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AeterniPatris
HisHolinessPopeLeoXIII
OntheRestorationofChristianPhilosophy
August4,1879
TothePatriarchs,Primates,Archbishops,andBishopsoftheCatholicWorldin
GraceandCommunionWiththeApostolicSee.
TheonlybegottenSonoftheEternalFather,whocameonearthtobringsalvation
andthelightofdivinewisdomtomen,conferredagreatandwonderfulblessingon
theworldwhen,abouttoascendagainintoheaven,HecommandedtheApostlesto
goandteachallnations,[1]andlefttheChurchwhichHehadfoundedtobethe
commonandsupremeteacherofthepeoples.Formenwhomthetruthhadsetfree
weretobepreservedbythetruthnorwouldthefruitsofheavenlydoctrinesby
whichsalvationcomestomenhavelongremainedhadnottheLordChrist
appointedanunfailingteachingauthoritytotrainthemindstofaith.AndtheChurch
builtuponthepromisesofitsowndivineAuthor,whosecharityitimitated,so
faithfullyfollowedoutHiscommandsthatitsconstantaimandchiefwishwasthis:
toteachreligionandcontendforeveragainsterrors.Tothisendassuredlyhave
tendedtheincessantlaborsofindividualbishopstothisendalsothepublishedlaws
anddecreesofcouncils,andespeciallytheconstantwatchfulnessoftheRoman
Pontiffs,towhom,assuccessorsoftheblessedPeterintheprimacyoftheApostles,
belongstherightandofficeofteachingandconfirmingtheirbrethreninthefaith.
Since,then,accordingtothewarningoftheapostle,themindsofChrist'sfaithful
areapttobedeceivedandtheintegrityofthefaithtobecorruptedamongmenby
philosophyandvaindeceit,[2]thesupremepastorsoftheChurchhavealways
thoughtittheirdutytoadvance,byeverymeansintheirpower,sciencetrulyso
called,andatthesametimetoprovidewithspecialcarethatallstudiesshould
accordwiththeCatholicfaith,especiallyphilosophy,onwhicharightinterpretation
oftheothersciencesingreatpartdepends.Indeed,venerablebrethren,onthisvery
subjectamongothers,WebrieflyadmonishedyouinOurfirstencyclicalletterbut
now,bothbyreasonofthegravityofthesubjectandtheconditionofthetime,we
areagaincompelledtospeaktoyouonthemodeoftakingupthestudyof
philosophywhichshallrespondmostfitlytotheexcellenceoffaith,andatthesame
timebeconsonantwiththedignityofhumanscience.
2.Whosoturnshisattentiontothebitterstrifesofthesedaysandseeksareasonfor
thetroublesthatvexpublicandprivatelifemustcometotheconclusionthata
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fruitfulcauseoftheevilswhichnowafflict,aswellasthosewhichthreaten,uslies
inthis:thatfalseconclusionsconcerningdivineandhumanthings,whichoriginated
intheschoolsofphilosophy,havenowcreptintoalltheordersoftheState,and
havebeenacceptedbythecommonconsentofthemasses.For,sinceitisinthe
verynatureofmantofollowtheguideofreasoninhisactions,ifhisintellectsinsat
allhiswillsoonfollowsandthusithappensthatfalseopinions,whoseseatisinthe
understanding,influencehumanactionsandpervertthem.Whereas,ontheother
hand,ifmenbeofsoundmindandtaketheirstandontrueandsolidprinciples,
therewillresultavastamountofbenefitsforthepublicandprivategood.Wedo
not,indeed,attributesuchforceandauthoritytophilosophyastoesteemitequalto
thetaskofcombatingandrootingoutallerrorsfor,whentheChristianreligionwas
firstconstituted,itcameuponearthtorestoreittoitsprimevaldignitybythe
admirablelightoffaith,diffused"notbypersuasivewordsofhumanwisdom,butin
themanifestationofspiritandofpower",[3]soalsoatthepresenttimewelook
aboveallthingstothepowerfulhelpofAlmightyGodtobringbacktoaright
understandingthemindsofmananddispelthedarknessoferror.[4]Butthenatural
helpswithwhichthegraceofthedivinewisdom,stronglyandsweetlydisposingall
things,hassuppliedthehumanraceareneithertobedespisednorneglected,chief
amongwhichisevidentlytherightuseofphilosophy.For,notinvaindidGodset
thelightofreasoninthehumanmindandsofaristhesuperaddedlightoffaith
fromextinguishingorlesseningthepoweroftheintelligencethatitcompletesit
rather,andbyaddingtoitsstrengthrendersitcapableofgreaterthings.
3.Therefore,DivineProvidenceitselfrequiresthat,incallingbackthepeopletothe
pathsoffaithandsalvation,advantageshouldbetakenofhumansciencealsoan
approvedandwisepracticewhichhistorytestifieswasobservedbythemost
illustriousFathersoftheChurch.They,indeed,werewontneithertobelittlenor
undervaluethepartthatreasonhadtoplay,asissummedupbythegreatAugustine
whenheattributestothisscience"thatbywhichthemostwholesomefaithis
begotten...isnourished,defended,andmadestrong."[5]
4.Inthefirstplace,philosophy,ifrightlymadeuseofbythewise,inacertainway
tendstosmoothandfortifytheroadtotruefaith,andtopreparethesoulsofits
disciplesforthefitreceptionofrevelationforwhichreasonitiswellcalledby
ancientwriterssometimesasteppingstonetotheChristianfaith,[6]sometimesthe
preludeandhelpofChristianity,[7]sometimestheGospelteacher.[8]And,
assuredly,theGodofallgoodness,inallthatpertainstodivinethings,hasnotonly
manifestedbythelightoffaiththosetruthswhichhumanintelligencecouldnot
attainofitself,butothers,also,notaltogetherunattainablebyreason,thatbythe
helpofdivineauthoritytheymaybemadeknowntoallatonceandwithoutany
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admixtureoferror.Henceitisthatcertaintruthswhichwereeitherdivinely
proposedforbelief,orwereboundbytheclosestchainstothedoctrineoffaith,
werediscoveredbypagansageswithnothingbuttheirnaturalreasontoguidethem,
weredemonstratedandprovedbybecomingarguments.For,astheApostlesays,
theinvisiblethingsofHim,fromthecreationoftheworld,areclearlyseen,being
understoodbythethingsthataremade:Hiseternalpoweralsoanddivinity[9]and
theGentileswhohavenottheLawshow,nevertheless,theworkoftheLawwritten
intheirhearts.[10]Butitismostfittingtoturnthesetruths,whichhavebeen
discoveredbythepagansageseven,totheuseandpurposesofrevealeddoctrine,in
ordertoshowthatbothhumanwisdomandtheverytestimonyofouradversaries
servetosupporttheChristianfaithamethodwhichisnotofrecentintroduction,
butofestablisheduse,andhasoftenbeenadoptedbytheholyFathersofthe
Church.Whatismore,thosevenerablemen,thewitnessesandguardiansof
religioustraditions,recognizeacertainformandfigureofthisintheactionofthe
Hebrews,who,whenabouttodepartoutofEgypt,werecommandedtotakewith
themthegoldandsilvervesselsandpreciousrobesoftheEgyptians,thatbya
changeofusethethingsmightbededicatedtotheserviceofthetrueGodwhichhad
formerlybeentheinstrumentsofignobleandsuperstitiousrites.GregoryofNeo
Caesare[11]praisesOrigenexpresslybecause,withsingulardexterity,asone
snatchesweaponsfromtheenemy,heturnedtothedefenseofChristianwisdom
andtothedestructionofsuperstitionmanyargumentsdrawnfromthewritingsof
thepagans.AndbothGregoryofNazianzen[12]andGregoryofNyssa[13]praise
andcommendalikemodeofdisputationinBasiltheGreatwhileJerome[14]
especiallycommendsitinQuadratus,adiscipleoftheApostles,inAristides,Justin,
Irenaeus,andverymanyothers.Augustinesays:"DowenotseeCyprian,that
mildestofdoctorsandmostblessedofmartyrs,goingoutofEgyptladenwithgold
andsilverandvestments?AndLactantius,alsoandVictorinus,OptatusandHilary?
