SULIT

4551/2

Section A
Bahagian A
[60 marks]
[60 markah]
Answer all questions from this section.
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
1. Diagram 1 shows the structures and organelles found in a plant cell.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur dan organel yang terdapat dalam sel tumbuhan.

(a) (i)

Name P, Q and R.
Namakan P, Q dan R

[3 markah]
(ii) Explain the function of P in maintaining the shape of a cell.
Terangkan fungsi P dalam mengekalkan bentuk sel.

[2 markah]

SULIT

4551/2

Rajah 2 menunjukkan perbezaan tahap dalam organisasi sel tumbuhan berkayu.

Figure 2 shows different levels of cell organization in a woody plant.

(b) i) Nyatakantahaporganisasisel yang ditunjukkandalam P, Q dan R

State the level of cell organization represented by P ,Q and R

[3 markah]

SULIT

(ii)

4551/2

Nyatakan fungsi yang spesifik bagi xylem.

State the specific function of the xylem.

(iii) Nyatakan dua struktur penyesuaian bagi xylem dan bagaimana ia membantu
menjalankan fungsi dengan berkesan
Give two structural adaptations of xylem and how helps in carry out its function effectively.

[2 markah]

(iv) Berikan pendapat anda,mengapa S berbeza daripada sel K berdasarkan struktur dan
fungsinya.
Give your opinion why is S different from cell K based on the structure and its function.
[1 markah]
2.

Diagram 3.1 shows the example of the cell undergoing the division of cell.
Rajah 3.1 di bawah menunjukkan contoh sel yang mengalami pembahagian sel

Diagram 3.1 // Rajah 3.1

a) How many chromosomes are there in the cell?
Berapakah bilangan kromosom di dalam sel tersebut?
Able to state number of chromosomes in the cell
Answer: 6 chromosomes
[1 mark]
b) Draw one daughter cell at the end of the cell division through;
Lukis satu sel anak yang dihasilkan melalui pembahagian sel secara;
i.
Mitosis

SULIT

4551/2

[2 markah]
i.

Meiosis

[2 markah]
Able to draw one daughter cell of mitosis and meiosis
Answer:
(i) mitosis
Number of chromosomes are 6
Same pattern and same size of chromosomes as parent cell
(ii) meiosis
Number of chromosomes are 3
Pattern and size of chromosomes is different compare to parent cell
(c) Explain why the chromosomes numbers are different in daughter cells of
mitosis and meiosis.
Terangkan mengapa bilangan kromosom berbeza pada sel anak antara mitosis dan
meiosis.
Able to explain why the chromosomes numbers are different
Suggested Answer:
In mitosis:
- (During anaphase) chromosome / sister chromatids separated and move to the opposite poles
(cause the number of chromosome in daughter cell remain the same)
In meiosis:
- (During anaphase I) homologous chromosomes separated and move to the oppoeite poles
(cause the number of chromosome in daughter cell become half form the parent cell)
[2 marks]
(d) Explain one difference of importance of mitosis and meiosis to organisms.
Terangkan satu perbezaan kepentingan mitosis dan meiosis kepada organisma hidup.
Able to explain one difference of importance of mitosis and meiosis
Suggested Answer:
F1: Mitosis produce no variation, while meiosis produce variation
5

SULIT

4551/2

P1: caused by crossing over during Prophase I in meiosis

[2 marks]

(e) In a population of buffaloes, there are normal buffaloes and white buffaloes or known as
kerbau balar. Why it is happen?
Dalam satu populasi kerbau, terdapat kerbau yang normal dan kerbau yang berwarna
putih atau dikenali sebagai kerbau balar. Mengapakah keadaan ini terjadi?
Able to explain why buffalo is white colour
Answer:
P1: albino buffaloes caused by gene mutation which control the production of skin
pigmentation
P2: in autosomes
P2: controlled by recessive alleles
P3: skin cells unable to synthesis (melanin) pigment // no (melanin) pigment
[3 markah]

3.

a) Diagram 3.2 shows two types of vertebrae in human backbone.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan dua jenis vertebrae dalam tulang belakang

Rajah 3.2
State two differences in structure between the vertebra P and vertebra Q.
Nyatakan dua perbezaan struktur bagi vertebra P dan vertebra Q.

