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CASE STUDIES ON CT CIRCUITRY

P.K. Pattanaik
E & MR Divn. GRIDCO, BURLA, ORISSA
1. SYNOPSIS
Current transformers (CT) and its circuitries play
the most vital role for the protection, control and
metering of HT and EHT lines. During the time of
commissioning or modification of the CT
circuitries, mistakes in wire connections are done
by the electricians or wiring personnel. Some of
the mistakes are even overlooked by the
protection engineers during the time of stability
test (Primary injection Test, Sensitivity Test etc...)
due to use of less sensitive instruments.
Sometimes
the
testing
procedures
are
approximated to reduce the testing duration,
which develops problems in real practice. But
after commissioning and charging of the said
circuit, these mistakes result problems in
protection, control and metering of the circuit. The
following problems may result for the wrong
connection in CT circuitry.
1. False tripping of charged feeder with certain
rise of load current, before the settable limit of
the over load Relays.
2. False tripping of Transformers even for the
external feeder faults.
3. Wrong metering causes discrepancies for the
operation, control and commercial billing
among the utilities.
4. Difficulties in relay co-ordination for the
interconnected feeders
5. Problems for the load assessment in any
loading feeders.
6. Wrong assessment of tripping analysis.
This paper deals with the theory of analysis for
easy fault finding in the CT circuitry and suitable
methods for tracing the fault in OFF-LINE and
ON-LINE system. Some practical case studies
with real time occurrences have also been
described for the supportive analysis of the faults
in the circuits.
2. INTRODUCTION
Current and potential transformers are the
important interfaces between the high level of
power system and low levels of protection,
measurement and control circuit in terms of
current and voltage. Whenever the value of
current or voltage becomes too high, these
instrument transformers are used in the system to
produce a proportional low value for a scaled
down replica to the secondary working circuit of
the system. The performance of the measuring

Transformers (CT and PT) during and following


large instantaneous changes in the input quantity
are to be considered seriously. The response of
the electrical parameters of these transformers
upon the secondary circuit should be well within
the satisfactory limit for both under steady state
and transient condition. For measuring and slow
speed recording application, only the steady state
accuracy is relevant, whereas for high speed
protection and other application, accuracy under
transient condition is also important.
According to the requirement of the secondary
circuit the cores in the secondary circuit of the CT
are designed. These are of three types
1. Measuring current transformers
(Metering core)
2. Protective current transformers
(Protection core)
3. Protective current transformers for special
purpose of application
(Protection core PS class)
Typical specification of a CT with these cores
have been explained in table-1
Type of Core

Metering

OUT PUT
ACC. CLASS
Vk (V) Min

20 to 40
0.5 Fs<5
-

I exc@Vk
(mA) Max
Rct at 75 0 C
Max*
Table-1

Protn.
Protn.
Special
Type
Type
20 to 40
5P
PS
600
to1200
10 to 25
-

2.5 to 5

2.5 to 5

3 FUNDAMENTALS ON CT
A current transformer s used with its primary
winding connected in series with the actual line
current flow of the power system. The primary
winding consists of a bar conductor or a
conductor with a very few turns and causes no
appreciable voltage drop across the winding. The
secondary winding has large number of turns, the
exact number being decided by the turns ratio of
the CT. The instruments/equipments like
indicating meters, relays etc are connected on the
secondary windings, which have very low
impedance circuit. So the secondary windings are
regarded as a circuit that works nearly with short
circuit condition.

4. CONNECTION PRINCIPLE
Polarity and connection
The primary and secondary terminals of the CT
are identified with polarity markings by the
symbols like (P1 and P2) for primary and (s1 and
s2) for secondary. It is marked with a common
convention that when primary current enters the
P1 terminal, secondary current leaves the s1
terminal to the load circuit. So primary P1
terminal corresponds to the secondary of s1
terminal. It is regarded as DOT convention. Its
significance is in showing the direction of current
flow relative to another current or to a voltage as
well as to aid in making the proper connection.
The same is explained in the Fig.-1
P1