And,nottospeakoftheliving,howmanyGreekshavedonelikewise?"[15]Butif
naturalreasonfirstsowedthisrichfieldofdoctrinebeforeitwasrenderedfruitful
bythepowerofChrist,itmustassuredlybecomemoreprolificafterthegraceofthe
Saviorhasrenewedandaddedtothenativefacultiesofthehumanmind.Andwho
doesnotseethataplainandeasyroadisopeneduptofaithbysuchamethodof
philosophicstudy?
5.Buttheadvantagetobederivedfromsuchaschoolofphilosophyisnottobe
confinedwithintheselimits.Thefoolishnessofthosemenwho"bythesegood
thingsthatareseencouldnotunderstandHim,thatis,neitherbyattendingtothe
workscouldhaveacknowledgedwhowastheworkman,"[16]isgravelyreprovedin
thewordsofDivineWisdom.Inthefirstplace,then,thisgreatandnoblefruitis
gatheredfromhumanreason,thatitdemonstratesthatGodisforthegreatnessof
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thebeautyandofthecreaturetheCreatorofthemmaybeseensoastobeknown
thereby.[17]Again,itshowsGodtoexcelintheheightofallperfections,especially
ininfinitewisdombeforewhichnothinglieshidden,andinabsolutejusticewhich
nodepravedaffectioncouldpossiblyshakeandthatGod,therefore,isnotonlytrue
buttruthitself,whichcanneitherdeceivenorbedeceived.Whenceitclearly
followsthathumanreasonfindsthefullestfaithandauthorityunitedinthewordof
God.Inlikemanner,reasondeclaresthatthedoctrineoftheGospelhasevenfrom
itsverybeginningbeenmademanifestbycertainwonderfulsigns,theestablished
proofs,asitwere,ofunshakentruthandthatall,therefore,whosetfaithinthe
Gospeldonotbelieverashlyasthoughfollowingcunninglydevisedfables,[18]but,
byamostreasonableconsent,subjecttheirintelligenceandjudgmenttoan
authoritywhichisdivine.Andofnolessimportanceisitthatreasonmostclearly
setsforththattheChurchinstitutedbyChrist(aslaiddownintheVaticanCouncil),
onaccountofitswonderfulspread,itsmarveloussanctity,anditsinexhaustible
fecundityinallplaces,aswellasofitsCatholicunityandunshakenstability,isin
itselfagreatandperpetualmotiveofbeliefandanirrefragabletestimonyofitsown
divinemission.[19]
6.Itssolidfoundationshavingbeenthuslaid,aperpetualandvariedserviceis
furtherrequiredofphilosophy,inorderthatsacredtheologymayreceiveand
assumethenature,form,andgeniusofatruescience.Forinthis,themostnobleof
studies,itisofthegreatestnecessitytobindtogether,asitwere,inonebodythe
manyandvariouspartsoftheheavenlydoctrines,that,eachbeingallottedtoits
ownproperplaceandderivedfromitsownproperprinciples,thewholemayjoin
togetherinacompleteunioninorder,infine,thatallandeachpartmaybe
strengthenedbyitsownandtheothers'invinciblearguments.Noristhatmore
accurateorfullerknowledgeofthethingsthatarebelieved,andsomewhatmore
lucidunderstanding,asfarasitcango,oftheverymysteriesoffaithwhich
Augustineandtheotherfatherscommendedandstrovetoreach,andwhichthe
VaticanCouncilitself[20]declaredtobemostfruitful,tobepassedoverinsilence
orbelittled.Thosewillcertainlymorefullyandmoreeasilyattainthatknowledge
andunderstandingwhotointegrityoflifeandloveoffaithjoinamindroundedand
finishedbyphilosophicstudies,asthesameVaticanCouncilteachesthatthe
knowledgeofsuchsacreddogmasoughttobesoughtaswellfromanalogyofthe
thingsthatarenaturallyknownasfromtheconnectionofthosemysteriesonewith
anotherandwiththefinalendofman.[21]
7.Lastly,thedutyofreligiouslydefendingthetruthsdivinelydelivered,andof
resistingthosewhodareopposethem,pertainstophilosophicpursuits.Wherefore,
itisthegloryofphilosophytobeesteemedasthebulwarkoffaithandthestrong
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defenseofreligion.AsClementofAlexandriatestifies,thedoctrineoftheSavioris
indeedperfectinitselfandwantethnaught,sinceitisthepowerandwisdomof
God.AndtheassistanceoftheGreekphilosophymakethnotthetruthmore
powerfulbut,inasmuchasitweakensthecontraryargumentsofthesophistsand
repelstheveiledattacksagainstthetruth,ithasbeenfitlycalledthehedgeandfence
ofthevine.[22]For,astheenemiesoftheCatholicname,whenabouttoattack
religion,areinthehabitofborrowingtheirweaponsfromtheargumentsof
philosophers,sothedefendersofsacredsciencedrawmanyargumentsfromthe
storeofphilosophywhichmayservetoupholdrevealeddogmas.Noristhetriumph
oftheChristianfaithasmalloneinusinghumanreasontorepelpowerfullyand
speedilytheattacksofitsadversariesbythehostilearmswhichhumanreasonitself
supplied.ThisspeciesofreligiousstrifeSt.Jerome,writingtoMagnus,noticesas
havingbeenadoptedbytheApostleoftheGentileshimselfPaul,theleaderofthe
