. #: 2013-BTMECH-106
LAB MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BASIC
Strains may be divided into normal strains and shear strains on the basis of the
forces that cause the deformation. A normal strain is caused by forces perpendicular to
planes or cross-sectional areas of the material, such as in a volume that is under pressure
on all sides or in a rod that is pulled or compressed lengthwise.
A shear strain is caused by forces that are parallel to, and lie in, planes or crosssectional areas, such as in a short metal tube that is twisted about its longitudinal axis.
=
In the equation (
L
L
L=L+ L ), where
length of spring.
It is denoted by .
It has no units.
Youngs Modulus:
Youngs modulus, numerical constant, named for the 18th-century English
physician and physicist Thomas Young, that describes the elastic properties of a solid
undergoing tension or compression in only one direction, as in the case of a metal rod
that after being stretched or compressed lengthwise returns to its original length. Youngs
modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when
under lengthwise tension or compression. Sometimes referred to as the modulus of
elasticity, Youngs modulus is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain.
E= /
SUBMITTED
BY:
AHMAD BHUTTA
AREEB
REG. #: 2013-BTMECH-106
LAB MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BASIC
Spring constant:
This is the proportionality constant used in the Hookes law which shows the
capacity of the spring to bear the extension due to applied weight.
It is commonly denoted by K.
Its unit is Nm-1.
K=F / x
that
is
the
ratio
of
Spring balance:
This is material or medium through which we
calculate the extension due to application of load.
Ruler:
Ruler is used to check how much extension is
made during application of loads on loading and
unloading.
SUBMITTED
BY:
AHMAD BHUTTA
AREEB
REG. #: 2013-BTMECH-106
Force
to
the
LAB MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BASIC
Weights:
This is the applied load on the spring
to show the extension in it.
Load-Extension Graph:
Load-Extension Graph is
plotted according to readings while
taking extension on x-axis and load
on y-axis.
Procedure:
1. Hang a spring from a horizontal metal rod.
2. Attach a mass hanger directly to the bottom of the hanging spring and record the
position of the bottom of the mass hanger relative to a meter stick.
3. Add masses to the spring and record the position of the bottom of the mass hanger.
4. Hang a mass from the spring and wait for it to come to rest.
5. Record the final position of the mass hanger.
6. Calculate and note the increase in length.
7. Repeat the above steps with different weights.
8. Fill the measurement in an observation table.
9. Plot a graph with readings. (Force applied) vs (Extension).
SUBMITTED
BY:
AHMAD BHUTTA
AREEB
REG. #: 2013-BTMECH-106
LAB MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MACHINES
BASIC
Conclusion:
Studied and verified Hookes Law.
Comments:
The following factors affect results of the experiment:
1. Frictional Losses.
2. Human Error.
SUBMITTED
BY:
AHMAD BHUTTA
AREEB
REG. #: 2013-BTMECH-106