[2 marks]

SULIT

4551/2

b) A man has swollen ankle and is painful during movement after having a habit of taking
high protein diet. Explain the relationship between the diet and the disease he suffers.
Seorang lelaki mengalami bengkak buku lali dan berasa sakit ketika bergerak setelah
mengamalkan pengambilan diet yang tinggi kandungan protein.
Terangkan hubungkait antara diet dan penyakit yang dialaminya.

[2 marks]

c) Rajah 5.1 dan Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan kedudukan yang berbeza bagi pergerakan lengan.
Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show different positions of a forearm during a
movement.

Rajah 5.1

Rajah 5.2

i) Lengkapkan Rajah 5.1 dengan melukis otot triceps dan biseps di mana
ianya melibatkan pergerakan lengan.

SULIT

4551/2

* Otot Trisep adalah lebih nipis dan panjang berbanding bisep

*Triceps muscle is thinner & longer than biceps
*Sekurang-kurangnya 3 tendon melekat ke tulang scapula, humerus dan ulna
*At least 3 tendons attached to the bones to scapula, to humerus and to ulna
(1 markah)
c) Explain why biseps and triceps muscles must work in pair to produce the movement.
Terangkan mengapa otot biseps dan triseps mesti bekerja dalam pasangan bagi
menghasilkan pergerakan.
E1 :Tindakan berantagonis, //otot trisep mengecut, bisep mengendur
Antagonistic action // triceps contract, biceps relax (1M)
E2 :Pengecutan otot trisep memindahkan daya kepada ulna/ lengan oleh tendon
Triceps contract transmitted a force to the ulna / forearm / arm by tendon (1M)
E3 :Menarik tulang ulna/ lengan/ lengan ke bawah/ tangan turun ke bawah/ lengan lurus
Pull ulna / forearm / arm down // the forearm straightens (1M)

[2 marks]
ii) Cadangkan satu ciri penyesuaian oleh tisu P yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1 di
mana ianya membantu di dalam pergerakan lengan.
Suggest one adaptive characteristic of tissue P shown in Diagram 5.1 which helps in the
movement of the forearm.
kuat // tidak kenyal//liat
Strong // inelastic//tough` (1M)
Kuat- memindahkan daya tarikan yang dihasilkan oleh pengecutan otot ke tulang.
Strong transfer the pulling force from the contraction of muscle to the bone.
Tidak kenyal membantu semasa pengecutan otot ,menarik tulang dan menyebabkan
pergerakan.
Inelastic it help muscle contraction to pull the bone and move the forearm. (1M)
[2markah]

d) Rajah menunjukkan sendi pada lutut.

Diagram shows a joint at the knee.

SULIT

4551/2

Terangkan masalah kesihatan yang biasa dihadapi oleh orang tua apabila tisu X
sudah terjejas.
Explain the health problem normally faced by an old person when tissue X
is impaired.
E1 : Susah untuk bergerak/ berjalan
Difficulty in movement / walking
E2 :Sakit/ membengkak/ pada sendi/lutut
Pain / swelling / stiffness at the joints / knee
E3 :Menyebabkan X akan haus/ tulang rawan// tulang rawan menjadi nipis/ rosak/
menyusut
Due to excessive wear and tear of X / cartilage //cartilage X becomes thinner / breaks
down / degeneration of X
E4 :Athritis /Osteoarthritis ( MANA-MANA 2M)
[3markah]

SULIT

4.

4551/2

Diagram shows a type of organelle found in muscle cells.

A biochemical reaction occurs in the organelle.
Rajah menunjukkan sejenis organel yang terdapat dalam sel otot.
Tindak balas biokimia berlaku dalam organel tersebut.

(a)

(i) Name this organelle.