Christianarmyandtheinvincibleorator,battlingforthecauseofChrist,skillfully
turnsevenachanceinscriptionintoanargumentforthefaithforhehadlearned
fromthetrueDavidtowresttheswordfromthehandsoftheenemyandtocutoff
theheadoftheboastfulGoliathwithhisownweapon.[23]Moreover,theChurch
herselfnotonlyurges,butevencommands,Christianteacherstoseekhelpfrom
philosophy.For,thefifthLateranCouncil,afterithaddecidedthat"everyassertion
contrarytothetruthofrevealedfaithisaltogetherfalse,forthereasonthatit
contradicts,howeverslightly,thetruth,"[24]advisesteachersofphilosophytopay
closeattentiontotheexpositionoffallaciousargumentssince,asAugustine
testifies,"ifreasonisturnedagainsttheauthorityofsacredScripture,nomatterhow
speciousitmayseem,iterrsinthelikenessoftruthfortrueitcannotbe."[25]
8.Butinorderthatphilosophymaybeboundequaltothegatheringofthose
preciousfruitswhichwehaveindicated,itbehoovesitaboveallthingsnevertoturn
asidefromthatpathwhichtheFathershaveentereduponfromavenerable
antiquity,andwhichtheVaticanCouncilsolemnlyandauthoritativelyapproved.As
itisevidentthatverymanytruthsofthesupernaturalorderwhicharefarbeyondthe
reachofthekeenestintellectmustbeaccepted,humanreason,consciousofitsown
infirmity,darenotaffecttoitselftoogreatpowers,nordenythosetruths,nor
measurethembyitsownstandard,norinterpretthematwillbutreceivethem,
rather,withafullandhumblefaith,andesteemitthehighesthonortobeallowedto
waituponheavenlydoctrineslikeahandmaidandattendant,andbyGod'sgoodness
attaintotheminanywaywhatsoever.Butinthecaseofsuchdoctrinesasthe
humanintelligencemayperceive,itisequallyjustthatphilosophyshouldmakeuse
ofitsownmethod,principles,andargumentsnot,indeed,insuchfashionasto
seemrashlytowithdrawfromthedivineauthority.But,sinceitisestablishedthat
thosethingswhichbecomeknownbyrevelationhavetheforceofcertaintruth,and
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thatthosethingswhichwaragainstfaithwarequallyagainstrightreason,the
Catholicphilosopherwillknowthatheviolatesatoncefaithandthelawsofreason
ifheacceptsanyconclusionwhichheunderstandstobeopposedtorevealed
doctrine.
9.Weknowthattherearesomewho,intheiroverestimateofthehumanfaculties,
maintainthatassoonasman'sintellectbecomessubjecttodivineauthorityitfalls
fromitsnativedignity,andhamperedbytheyokeofthisspeciesofslavery,ismuch
retardedandhinderedinitsprogresstowardthesupremetruthandexcellence.Such
anideaismostfalseanddeceptive,anditssoletendencyistoinducefoolishand
ungratefulmenwillfullytorepudiatethemostsublimetruths,andrejectthedivine
giftoffaith,fromwhichthefountainsofallgoodthingsflowoutuponcivilsociety.
Forthehumanmind,beingconfinedwithincertainlimits,andthosenarrowenough,
isexposedtomanyerrorsandisignorantofmanythingswhereastheChristian
faith,reposingontheauthorityofGod,istheunfailingmistressoftruth,whom
whosofollowethhewillbeneitherenmeshedinthesnaresoferrornortossedhither
andthitheronthewavesoffluctuatingopinion.Those,therefore,whotothestudy
ofphilosophyuniteobediencetotheChristianfaith,arephilosophizinginthebest
possiblewayforthesplendorofthedivinetruths,receivedintothemind,helpsthe
understanding,andnotonlydetractsinnowisefromitsdignity,butaddsgreatlyto
itsnobility,keenness,andstability.Forsurelythatisaworthyandmostuseful
exerciseofreasonwhenmengivetheirmindstodisprovingthosethingswhichare
repugnanttofaithandprovingthethingswhichconformtofaith.Inthefirstcase
theycutthegroundfromunderthefeetoferrorandexposetheviciousnessofthe
argumentsonwhicherrorrestswhileinthesecondcasetheymakethemselves
mastersofweightyreasonsforthesounddemonstrationoftruthandthesatisfactory
instructionofanyreasonableperson.Whoeverdeniesthatsuchstudyandpractice
tendtoaddtotheresourcesandexpandthefacultiesofthemindmustnecessarily
andabsurdlyholdthatthemindgainsnothingfromdiscriminatingbetweenthetrue
andthefalse.Justly,therefore,doestheVaticanCouncilcommemorateinthese
wordsthegreatbenefitswhichfaithhasconferreduponreason:Faithfreesand
savesreasonfromerror,andendowsitwithmanifoldknowledge.[26]Awiseman,
therefore,wouldnotaccusefaithandlookuponitasopposedtoreasonandnatural
truths,butwouldratherofferheartfeltthankstoGod,andsincerelyrejoicethat,in
thedensityofignoranceandinthefloodtideoferror,holyfaith,likeafriendlystar,
shinesdownuponhispathandpointsouttohimthefairgateoftruthbeyondall
dangerofwandering.