P2

S1

Table-2
Connection Sequence
Primary
Secondary
(C1 + C2), (C3 + C4) S1 S2
(C5 + C6)
(P1 + C1),
(C2 + C3+ C4 + C5)
(P2 + C6)
(P1 + C1 + C3+ C5)
(P2 + C2 + C4+ C6)

S1 S2
S1 S2

Current
Ratio
Lowest
Ratio
( CTR1 )
Middle
Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Highest
Ratio
( 4CTR1 )

Ratio by Secondary control


By the use of tapping terminals on the secondary
side of the windings, different CT ratio can be
obtained. By this principle primary connection
remains fixed and ratios are controlled on
secondary terminals. The connection diagram is
shown in the fig-3. The connection sequences are
described inTable-2

S2

S1

S2

S3

S4

Fig-3
Fig-1
CT Connection related to the Ratio
To obtain multi CT ratio in a common CT, the
winding s of the primary and secondary side are
controlled by different connections. These
connections are of three different types.
1. Ratio by primary control
2. Ratio by secondary control
3. Ratio by both side control
Ratio by primary control
By the connection of available primary windings in
different fashions like all in series or all in parallel
or combination of series and parallel, the ratios of
the CT are changed. The detail connections are
shown in Fig-2. The connection sequences are
described inTable-2
P1

C2

C1

C4

C3

C6

C5

P2

S2

S1
Fig-2

Table-3
Connection Sequence
Primary Secondary
P1-P2
S1 S2
P1-P2

S1 S3

P1-P2

S1 S4

Current Ratio
Lowest Ratio
( CTR1 )
Middle Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Highest Ratio
( 4CTR1 )

Ratio by Both control


Both primary and secondary winding can be
connected with the tapping terminals to obtain
different CT Ratio from a common CT. By this type
of control, the connection stability and flexibility
increases and ratios are obtained as per the
suitability. Now-a-days maximum CTs are
designed with CTR control from both primary and
secondary control. The detail connections are
shown in Fig-4. The connection sequences are
described inTable-4
P1

C2

C1

P2

S1

S2
Fig-4

S3

Table-4
Connection Sequence
Primary
Secondary
(C1 + C2)
S1 S2
(P1 + C1), (P2 + C2)

S1 S2

(C1 + C2)

S1 S3

(P1 + C1), (P2 + C2)

S1 S3

Current Ratio

R phase
S1

Lowest Ratio
( CTR1 )
Middle Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Middle Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Highest Ratio
( 4CTR1 )

S2

Y phase
B phase

Concept of CT circuit connection


Star connection circuit ( Y- connection )
CT secondary windings are connected either in
star (Y) or in delta ( ) connection as per the
requirement of the circuit. For star connection, the
currents on each phase (IR, IY, and IB) are related
vectorialy
and
expressed
in
sequence
components are as follows.

I1 I2 I3

Fig-5
IR

( IB-IR)

( IR-IY)

IR= IR1+ IR2+ IR0


IY= IY1+ IY2+ IY0 = a2 IR1+ aIR2+ IR0

( IY-IB)

IB

IY

IB= IB1+ IB2+ IB0 = a IR1+ a2 IR2+ IR0


Fig-5 A

So, IR+ IY+ IB = 3 IR0 = 3 IY0 = 3 IB0


Where
1, 2, 0 designate +ve,-Ve and zero sequence
components.
a, a 2 are the operators,
Note: - Current vectors are in +ve sequence only
with Current on R phase is taken as reference.
IR
Vectorial expression

R phase
S2

S1

Y phase
B phase

IR = I , angle( 00 )
IY = I, angle (-1200)
IB = I, angle (1200)
IR+ IY+ IB= IN
I11 I21 I31
Fig-6
IB

IY

Delta connection circuit ( - connection )


For delta connection of the CT circuit, the pattern
of connection can be made by two possible ways.
In one type of connection secondary S1 of one
phase is connected to the secondary S2 of next
phase in regular sequence (R, Y, and B). In other
type of connection secondary S1 of one phase is
connected to the secondary S2 of next phase in
opposite sequence (R, B, and Y). The
connections of the windings are shown in fig-5
and 6.

