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D. PaCO2
E. PaO2
17. A 72-year-old female with severe osteoporosis presents for evaluation of shortness of breath. She is
a lifetime nonsmoker and has had no exposures. On physical examination you note marked
kyphoscoliosis. All the following pulmonary abnormalities are expected except
A. restrictive lung disease
B. alveolar hypoventilation
C. obstructive lung disease
D. ventilation-perfusion abnormalities with hypoxemia
E. pulmonary hypertension
18. A 45-year-old female with known rheumatoid arthritis complains of a 1-week history of dyspnea on
exertion and dry cough. She had been taking hydroxychloroquine and prednisone 7.5 mg until 3
months ago, when low-dose weekly methotrexate was added because of active synovitis. The patients
temperature is 37.8C (100F), and her room air oxygen saturation falls from 95% to 87% with
ambulation. Chest-x-ray shows new bilateral alveolar infiltrates.
Pulmonary function tests reveal the following:
FEV1, 3.1 L (70% of predicted)
TLC, 5.3 L (60% of predicted)
FVC, 3.9 L (68% of predicted)
VC, 3.9 L (58% of predicted)
FEV1/FVC, 79%
Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), 62% of predicted
She had a normal pulmonary function test (PFT) 1 year ago. All but which of the following would be
an appropriate next step?
A. Start broad-spectrum antibiotics.
B. Increase the methotrexate dose.
C. Perform bronchoalveolar lavage with transbronchial lavage.
D. Increase prednisone to 60 mg/d.
E. Discontinue methotrexate.
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19. A 78-year-old man is seen in the doctors office for a nonproductive cough, 9-kg (20-lb)
unintentional weight loss, and bilateral breast enlargement, all occurring within the past 6
months. He has smoked two packs per day for the past 40 years. His past medical history is
otherwise unremarkable, and he takes no medications. His temperature is 36.7C (98.1F),
blood pressure is 125/85 mm Hg, pulse is 68/min and regular, respiratory rate is 15/min, and
oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. There are crackles at the left lower lung field
and a ridge of symmetric glandular tissue (1 cm in diameter) around the nipple-areolar
complexes of both breasts. Complete blood cell count shows a WBC count of 6000/mm 3
hemoglobin of 14.7 g/dL, and platelet count of 210,000/mm3. All other laboratory results are
normal. X-ray of the chest shows a focal 5-cm mass lesion in the left lower lung corroborated
by CT scan. Which of the following is most likely histologic type of lung cancer present in
this patient?
(A) Adenocarcinoma
(B) Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma
(C) Large cell carcinoma
(D) Small cell carcinoma
(E) Squamous cell carcinoma
20. A 30-year-old patient with a history of mild persistent asthma (baseline peak expiratory
flow rate of 85%) presents to the emergency department (ED) with shortness of breath and
wheezing not relieved by her albuterol inhaler for the past 12 hours. She was able to tolerate
pulmonary function tests and a set was performed.Which of the following is the most likely
test result?
(A) Decreased FEV1, normal/increased FVC, decreased FEV1:FVC ratio, with
postbronchodilator FEV1 increased by 13%
adenopathy. Sputum culture is pending. Which of the following tuberculosis medications can
potentially cause optic neuritis?
(A) Ethambutol
(B) Isoniazid
(C) Levofloxacin
(D) Pyrazinamide
(E) Rifampin
(F) Streptomycin
25. A 30-year-old man has episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath two to three times
per week. Approximately every 2 weeks he awakens at night due to cough and difficulties
breathing. He reports having similar symptoms since he was a child, but believes that they are
worsening somewhat now. His symptoms are worsened by cold air and exercise and are
improved by rest. What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?
(A) Daily high-dose inhaled corticosteroid and -agonist when needed
(B) Daily high-dose inhaled corticosteroid with oral steroids for exacerbations and shortacting -agonist when needed
(C) Daily low-dose inhaled corticosteroid andshort-acting -agonist when needed
(D) Daily oral steroids and long-acting -agonist
(E) Short-acting -agonist when needed
26. A 75-year-old man develops increased ventilatory requirements several days after
requiring intubation for respiratory failure. X-ray of the chest shows bilateral infiltrates, and
based on his ventilatory settings, the ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the
fraction of inspired oxygen is 190. What is the most common underlying etiology of acute
respiratory distress syndrome?
(A) Aspiration of gastric contents
(B) Drug overdose
(C) Lung or bone marrow transplantation
(D) Massive blood transfusion
(E) Near-drowning
(F) Sepsis
27. A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of dyspnea on
exertion over the past 6 months that has progressively worsened to dyspnea at rest. He denies
cough and wheezing and has had no fevers, night sweats, or unintentional weight loss. The
physician takes a detailed social history and learns that the man has never smoked and worked
as a shipbuilder for over 30 years. Which of the following radiographic findings
on x-ray of the chest would confirm the most likely diagnosis?
(A) Bilateral diffuse infiltrates
(B) Bilateral hilar adenopathy
(C) Consolidation of lung tissue
(D) Focal mass with air bronchograms
(E) Multiple pleural plaques with patchy parenchymal opacities
28. A 53-year-old man presents to the clinic with complaints of increasing shortness of breath,
a nagging cough, and weight loss over several months. He reports no history of cigarette
smoking but has worked underground in the New York City subway system for the past 20
years. Spirometry tests are ordered that demonstrate a forced expiratory volume in 1
second:forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1:FVC) of 0.7, and an FEV1 value that is 60% of
expected. The FEV1 improves to 70% of expected with bronchodilator treatment. Which of
the following is the most likely diagnosis?
(A) Asthma
(B) Chronic aspiration
(C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(D) Histoplasmosis
(E) Tuberculosis
29. A 74-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of dyspnea and
cough with blood-tinged sputum for the past several weeks. He has diabetes and elevated
cholesterol. Medications include a sulfonylurea and a statin. The patient has a 50 pack-year
smoking history and a family history of hypertension. On examination, vital signs are within
normal limits; abdominal striae and moon facies are noted, along with a trucal fat distribution.
X-ray of the chest reveals a single central nodule, and follow-up CT again demonstrates the
nodule and multiple solid hepatic masses.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
(A) Adenocarcinoma of the lung
(B) Carcinoma metastatic to the lung
(C) Large cell carcinoma of the lung
(D) Small cell carcinoma of the lung
(E) Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
30. A 21-year-old nonsmoking college student is brought into the local ED with a cough,
weight loss, and low-grade fever. Occasionally, his sputum is tinged with blood. X-ray of the
chest is shown in the image. He reports traveling to Haiti on a medical mission trip several
years ago. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
(A) Aspergillosis
(B) Klebsiella infection
(C) Lung cancer
(D) Sarcoidosis
(E) Tuberculosis