10.If,venerablebrethren,youopenthehistoryofphilosophy,youwillfindallWe
havejustsaidprovedbyexperience.Thephilosophersofoldwholackedthegiftof
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faith,yetwereesteemedsowise,fellintomanyappallingerrors.Youknowhow
oftenamongsometruthstheytaughtfalseandincongruousthingswhatvagueand
doubtfulopinionstheyheldconcerningthenatureoftheDivinity,thefirstoriginof
things,thegovernmentoftheworld,thedivineknowledgeofthefuture,thecause
andprincipleofevil,theultimateendofman,theeternalbeatitude,concerning
virtueandvice,andothermatters,atrueandcertainknowledgeofwhichismost
necessarytothehumanracewhile,ontheotherhand,theearlyFathersandDoctors
oftheChurch,whowellunderstoodthat,accordingtothedivineplan,therestorer
ofhumanscienceisChrist,whoisthepowerandthewisdomofGod,[27]andin
whomarehidallthetreasuresofwisdomandknowledge,[28]tookupand
investigatedthebooksoftheancientphilosophers,andcomparedtheirteachings
withthedoctrinesofrevelation,and,carefullysiftingthem,theycherishedwhatwas
trueandwiseinthemandamendedorrejectedallelse.For,astheallseeingGod
againstthecrueltyoftyrantsraisedupmightymartyrstothedefenseoftheChurch,
menprodigaloftheirgreatlives,inlikemannertofalsephilosophersandheretics
Heopposedmenofgreatwisdom,todefend,evenbytheaidofhumanreason,the
treasureofrevealedtruths.Thus,fromtheveryfirstagesoftheChurch,theCatholic
doctrinehasencounteredamultitudeofmostbitteradversaries,who,deridingthe
Christiandogmasandinstitutions,maintainedthatthereweremanygods,thatthe
materialworldneverhadabeginningorcause,andthatthecourseofeventswas
oneofblindandfatalnecessity,notregulatedbythewillofDivineProvidence.
11.ButthelearnedmenwhomWecallapologistsspeedilyencounteredthese
teachersoffoolishdoctrineand,undertheguidanceoffaith,foundargumentsin
humanwisdomalsotoprovethatoneGod,whostandspreeminentineverykind
ofperfection,istobeworshippedthatallthingswerecreatedfromnothingbyHis
omnipotentpowerthatbyHiswisdomtheyflourishandserveeachtheirown
specialpurposes.AmongtheseSt.JustinMartyrclaimsthechiefplace.After
havingtriedthemostcelebratedacademiesoftheGreeks,hesawclearly,ashe
himselfconfesses,thathecouldonlydrawtruthsintheirfullnessfromthedoctrine
ofrevelation.Theseheembracedwithalltheardorofhissoul,purgedofcalumny,
courageouslyandfullydefendedbeforetheRomanemperors,andreconciledwith
themnotafewofthesayingsoftheGreekphilosophers.
12.Quadratus,also,andAristides,Hermias,andAthenagorasstoodnoblyforthin
thattime.NordidIrenaeus,theinvinciblemartyrandBishopofLyons,winless
gloryinthesamecausewhen,forciblyrefutingtheperverseopinionsofthe
Orientals,theworkoftheGnostics,scatteredbroadcastovertheterritoriesofthe
RomanEmpire,heexplained(accordingtoJerome)theoriginofeachheresyandin
whatphilosophicsourceittookitsrise.[29]Butwhoknowsnotthedisputationsof
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ClementofAlexandria,whichthesameJeromethushonorablycommemorates:
"Whatisthereinthemthatisnotlearned,andwhatthatisnotoftheveryheartof
philosophy?"[30]Hehimself,indeed,withmarvelousversatilitytreatedofmany
thingsofthegreatestutilityforpreparingahistoryofphilosophy,fortheexerciseof
thedialecticart,andforshowingtheagreementbetweenreasonandfaith.Afterhim
cameOrigen,whogracedthechairoftheschoolofAlexandria,andwasmost
learnedintheteachingsoftheGreeksandOrientals.Hepublishedmanyvolumes,
involvinggreatlabor,whichwerewonderfullyadaptedtoexplainthedivine
writingsandillustratethesacreddogmaswhich,though,astheynowstand,not
altogetherfreefromerror,containneverthelessawealthofknowledgetendingto
thegrowthandadvanceofnaturaltruths.Tertullianopposeshereticswiththe
authorityofthesacredwritingswiththephilosophershechangeshisfenceand
disputesphilosophicallybutsolearnedlyandaccuratelydidheconfutethemthathe
madeboldtosay:"Neitherinsciencenorinschoolingareweequals,asyou
imagine."[31]Arnobius,also,inhisworksagainstthepagans,andLactantiusinthe
divineInstitutionsespecially,withequaleloquenceandstrengthstrenuouslystrive
tomovementoacceptthedogmasandpreceptsofCatholicwisdom,notby
philosophicjuggling,afterthefashionoftheAcademicians,butvanquishingthem
partlybytheirownarms,andpartlybyargumentsdrawnfromthemutual
contentionsofthephilosophers.[32]Butthewritingsonthehumansoul,thedivine
attributes,andotherquestionsofmightymomentwhichthegreatAthanasiusand
Chrysostom,theprinceoforators,haveleftbehindthemare,bycommonconsent,
sosupremelyexcellentthatitseemsscarcelyanythingcouldbeaddedtotheir
subtletyandfullness.And,nottocovertoowidearange,weaddtothenumberof
thegreatmenofwhommentionhasbeenmadethenamesofBasiltheGreatandof
thetwoGregories,who,ongoingforthfromAthens,thathomeofalllearning,
thoroughlyequippedwithalltheharnessofphilosophy,turnedthewealthof
knowledgewhicheachhadgatheredupinacourseofzealousstudytotheworkof
refutinghereticsandpreparingChristians.
13.ButAugustinewouldseemtohavewrestedthepalmfromall.Ofamost
powerfulgeniusandthoroughlysaturatedwithsacredandprofanelearning,withthe
loftiestfaithandwithequalknowledge,hecombatedmostvigorouslyalltheerrors
ofhisage.Whattopicofphilosophydidhenotinvestigate?Whatregionofitdidhe
notdiligentlyexplore,eitherinexpoundingtheloftiestmysteriesofthefaithtothe
faithful,ordefendingthemagainstthefullonslaughtofadversaries,oragainwhen,
indemolishingthefablesoftheAcademiciansortheManichaeans,helaidthesafe
foundationsandsurestructureofhumanscience,orfollowedupthereason,origin,
andcausesoftheevilsthatafflictman?Howsubtlyhereasonedontheangels,the
soul,thehumanmind,thewillandfreechoice,onreligionandthelifeofthe
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blessed,ontimeandeternity,andevenontheverynatureofchangeablebodies.