IR

( IR-IB)

IB

(IY-IR)

( IB-IY)
Fig-6-A

IY

Considering vector analysis principle with R


phase as reference and balance load connection,
the following results are expressed.

secondary CT terminals have been altered and


connected in the circuit. The same can be
confirmed form the vector analysis.(Ref. Fig- 7 A )
C11

For Fig 5 & 5-A


IR = I , angle( 0 ) , IY = I, angle (-120 )
IB = I, angle (1200), So, IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0

C31

I1 = ( IR-IY) = 3 I, angle (300 ),


I2 = ( IY-IB) = 3 I, angle ( -900 ),
I3 = ( IB-IR) = 3 I, angle ( 1500 ),

C51

R
Y
B

C71

For Fig 6 & 6-A

Fig-7

IR = I, angle ( 00 ) , IY = I, angle (-1200)


IB = I, angle (1200), So, IR+ IY+ IB= IN = 0

I11 = ( IY-IR) = 3 I , angle (-150 ),


I21 = ( IB-IY) = 3 I , angle( 900 ),
I31 = ( IR-IB) = 3 I , angle( -300 ),

5. CASE STUDIES ON CT CIRCUITRY


The application of the theories and fundamental
principles as described in various paragraphs will
be now discussed in different case studies to
analyze the faults in the CT circuitries. In each
situation/problem, the behavior of currents in the
circuit are measured and analyzed by drawing the
basic vector diagram. From the theoretical
analysis, the faulty connections are traced and
rectifications are done easily.
Case Study No 1
Situation/problem
Tripping of one 132 KV feeder on E/F relay was
observed at a 220/132 KV Grid Sub-station,
during peak load condition for the rise of load
current above a particular load.
Steps attempted
During off-peak load condition, the currents on the
secondary circuits, used for back-up relays were
measured by means of clamp-on ammeter. The
results were obtained as follows in the table-5.
Table-5
Phase /
Wire No.
R ph. C11
Y ph. C31
B ph. C51
Neutral. C71
C11+ C31
C31+ C51
C11+ C51

Current in
m Amp.
61
62
60
120
105
104
62

Ref. from
Vector
Diagram
OA
OB
OC
BD=2OB
AB= 3OA
BC= 3OC
CD=OA

Remarks

O.K
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
Doubt?
Doubt?
O.K

Conclusion of the readings


From the readings of Back-up core as described
in the table, it got concluded that Y phase

O
C

B
Fig-7 A

Case Study No 2.
Situation/problem
In one 132/33 KV S/S the indicating instruments
(Wattmeter, ammeter etc) on 132 KV Incomer
feeder were recording erroneous readings.
Steps attempted.
During loading condition of the said feeder the
currents were measured in the metering core
circuit by means of clamp-on ammeter. The
results were obtained as follows in the table-6.
Table-6
Phase /
Wire No.
R ph. D11
Y ph. D31
B ph. D51
Neutral D71
D11+ D31
D31+ D51
D11+ D51
D71+ D11
D71+ D31
D71+ D51

Current
in m
Amp.
0
80
82
81
83
81
82
81
140
142

Ref. from
Vector
Diagram
OC
OE
OD=OC
OC
OD
OE
OD
OG= 3OC
OH= 3OE

Remarks

Doubt?
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
O.K
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
Doubt?
Doubt?

Conclusion of the readings


From the readings of metering core as described
in the table, it got concluded that R phase
secondary CT terminals might have been
shorted.

So the detail physical connections of the R phase


were checked. But no such short circuiting of the
R phase was found. Instead of short circuiting,
mixing of R phase winding was observed with
other core of same phase as like shown in fig-8.
The analysis was confirmed by drawing the vector
diagram (Ref 8-A).
Another core

D11

Conclusion of the readings


From the readings of Back-up core as described
in the table, it got concluded that R phase CT
is associated with wrong CTR, may be due to
saturation of core or wrong primary
connection.
The detail secondary circuit of R phase was
checked and found O.K. But on physical
verification it was found with the carbonized
opening of one link on Primary side of the CT
(Ref. Fig 10)

Metering Core
P1

C2

C1

C4

C3

C6

C5

P2

Carbonized opening
Resulting CTR error.