Namakan organel ini.
.
[1 markah
(ii) Explain why membrane X is in the form of numerous folded layers.
Terangkan mengapa membran X adalah dalam bentuk lapisan yang berlipat-lipat

[2 markah
(b)
The biochemical reaction that occurs in this organelle is summarised as follows:
Tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku dalam organel ini diringkaskan seperti berikut:
Glucose + P Q + carbon dioxide + energy
Glukosa + P Q + karbon dioksida + tenaga
(i)

Name gas P.
Namakan gas P.
[1 marka
h

(ii) Name product Q.

Namakan hasil Q.
[1 markah

10

SULIT

4551/2

(iii) Explain why the muscle cell has a large number of these organelles.
Terangkan mengapa sel otot mengandungi banyak bilangan organel ini.

[2 markah

If the blood sugar level is lower than the normal range, the biochemical reaction
(iv) in this organelle can still occur.
Explain how.
Jika aras gula dalam darah adalah rendah daripada julat normal, tindak balas
biokimia dalam organel ini masih boleh berlaku.
Terangkan bagaimana.

[3 markah]
(c)

State two differences on the biochemical reaction occurring between muscle cell and
yeast cell in the absence of gas P.
Nyatakan dua perbezaan ke atas tindak balas biokimia yang berlaku antara sel otot
dan sel yis tanpa kehadiran gas P.

[2 markah]

11

SULIT

4551/2
5.

a)

Name R and S.
Namakan R dan S

[2 markah]

(b)

Explain the formation of lymph in R.

Terangkan pembentukan cecair limfa dalam R.
.

[3 markah]

12

SULIT

(c)

(i)

State the disease when vessels R in the leg are blocked by filarial
worms.

4551/2

Nyatakan penyakit apabila salur-salur R pada kaki tersumbat oleh

cacing filaria.

I( ii)

(d)

e)

[1 markah]

Explain your answer in c (i).

Terangkan jawapan anda di c (i).

Explain one difference between the composition of interstitial fluid and

lymph.
Terangkan satu perbezaan antara kandungan cecair interstis dan cecair
limfa.

Explain the importance of lymphatic system in human.

Terangkan kepentingan sistem limfa kepada manusia.

Bahagian
B
[40 marks]
[40
markah]
Answer
any two
questions

from this section.

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan daripada bahagian ini.
6. The following information is about plasma membrane.
Maklumat berikut adalah berkaitan dengan membran plasma.

The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and allows certain substances to move across.

13

SULIT

4551/2

(a) Based on the above statement, describe how an amino acid molecule is transported
across the plasma membrane into the cell.
Berdasarkan pernyataaan di atas, huraikan bagaimana amino asid diangkut merentasi
membran plasma ke dalam sel.
[5 marks ]

Amino acid is a large water soluble molecule

It requires carrier protein to move across the membrane
Amino acid will bind to the carrier protein which is specific to it
Carrier protein will change its shape to bring the amino acid molecule across the
membrane
Lastly the carrier protein will release the amino acid and returns to its original shape

(b) Discuss why the uses of excessive fertilizers can cause wilting in plants.
Bincangkan kenapa penggunaan baja berlebihan boleh menyebabkan kelayuan kepada
tumbuhan.
[ 5 marks ]

Fertilizers which are added to the soil dissolve in soil water

The soil water become hypertonic to the cell sap of plant roots
Water diffuse from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis
The cells become plasmolysed
Wilting occurs and the plants eventually die

(c) Diagram 3.2 shows human erythrocytes after being immersed in distilled water and
20% sodium chloride solution.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan eritrosit manusia selepas direndam di dalam air suling dan
larutan natrium klorida 20%.

Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2

Explain what had happened to the erythrocytes.
Terangkan apa yang telah terjadi kepada eritrosit tersebut.