Afterwards,intheEast,JohnDamascene,treadinginthefootstepsofBasilandof
GregoryofNazianzen,andintheWest,BoethiusandAnselmfollowingthe
doctrinesofAugustine,addedlargelytothepatrimonyofphilosophy.
14.Lateron,thedoctorsofthemiddleages,whoarecalledScholastics,addressed
themselvestoagreatworkthatofdiligentlycollecting,andsifting,andstoringup,
asitwere,inoneplace,fortheuseandconvenienceofposteritytherichandfertile
harvestsofChristianlearningscatteredabroadinthevoluminousworksoftheholy
Fathers.Andwithregard,venerablebrethren,totheorigin,drift,andexcellenceof
thisscholasticlearning,itmaybewellheretospeakmorefullyinthewordsofone
ofthewisestofOurpredecessors,SixtusV:"BythedivinefavorofHimwhoalone
givesthespiritofscience,andwisdom,andunderstanding,andwhothoughall
ages,astheremaybeneed,enrichesHisChurchwithnewblessingsandstrengthens
itwithnewsafeguards,therewasfoundedbyOurfathers,menofeminentwisdom,
thescholastictheology,whichtwogloriousdoctorsinparticular,theangelicSt.
ThomasandtheseraphicSt.Bonaventure,illustriousteachersofthisfaculty,...
withsurpassinggenius,byunwearieddiligence,andatthecostoflonglaborsand
vigils,setinorderandbeautified,andwhenskillfullyarrangedandclearly
explainedinavarietyofways,handeddowntoposterity.
15."And,indeed,theknowledgeanduseofsosalutaryascience,whichflowsfrom
thefertilizingfountsofthesacredwritings,thesovereignPontiffs,theholyFathers
andthecouncils,mustalwaysbeofthegreatestassistancetotheChurch,whether
withtheviewofreallyandsoundlyunderstandingandinterpretingtheScriptures,or
moresafelyandtobetterpurposereadingandexplainingtheFathers,orfor
exposingandrefutingthevariouserrorsandheresiesandintheselatedays,when
thosedangeroustimesdescribedbytheApostlearealreadyuponus,whenthe
blasphemers,theproud,andtheseducersgofrombadtoworse,erringthemselves
andcausingotherstoerr,thereissurelyaverygreatneedofconfirmingthedogmas
ofCatholicfaithandconfutingheresies."
16.AlthoughthesewordsseemtobearreferencesolelytoScholastictheology,
neverthelesstheymayplainlybeacceptedasequallytrueofphilosophyandits
praises.For,thenobleendowmentswhichmaketheScholastictheologyso
formidabletotheenemiesoftruthtowit,asthesamePontiffadds,"thatreadyand
closecoherenceofcauseandeffect,thatorderandarrayasofadisciplinedarmyin
battle,thosecleardefinitionsanddistinctions,thatstrengthofargumentandthose
keendiscussions,bywhichlightisdistinguishedfromdarkness,thetruefromthe
false,exposeandstripnaked,asitwere,thefalsehoodsofhereticswrappedaround
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byacloudofsubterfugesandfallacies"[33]thosenobleandadmirable
endowments,Wesay,areonlytobefoundinarightuseofthatphilosophywhich
theScholasticteachershavebeenaccustomedcarefullyandprudentlytomakeuse
ofevenintheologicaldisputations.Moreover,sinceitistheproperandspecial
officeoftheScholastictheologianstobindtogetherbythefastestchainhumanand
divinescience,surelythetheologyinwhichtheyexcelledwouldnothavegained
suchhonorandcommendationamongmeniftheyhadmadeuseofalameand
imperfectorvainphilosophy.
17.AmongtheScholasticDoctors,thechiefandmasterofalltowersThomas
Aquinas,who,asCajetanobserves,because"hemostveneratedtheancientDoctors
oftheChurch,inacertainwayseemstohaveinheritedtheintellectofall."[34]The
doctrinesofthoseillustriousmen,likethescatteredmembersofabody,Thomas
collectedtogetherandcemented,distributedinwonderfulorder,andsoincreased
withimportantadditionsthatheisrightlyanddeservedlyesteemedthespecial
bulwarkandgloryoftheCatholicfaith.Withhisspiritatoncehumbleandswift,his
memoryreadyandtenacious,hislifespotlessthroughout,aloveroftruthforits
ownsake,richlyendowedwithhumananddivinescience,likethesunheheatedthe
worldwiththewarmthofhisvirtuesandfilleditwiththesplendorofhisteaching.
Philosophyhasnopartwhichhedidnottouchfinelyatonceandthoroughlyonthe
lawsofreasoning,onGodandincorporealsubstances,onmanandothersensible
things,onhumanactionsandtheirprinciples,hereasonedinsuchamannerthatin
himthereiswantingneitherafullarrayofquestions,noranaptdisposalofthe
variousparts,northebestmethodofproceeding,norsoundnessofprinciplesor
strengthofargument,norclearnessandeleganceofstyle,norafacilityfor
explainingwhatisabstruse.
18.Moreover,theAngelicDoctorpushedhisphilosophicinquiryintothereasons
andprinciplesofthings,whichbecausetheyaremostcomprehensiveandcontainin
theirbosom,sotosay,theseedsofalmostinfinitetruths,weretobeunfoldedin
goodtimebylatermastersandwithagoodlyyield.Andashealsousedthis
philosophicmethodintherefutationoferror,hewonthistitletodistinctionfor
himself:that,singlehanded,hevictoriouslycombatedtheerrorsofformertimes,
andsuppliedinvinciblearmstoputthosetoroutwhichmightinaftertimesspring
up.Again,clearlydistinguishing,asisfitting,reasonfromfaith,whilehappily
associatingtheonewiththeother,hebothpreservedtherightsandhadregardfor
thedignityofeachsomuchso,indeed,thatreason.borneonthewingsofThomas
toitshumanheight,canscarcelyrisehigher,whilefaithcouldscarcelyexpectmore
orstrongeraidsfromreasonthanthosewhichshehasalreadyobtainedthrough
Thomas.
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19.Forthesereasonsmostlearnedmen,informeragesespecially,ofthehighest
reputeintheologyandphilosophy,aftermasteringwithinfinitepainstheimmortal
worksofThomas,gavethemselvesupnotsomuchtobeinstructedinhisangelic
wisdomastobenourisheduponit.Itisknownthatnearlyallthefoundersand
lawgiversofthereligiousorderscommandedtheirmemberstostudyandreligiously
adheretotheteachingsofSt.Thomas,fearfulleastanyofthemshouldswerveeven
intheslightestdegreefromthefootstepsofsogreataman.Tosaynothingofthe
familyofSt.Dominic,whichrightlyclaimsthisgreatteacherforitsownglory,the
statutesoftheBenedictines,theCarmelites,theAugustinians,theSocietyofJesus,
andmanyothersalltestifythattheyareboundbythislaw.