D31

Y
B

D51
D71

E
Fig- 8
A
F

B
O

E
H

5.3.4. Detail analysis


The carbonized opening between the link C6 and
P2, due to loose contact and sparking, has
developed an erroneous CTR.
For correct connection of links, the CTR is 200/1
with equivalent resistance (R ohm). But opening
of one link as shown in fig-10, has resulted the
rise of equivalent resistance (1.5 R ohm)
Since I12R1 = I22R2
2002 x R = I22 1.5R and I2 = 163.3

C
D
Fig- 8-A

Situation/problem
One 33 KV feeder was tripping on E/F relay
frequently for the load current more than
approximately 45 Amp. Line CTR = 200/1,
Setting of E/F PSM= 0.1
Steps attempted
Load current was restricted to 30 ampere for
measurement of secondary current in the Back up
core. The currents are measured and tabulated
as in Table-9
Current in
m Amp.
184
151
153
38
172
152
176

So, new ratio becomes 163.3/1 instead of 200/1.


The CT link was replaced by a new one.
Case Study No 4.

Case Study No 3.

Table-9
Phase /
Wire No.
R ph. C11
Y ph. C31
B ph. C51
E/F C71
C11+ C31
C31+ C51
C11+ C51

Fig- 10

Remarks
Doubt?
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
Doubt?
O.K
Doubt?

Situation/problem
One newly commissioned 220/132 KV Auto
transformer was tripping in REF relay for the
external fault on any 132 outgoing feeder.
HT CTR = 300/1, LT CTR=600/1.
Steps attempted
During load condition of the transformer, the
currents on various windings were measured. The
values were obtained as mentioned in Table 10.
Table-10
Phase / Wire
No.
HT R ph. C11
HT Y ph. C31
HT B ph. C51
HT E/F C71
REF circuit
Sec. NCT

Current in
m Amp.
450
454
455
18
21
12

Detail analysis

Remarks
O.K
O.K
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
O.K

Net REF current = Residual current Secondary


NCT Current
Residual current = (Secondary 220 KV current ~
Secondary 220 KV current)
Residual current = (18~18 x 220/132) = 12 mAmp
So, Net REF current = (12 12) mAmp
For additive REF current = (12 + 12) = 24 m Amp.
For subtractive REF current = (12 - 12) = 0 m Amp
As measurement value comes 21 mA, so
suspecting the reverse connection of NCT
secondary terminals, the polarity was changed.
But the problem was not solved, So the detail
circuit was checked and found with unequal CTR
for HT and LT. The residual path of the REF was
connected from the Aux. CT connection of
differential core.
Rectification and modification
1. The differential core was separated from
the REF circuit.
2. Separate core was used for REF circuit and
same CTR was used for all the windings (HT
CTR = 300/1, LT CTR = 300/1, NCTR =
300/1). For connection Refer Fig. no. 11
LT CTR = 300/1

2. LT side CT connections are expected with


faulty connection. Y phase terminals might
have been shorted with other connection.
Physically the LT CT secondary side was
checked and found with a wrong connection
link of both S1 terminal of Y phase and B
phase on the primary side of Auxiliary CT as
like shown in Fig. 12.
Wrong Connection Link
S1
LT Side
Transformer
Winding

R
Y
B
S1

S1

Diff. RELAY.

S1

S1

Aux. CT
HT
CT
Secondary

HT CTR= 300/1
Fig. 12
5.5.3 Analysis of Current flow.
For the above wrong connection, the current flow
in different circuits are explained below (Fig-13)
NCTR= 300/1
x
3x
REF RELAY

R
Fig. 11

Case Study No 5
5.5.1 Situation/problem
During stability test (Load balancing test) of a
132/11 KV transformer, the following currents
were obtained in differential circuit. Auxiliary CTs
are used on both side of the CT secondary
winding.
Phase
R phase
Y phase
B phase

HT side LT side Operating coil


Currents in m Ampere
27
23
12
27
0
27
27
23
12

5.5.2 Steps attempted


From the readings as obtained it got concluded
that
1. HT side CT connections are correct in nature.