20% salt solution is hypertonic to red blood cell

Water diffuse out of cell by osmosis
14

[ 6 marks ]

SULIT

4551/2

Cell become shrink

Crenation occur

Distilled water is hypotonic to red blood cell

Water diffuse into the cell by osmosis
Cell swell up and eventually burst
* Haemolysis occur
ANY 3

ANY 3

(d) Explain the situation occur when a potato strip is transferred from 30% sucrose solution
into distilled water.
Terangkan situasi yang berlaku apabila jalur kentang dipindahkan dari larutan
sukrosa 30% ke dalam air suling.
[ 4 marks ]

30% sucrose solution is hypertonic to potato strip

Potato cell become plasmolysed
Distilled water is hypotonic to potato strip
Water diffuse into cell sap of potato strip by osmosis
Cell becomes turgid again
The cell is said to have undergone deplasmolysis
ANY 4

(a)

Diagram shows the negative feedback mechanism in regulating the water

balance in human blood.
Rajah menunjukkan mekanisme suapbalik negatif dalam mengawalatur
keseimbangan air di dalam darah manusia.

15

SULIT

4551/2

Explain the corrective mechanism when the osmotic pressure of the blood
increases.
Terangkan mekanisme pembetulan apabila tekanan osmotik darah meningkat.

[6 markah]
(b)

Diagram shows the sequence of organs and tissue that responded when a man
was attacked by a robber.
Rajah menunjukkan urutan organ-organ dan tisu yang bergerak balas apabila
seorang lelaki diserang oleh perompak.

Explain the involvement of nervous system and endocrine system in this situation.
Bincangkan penglibatan sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dalam situasi ini.

16

SULIT

4551/2

[8 markah]
(c)

Diagram 7.3 shows transmission of impulse through a synapse.

Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan penghantaran impuls melalui satu sinaps.

Explain the effect of a pain killer drug on the transmission of nerve impulses.
Terangkan kesan ubat tahan sakit ke atas penghantaran impuls saraf.

17

SULIT

4551/2

[6 markah]
8.

Diagram shows some organs of human digestive system.

Rajah menunjukkan beberapa organ sistem pencernaan manusia.

(a)

Syarifah eats too many mangoes with vinegar.

Explain the effect of eating too much of this kind of mangoes on the digestion of
food in Y.
Syarifah makan terlalu banyak mangga berserta cuka.Terangkan kesan memakan
terlalu banyak mangga jenis ini terhadap pencernaan makanan di Y.

Able to explain the effect of eating too much of this kind of mangoes on the digestion of food
in Y.
Sample answers
1 - mangoes with vinegar contain much acid, so its reduces the pH value/ increases acidity in the
duodenum
2 - Acid medium is less suitable for the action of enzyme lipase, amylase and trypsin
3 - less/ no lipid is digested/hydrolysed to fatty acid and glycerol by lipase
4 - less/ no starch is digested/hydrolysed to maltose by amylase
5 - less/ no polypeptide is digested/hydrolysed to peptides by trypsin
[5 markah]

18

SULIT

4551/2

(b) A man is suffering from cancer, his organ Z need to be removed. What should he do
to handle health problems that may arise from the removal of organ Z?
Seorang lelaki mengidap kanser, organ Z beliau perlu dibuang. Apakah yang patut
dilakukan untuk mengawal masalah kesihatannya yang mungkin timbul kesan
pembuangan organ Z?
Able to state what he should do to handle health problems that may arise from
the removal of organ Z.
Sample answers
12345-

Reduce the intake of high carbohydrate food / protein /fatty food.

Get insuline injection when needed / if glucose level too high.
Get glucagons injection when needed / if glucose level too low.
Pancreas transplant.
Eat more vegetables / fruits.
[5 marks]

(c) (i)

State the functions of X.

Nyatakan fungsi X.

Able to state the functions of X.

Sample answers
Functions of Y/liver
1 - Maintenance of blood glucose level under the influence of insulin and glucagons.
2 - Synthesis plasma protein such as fibrinogen / prothrombin from amino acids.
3 - Synthesis bile.
4 - Storage of nutrients such as fat-soluble vitamins (A & D)/ B12/ ferum/ copper/
potassium.
5 - Detoxification of poisonous substances such as
pesticides/carcinogens /poisons.

alcohols/drugs/ toxins/

6 - Deamination of amino acids.