20.And,here,howpleasantlyone'sthoughtsflybacktothosecelebratedschools
anduniversitieswhichflourishedofoldinEuropetoParis,Salamanca,Alcala,to
Douay,Toulouse,andLouvain,toPaduaandBologna,toNaplesandCoimbra,and
tomanyanother!Allknowhowthefameoftheseseatsoflearninggrewwiththeir
years,andthattheirjudgment,oftenaskedinmattersofgravemoment,heldgreat
weighteverywhere.Andweknowhowinthosegreathomesofhumanwisdom,as
inhisownkingdom,Thomasreignedsupremeandthatthemindsofall,ofteachers
aswellasoftaught,restedinwonderfulharmonyundertheshieldandauthorityof
theAngelicDoctor.
21.But,furthermore,OurpredecessorsintheRomanpontificatehavecelebratedthe
wisdomofThomasAquinasbyexceptionaltributesofpraiseandthemostample
testimonials.ClementVIinthebull"InOrdine"NicholasVinhisbrieftothefriars
oftheOrderofPreachers,1451BenedictXIIIinthebull"Pretiosus,"andothers
bearwitnessthattheuniversalChurchborrowslusterfromhisadmirableteaching
whileSt.PiusVdeclaresinthebull"Mirabilis"thatheresies,confoundedand
convictedbythesameteaching,weredissipated,andthewholeworlddailyfreed
fromfatalerrorsothers,suchasClementXIIinthebull"VerboDei,"affirmthat
mostfruitfulblessingshavespreadabroadfromhiswritingsoverthewholeChurch,
andthatheisworthyofthehonorwhichisbestowedonthegreatestDoctorsofthe
Church,onGregoryandAmbrose,AugustineandJeromewhileothershavenot
hesitatedtoproposeSt.Thomasfortheexemplarandmasteroftheuniversitiesand
greatcentersoflearningwhomtheymayfollowwithunfalteringfeet.Onwhich
pointthewordsofBlessedUrbanVtotheUniversityofToulouseareworthyof
recall:"Itisourwill,whichWeherebyenjoinuponyou,thatyefollowtheteaching
ofBlessedThomasasthetrueandCatholicdoctrineandthatyelaborwithallyour
forcetoprofitbythesame."[35]InnocentXII,followedtheexampleofUrbaninthe
caseoftheUniversityofLouvain,intheletterintheformofabriefaddressedto
thatuniversityonFebruary6,1694,andBenedictXIVintheletterintheformofa
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briefaddressedonAugust26,1752,totheDionysianCollegeinGranadawhileto
thesejudgmentsofgreatPontiffsonThomasAquinascomesthecrowning
testimonyofInnocentVI:"Histeachingabovethatofothers,thecanonicalwritings
aloneexcepted,enjoyssuchaprecisionoflanguage,anorderofmatters,atruthof
conclusions,thatthosewhoholdtoitareneverfoundswervingfromthepathof
truth,andhewhodareassailitwillalwaysbesuspectedoferror."[36]
22.Theecumenicalcouncils,also,whereblossomstheflowerofallearthlywisdom,
havealwaysbeencarefultoholdThomasAquinasinsingularhonor.Inthe
CouncilsofLyons,Vienna,Florence,andtheVaticanonemightalmostsaythat
ThomastookpartandpresidedoverthedeliberationsanddecreesoftheFathers,
contendingagainsttheerrorsoftheGreeks,ofhereticsandrationalists,with
invincibleforceandwiththehappiestresults.Butthechiefandspecialgloryof
Thomas,onewhichhehassharedwithnoneoftheCatholicDoctors,isthatthe
FathersofTrentmadeitpartoftheorderofconclavetolayuponthealtar,together
withsacredScriptureandthedecreesofthesupremePontiffs,the"Summa"of
ThomasAquinas,whencetoseekcounsel,reason,andinspiration.
23.Alasttriumphwasreservedforthisincomparablemannamely,tocompelthe
homage,praise,andadmirationofeventheveryenemiesoftheCatholicname.For
ithascometolightthattherewerenotlackingamongtheleadersofhereticalsects
somewhoopenlydeclaredthat,iftheteachingofThomasAquinaswereonlytaken
away,theycouldeasilybattlewithallCatholicteachers,gainthevictory,and
abolishtheChurch.[37]Avainhope,indeed,butnovaintestimony.
24.Therefore,venerablebrethren,asoftenasWecontemplatethegood,theforce,
andthesingularadvantagestobederivedfromhisphilosophicdisciplinewhichOur
Fatherssodearlyloved.Wethinkithazardousthatitsspecialhonorshouldnot
alwaysandeverywhereremain,especiallywhenitisestablishedthatdaily
experience,andthejudgmentofthegreatestmen,and,tocrownall,thevoiceofthe
Church,havefavoredtheScholasticphilosophy.Moreover,totheoldteachinga
novelsystemofphilosophyhassucceededhereandthere,inwhichWefailto
perceivethosedesirableandwholesomefruitswhichtheChurchandcivilsociety
itselfwouldprefer.Foritpleasedthestrugglinginnovatorsofthesixteenthcentury
tophilosophizewithoutanyrespectforfaith,thepowerofinventinginaccordance
withhisownpleasureandbentbeingaskedandgiveninturnbyeachone.Hence,it
wasnaturalthatsystemsofphilosophymultipliedbeyondmeasure,andconclusions
differingandclashingonewithanotheraroseaboutthosemattersevenwhichare
themostimportantinhumanknowledge.Fromamassofconclusionsmenoften
cometowaveringanddoubtandwhoknowsnothoweasilythemindslipsfrom
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doubttoerror?But,asmenareapttofollowtheleadgiventhem,thisnewpursuit
seemstohavecaughtthesoulsofcertainCatholicphilosophers,who,throwing
asidethepatrimonyofancientwisdom,choserathertobuildupanewedificethan
tostrengthenandcompletetheoldbyaidofthenewilladvisedly,insooth,and
notwithoutdetrimenttothesciences.For,amultiformsystemofthiskind,which
dependsontheauthorityandchoiceofanyprofessor,hasafoundationopento
change,andconsequentlygivesusaphilosophynotfirm,andstable,androbustlike
thatofold,buttotteringandfeeble.Andif,perchance,itsometimesfindsitself
scarcelyequaltosustaintheshockofitsfoes,itshouldrecognizethatthecauseand
theblamelieinitself.InsayingthisWehavenointentionofdiscountenancingthe
learnedandablemenwhobringtheirindustryanderudition,and,whatismore,the
wealthofnewdiscoveries,totheserviceofphilosophyfor,ofcourse,We
understandthatthistendstothedevelopmentoflearning.Butoneshouldbevery
carefullestallorhischieflaborbeexhaustedinthesepursuitsandinmere
erudition.Andthesamethingistrueofsacredtheology,which,indeed,maybe
assistedandillustratedbyallkindsoferudition,thoughitisabsolutelynecessaryto
approachitinthegravemanneroftheScholastics,inorderthat,theforcesof
revelationandreasonbeingunitedinit,itmaycontinuetobe"theinvincible
bulwarkofthefaith."[38]
25.Withwiseforethought,therefore,notafewoftheadvocatesofphilosophic
studies,whenturningtheirmindsrecentlytothepracticalreformofphilosophy,
aimedandaimatrestoringtherenownedteachingofThomasAquinasandwinning
itbacktoitsancientbeauty.