x/2

x/2

1.5x

3x
3x

1.5x

IR0

Fig-13
5.5.4 Vector Analysis of Current flow.
The current on operating coils of the differential
relay are obtained due to the combination of
currents from both HT and LT side secondary
values. The values are analyzed in the table 11
Table-11
Phase HT side
R phase BA = 3x
( 300 )
Y phase DB = 3x
( - 900 )
B phase AD = 3x
0
( 150 )

LT side
AC=1.5x
( 1800 )
0
DE=1.5x
0
( 180 )

Operating coil
BC= DB/2
( - 900 )
DB = 3x
( - 900 )
EA= DB/2
0
( - 90 )

O
C
D

B
Fig- 14

5.5.5 Remarks on Stability Test for Transformer.


The transformer secondary circuits contain both star
and delta connections. So behavior of current flow
and analysis of the same becomes difficult for delta
connection. So for easy study of the current
behavior, single phasing supply connection should
be used instead of three phase connection.

6. FAULT FINDING STUDY FOR STAR CONNECTED CT CIRCUITORY


Sl
1
2

Current in the CT secondary


R=Y=B= x Amp, N= 0 Amp
R=Y=B= x Amp, & N= 2x Amp

i. If (R+Y ) = ( Y + B ) = 3x, & ( B + R )= x


ii. If (R+Y ) = ( B + R ) = 3x &( Y + B ) = x
iii. If (Y+B ) = ( B + R ) = 3x &( R +Y ) = x
3 I. If R = 0 Amp, & Y = B= N = x Amp
Then Check for all other R phase CT
secondary cores, if values obtained in same
pattern, then
II. Similarly for Y phase and B Phase also.
III. If R = 0 Amp, & Y = B= N = x Amp
For only in One core, Then

IV. .Similarly for Y phase and B Phase also.


R=Y=B= x Amp, N= 3x Amp

I. R=Y= x/2 Amp, B= x Amp, N= 0 Amp


II. Y=B= x/2 Amp, R= x Amp, N= 0 Amp
III. B=R= x/2 Amp, Y= x Amp, N= 0 Amp

7
8

I. R= x Amp. , R=B= 0 Amp. N=x Amp.


II. Y= x Amp., Y=B= 0 Amp. N=x Amp.
III. B= x Amp., R=Y= 0 Amp., N=x Amp
R=Y=B=N=0Amp
If the values are resulted other than the
above readings as described.

7. CONCLUSION
The study of CT circuitry depends upon the
fundamental approach of the vector analysis of the
currents from three phase supply source.
Combination of the vector analysis and study of
the current value measurement in different circuits
provides the conclusive idea regarding the faults in
the system. The various case studies as described
above are the physical examples of the practical

Expected Faults
No Fault in the circuits
ANY ONE OF THE PHASE CT POLARITY
REVERSED
Y PHASE REVERSED
R PHASE REVERSED
B PHASE REVERSED
R PHASE PRIMARY SIDE OPEN

CORRESPONDING PHASE PRIMARY SIDE OPEN


R PHASE SECONDARY IS SHORTED ( OR )
R PHASE IS MIXED WITH OTHER CORES ( OR )
WITH USE OF AUX. CT, ANY ONE OF THE SIDE
MIGHT BE SHORTED.
CORRESPONDING PHASE
All phases have been connected to one CT only
instead of different cores as 1st, 2nd 3rd cores etc.
As R phase cores and Y phase cores and B phase
cores.
OR
Primary Side has been connected from a Single
Source
R & Y phases of CT Secondary similar polarities
have been shorted.
Y & B phases of CT Secondary similar polarities
have been shorted.
B & R phases of CT Secondary similar polarities
have been shorted.
Y & B phases of CT Secondary have been shorted.
B & R phases of CT Secondary have been shorted.
R & Y phases of CT Secondary have been shorted.
All the 3 CTs are shorted.
1. CTR may be different. 2. Wrong primary link
connection. 3. Phase angle problem. 4.CT
saturation problems

occurrences. Moreover the table described with


the faulty finding study for star connected circuitry
becomes quite helpful to trace the possible faults
directly, without the study of vector analysis and
fundamental approaches.

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