7 - Produce heat.
(ii)

Explain the process of assimilation of amino acids and glucose in X.

Terangkan proses asimilasi asid amino dan glukosa di X.

Able to explain the process of assimilation of amino acids and glucose in X.

Sample answers
The process of assimilation amino acids and glucose in Y
Amino acids
1 - Excess amino acids cannot be stored and are broken down into urea by a process called
deamination before being excreted by the kidneys
Excess amino acid
urea
2 - When there is a short supply of glucose and glycogen, the liver converts amino acids into
glucose.
19

SULIT

4551/2

3 - Plasma protein can be synthesized from amino acids and is used for blood clotting and
osmoregulation.
Glucose
4 - Excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver.
Excess glucose
glycogen
5 - When the blood sugar level falls, glycogen is converted back to glucose.
6 - Glucose in the liver is used for cellular respiration.
Glucose + Oxygen
Energy + Carbon dioxide + water
[10 marks]
9.

Diagram 9. 1.1 shows evidences of development, urbanization and industrial practices. It is

needed to develop the rises of human population.
Diagram 9.1.1 menunjukkan bukti-bukti pembangunan, urbanisasi dan aktiviti-aktiviti
perkilangan. Ia merupakan keperluan apabila populasi manusia meningkat.

Diagram 9.1.1 / Rajah 9.1.

i) Justify the effects of unplanned development into the ecosystem.
Justifikasikan kesan pembangunan yang tidak terancang kepada ekosistem.
- Industries/ factories/ vehicle contribute to air pollution.
- Smoke/ fine solid particles can cause respiratory problem.
- oxides of nitrogen/ sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain to produce acid rain.
- (acid rain) causing the soil become acidic/ unsuitable for cultivation of crops/ leaching of
mineral/ corrosion of metal.
- Increase Carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes the greenhouse
/ global warming.
- Industrial/ domestic/ agricultural activities produce waste to contribute water pollution.
- Agrochemical / pesticides/ insecticides used by farmer flow into the river/ lead to the poisoning
of aquatic organism.
- Agricultural run-offs contain excess nitrates/ phosphates lead to eutrophication.
- (eutrophication) causes the BOD value will increase thus may harm the aquatic organisms.
- Effluents from electronics factories contain heavy metals/ mercury/ cadmium kill the aquatic
organism/ disturb food chain.
- Discharged of hot water from industries / glass building cause thermal pollution.
- Increase the water temperature in the river causing died aquatic organisms
- Increase the atmosphere temperature.
(10 marks)
ii)

Diagram 2.1 shows one phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned

development.
20

SULIT

4551/2

Rajah 9.2.1 menunjukkan satu fenomena dalam ekosistem yang disebabkan oleh
pembangunan yang tidak terancang.
Diagram 9.2.1
Rajah 9.2. 1
Based on
diagram 9. 2.1,
explain the
phenomenon and its
effects to the
environment.
Berdasarkan
rajah 9.2.1, terangkan
fenomena ini dan
kesan-kesannya
terhadap
alam
sekitar.
- The phenomenon is acid rain.
- Factories / motor vehicles released large amount of oxides of nitrogen to the
atmosphere.
- and sulphur dioxide.
- oxides of nitrogen combines with water vapour (in the atmosphere) to form
nitric acid.
- Sulphur dioxide combines with water vapour (in the atmosphere) to form
sulphuric acid.
- The rain falls as acid rain.
Effects:
- May corrode buildings.
- Aquatic lives may die due to acidic water/ low pH
- Minerals in soil will be dissolved/ washed into rivers.
- Soil becomes infertile / not suitable for agriculture.
- Plants may die due to infertile soil/ acidic soil.
- The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupted.
ANY 4
(10 marks)

SELAMAT BERJAYA

21

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
10

SULIT

4551/2

Disediakan Oleh

Disemak Oleh:

Disahkan Oleh:

Puan Faizah Bt. Johari

Ketua Panitia Biologi SMKTR

22

SULIT

4551/2

23

SULIT

4551/2

24