26.Wehavelearnedwithgreatjoythatmanymembersofyourorder,venerable
brethren,havetakenthisplantoheartandwhileWeearnestlycommendtheir
efforts,Weexhortthemtoholdfasttotheirpurpose,andremindeachandallofyou
thatOurfirstandmostcherishedideaisthatyoushouldallfurnishtostudious
youthagenerousandcopioussupplyofthosepureststreamsofwisdomflowing
inexhaustiblyfromthepreciousfountainheadoftheAngelicDoctor.
27.ManyarethereasonswhyWearesodesirousofthis.Inthefirstplace,then,
sinceinthetempestthatisonustheChristianfaithiskingconstantlyassailedby
themachinationsandcraftofacertainfalsewisdom,allyouths,butespeciallythose
whoarethegrowinghopeoftheChurch,shouldbenourishedonthestrongand
robustfoodofdoctrine,thatso,mightyinstrengthandarmedatallpoints,theymay
becomehabituatedtoadvancethecauseofreligionwithforceandjudgment,"being
readyalways,accordingtotheapostoliccounsel,tosatisfyeveryonethatasketh
youareasonofthathopewhichisinyou,"[39]andthattheymaybeabletoexhort
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insounddoctrineandtoconvincethegainsayers.[40]Manyofthosewho,with
mindsalienatedfromthefaith,hateCatholicinstitutions,claimreasonastheirsole
mistressandguide.Now,Wethinkthat,apartfromthesupernaturalhelpofGod,
nothingisbettercalculatedtohealthosemindsandtobringthemintofavorwiththe
CatholicfaiththanthesoliddoctrineoftheFathersandtheScholastics,whoso
clearlyandforciblydemonstratethefirmfoundationsofthefaith,itsdivineorigin,
itscertaintruth,theargumentsthatsustainit.thebenefitsithasconferredonthe
humanrace,anditsperfectaccordwithreason,inamannertosatisfycompletely
mindsopentopersuasion,howeverunwillingandrepugnant.
28.Domesticandcivilsocietyeven,which,asallsee,isexposedtogreatdanger
fromthisplagueofperverseopinions,wouldcertainlyenjoyafarmorepeaceful
andsecureexistenceifamorewholesomedoctrineweretaughtintheuniversities
andhighschoolsonemoreinconformitywiththeteachingoftheChurch,suchas
iscontainedintheworksofThomasAquinas.
29.For,theteachingsofThomasonthetruemeaningofliberty,whichatthistime
isrunningintolicense,onthedivineoriginofallauthority,onlawsandtheirforce,
onthepaternalandjustruleofprinces,onobediencetothehigherpowers,on
mutualcharityonetowardanotheronalloftheseandkindredsubjectshavevery
greatandinvincibleforcetooverturnthoseprinciplesoftheneworderwhichare
wellknowntobedangeroustothepeacefulorderofthingsandtopublicsafety.In
short,allstudiesoughttofindhopeofadvancementandpromiseofassistancein
thisrestorationofphilosophicdisciplinewhichWehaveproposed.Theartswere
wonttodrawfromphilosophy,asfromawisemistress,soundjudgmentandright
method,andfromit,also,theirspirit,asfromthecommonfountoflife.When
philosophystoodstainlessinhonorandwiseinjudgment,then,asfactsand
constantexperienceshowed,theliberalartsflourishedasneverbeforeorsincebut,
neglectedandalmostblottedout,theylayprone,sincephilosophybegantoleanto
errorandjoinhandswithfolly.Norwillthephysicalsciencesthemselves,whichare
nowinsuchgreatrepute,andbytherenownofsomanyinventionsdrawsuch
universaladmirationtothemselves,sufferdetriment,butfindverygreatassistance
intherestorationoftheancientphilosophy.For,theinvestigationoffactsandthe
contemplationofnatureisnotalonesufficientfortheirprofitableexerciseand
advancebut,whenfactshavebeenestablished,itisnecessarytoriseandapply
ourselvestothestudyofthenatureofcorporealthings,toinquireintothelaws
whichgovernthemandtheprincipleswhencetheirorderandvariedunityand
mutualattractionindiversityarise.Tosuchinvestigationsitiswonderfulwhatforce
andlightandaidtheScholasticphilosophy,ifjudiciouslytaughtwouldbring.
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30.Andhereitiswelltonotethatourphilosophycanonlybythegrossestinjustice
beaccusedofbeingopposedtotheadvanceanddevelopmentofnaturalscience.
For,whentheScholastics,followingtheopinionoftheholyFathers,alwaysheldin
anthropologythatthehumanintelligenceisonlyledtotheknowledgeofthings
withoutbodyandmatterbythingssensible,theywellunderstoodthatnothingwas
ofgreaterusetothephilosopherthandiligentlytosearchintothemysteriesof
natureandtobeearnestandconstantinthestudyofphysicalthings.Andthisthey
confirmedbytheirownexampleforSt.Thomas,BlessedAlbertusMagnus,and
otherleadersoftheScholasticswereneversowhollyraptinthestudyofphilosophy
asnottogivelargeattentiontotheknowledgeofnaturalthingsand,indeed,the
numberoftheirsayingsandwritingsonthesesubjects,whichrecentprofessors
approveofandadmittoharmonizewithtruth,isbynomeanssmall.Moreover,in
thisveryagemanyillustriousprofessorsofthephysicalsciencesopenlytestifythat
betweencertainandacceptedconclusionsofmodernphysicsandthephilosophic
principlesoftheschoolsthereisnoconflictworthyofthename.
31.While,therefore,Weholdthateverywordofwisdom,everyusefulthingby
whomsoeverdiscoveredorplanned,oughttobereceivedwithawillingandgrateful
mind,Weexhortyou,venerablebrethren,inallearnestnesstorestorethegolden
wisdomofSt.Thomas,andtospreaditfarandwideforthedefenseandbeautyof
theCatholicfaith,forthegoodofsociety,andfortheadvantageofallthesciences.
ThewisdomofSt.Thomas,Wesayforifanythingistakenupwithtoogreat
subtletybytheScholasticdoctors,ortoocarelesslystatediftherebeanythingthat
illagreeswiththediscoveriesofalaterage,or,inaword,improbableinwhatever
wayitdoesnotenterOurmindtoproposethatforimitationtoOurage.Let
carefullyselectedteachersendeavortoimplantthedoctrineofThomasAquinasin
themindsofstudents,andsetforthclearlyhissolidityandexcellenceoverothers.
Lettheuniversitiesalreadyfoundedortobefoundedbyyouillustrateanddefend
thisdoctrine,anduseitfortherefutationofprevailingerrors.But,lestthefalsefor
thetrueorthecorruptforthepurebedrunkin,beyewatchfulthatthedoctrineof
Thomasbedrawnfromhisownfountains,oratleastfromthoserivuletswhich,
derivedfromtheveryfount,havethusfarflowed,accordingtotheestablished
agreementoflearnedmen,pureandclearbecarefultoguardthemindsofyouth
fromthosewhicharesaidtoflowthence,butinrealityaregatheredfromstrange
andunwholesomestreams.
32.ButwelldoWeknowthatvainwillbeOureffortsunless,venerablebrethren,
HehelpsOurcommoncausewho,inthewordsofdivineScripture,iscalledthe
Godofallknowledge[41]bywhichwearealsoadmonishedthat"everybestgift
andeveryperfectgiftisfromabove,comingdownfromtheFatheroflights",[42]
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andagain:"Ifanyofyouwantwisdom,lethimaskofGod,whogivethtoallmen
abundantly,andupbraidethnot:anditshallbegivenhim."[43]
33.ThereforeinthisalsoletusfollowtheexampleoftheAngelicDoctor,who
nevergavehimselftoreadingorwritingwithoutfirstbeggingtheblessingofGod,
whomodestlyconfessedthatwhateverheknewhehadacquirednotsomuchbyhis
ownstudyandlaborasbythedivinegiftandthereforeletusall,inhumbleand
unitedprayer,beseechGodtosendforththespiritofknowledgeandof
understandingtothechildrenoftheChurchandopentheirsensesforthe
understandingofwisdom.Andthatwemayreceivefullerfruitsofthedivine
goodness,offeruptoGodthemostefficaciouspatronageoftheBlessedVirgin
Mary,whoiscalledtheseatofwisdomhavingatthesametimeasadvocatesSt.
Joseph,themostchastespouseoftheVirgin,andPeterandPaul,thechiefsofthe
Apostles,whosetruthrenewedtheearthwhichhadfallenundertheimpureblightof
error,fillingitwiththelightofheavenlywisdom.
34.Infine,relyingonthedivineassistanceandconfidinginyourpastoralzeal,most
lovinglyWebestowonallofyou,venerablebrethren,onalltheclergyandthe
flockscommittedtoyourcharge,theapostolicbenedictionasapledgeofheavenly
giftsandatokenofOurspecialesteem.
GivenatSt.Peter's,inRome,thefourthdayofAugust,1879,thesecondyearofour
pontificate.
ENDNOTES
1.Matt.28:19.
2.Col.2:8.
3.ICor.2:4.
4.See"InscrutabiliDeiconsilio,"78:113.
5."DeTrinitate,"14,1,3(PL42,1037)quotedbyThomasAquinas,"Summatheologiae,"1,1,2.
6.ClementofAlexandria,"Stromata,"1,16(PG8,795)7,3(PG9,426).
7.Origen,"EpistolaadGregorium"(PG11,8791).
8.ClementofAlexandria,"Stromata,"1,5(PG8,718719).
9.Rom.1:20.
10.Rom.2:1415.
11.GregoryofNeoCaesarea(alsocalledGregoryThaumaturgusthatis"themiracleworker"),"In
Origenemoratiopanegyrica,"6(PG10,1093A).
12.Carm.,1,lamb.3(PG37,1045A1047A).
13."VitaMoysis"(PG44,359).
14."EpistolaadMagnum,"4(PL22,667).Quadratus,JustinIrenaeus,arecountedamongtheearly
Christianapologists,whodevotedtheirworkstothedefenseofChristiantruthagainstthepagans.
15."Dedoctrinachristiana,"1,2,40(PL34,63).
16.Wisd.13:1.
17.Wisd.13:5.
18.2Peter1:16.
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19."Const.Dogm,defid.Cath.,"c.3.
20."Const.cit.,"c.4.
21.Loc.at.
22."Stromata,"1,20(PG8,818).
23."EpistolaadMagnum,"2(PL22,666).
24.Bulla"Apostoliciregiminis."
25."Epistola147,adMarcellinum,"7(PL33,589).
26."Const.Dogm.defid.Cath.,"c.4.
27.ICor.1:24.
28.Col.2:3.
29."EpistolaadMagnum,"4(PL22,667).
30.Loc.cit.
31.Tertullian,"Apologet.,"46(PL1,573).
32.Lactantius,"Div.Inst.,"7,7(PL6,759).
33.Bulla"Triumphantis,"an.1588.
34.Cajetan'scommentaryon"Sum.theol.,"IIaIIae148,9.Art.4Leonineedit.,Vol.10,p.174,n.6.
35."Constitutio5a,datadie3Aug.1368,"adCancell.Univ.Tolos.
36."SermodeS.Thoma."
37.Bucer.
38.SixtusV,Bulla"Triumphantis."
39.IPeter3:15.
40.Titus1:9.
41.IKings2:3.
42.James1:17.
43.James1:5.

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