REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Configuration Example of Temperature Control

The following is an example of the configuration of temperature control.

Relay output
Voltage output
Current output

SSR
Cycle controller
Power controller
Controlled object

Temperature
Controller

Control signal

Thermocouple
Platinum resistance thermometer
Thermistor
Infrared non-contact sensor

Controller
Temperature Sensor
The Temperature Sensor consists
of an element protected with a
pipe. Locate the element, which
converts temperatures into electric
signals, in places where
temperature control is required.

Electronic Temperature Controller

The Electronic Temperature Controller
is a product that receives electric signal
input from the temperature sensor,
compares the electric signal input with
the set point, and outputs adjustment
signals to the Controller.

Controller
The Controller is used to heat up or
cool down furnaces and tubs using a
device, such as a solenoid or fuel valve,
to switch electric currents supplied to
heaters or coolers.

Temperature Control
Temperature

1. The temperature stabilizes after

overshooting several times.

Time

2. Proper response
Temperature

The set point is input into the Temperature Controller in order to operate the
Temperature Controller. The time
required for stable temperature control
varies with the controlled object. Attempting to shorten the response time will
usually result in the overshooting or
hunting of temperature. When reduce the
overshooting or hunting of temperature,
the response time must not be shortened. There are applications that require
prompt, stable control in the waveform
shown in (1) despite overshooting. There
are other applications that require the
suppression of overshooting in the
waveform shown in (3) despite the long
time required to stabilize temperature. In
other words, the type of temperature
control varies with the application and
purpose. The waveform shown in (2) is
usually considered to be the best one for
standard applications.

Time

Temperature

3. The response is slow in reaching

the set point.

Time

E--2

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Characteristics of the Controlled Object

Before selecting the Temperature Controller and Temperature Sensor models, it is necessary to understand the thermal characteristics of the
controlled object for proper temperature control.
Heat capacity, which indicates the degree of ease of
heating, varies with the capacity of the furnace.

Static
characteristics

Static characteristics, which indicate the capability of

heating, vary with the capacity of the heater.

Dynamic
characteristics

Dynamic characteristics, which indicate the startup

characteristics (i.e., excessive response) of heating, vary
with the capacities of the heater and furnace that affect
each other in a complex way.
External disturbances are causes of temperature
change. For example, the opening or closing of the door
of a constant temperature oven will be a cause of
external disturbance thus creating a temperature
change.

External
disturbances

J ON/OFF CONTROL
ACTION

J P ACTION

This is the simplest form of electronic

control, usually used in the least expensive controllers. As shown in the graph
below, if the process value is lower than
the set point, the output will be turned
ON and power will be supplied to the
heater. If the process value is higher than
the set point, the output will be turned
OFF with power to the heater shut off.
This control method is called ON/OFF
control action, in which the output is
turned ON and OFF on the basis of the
set point to keep the temperature
constant. In this operation, the temperature is controlled with two values (i.e.,
0% and 100% of the set point). Therefore, the operation is also called twoposition control action.
Characteristics of
ON/OFF control action
Hysteresis
Set
point

For more stable control, it is necessary to

slow down the rate of temperature rise
when approaching the set point in order
to avoid overshoot. By modifying the
ON/OFF switching pattern, the peaks
and troughs are smoothed out, thus
maintaining a stable temperature. P
action (or proportional control action) is
used for obtaining the output in proportion to the input.
The Temperature Controller in P action
has a proportional band with the set point
in the proportional band. The control
output varies in proportion to the deviation in the proportional band. In normal
operation, a 100% control output will be
ON if the process value is lower than the
proportional band. The control output will
be decreased gradually in proportion to
the deviation if the process value is
within the proportional band, and a 50%
control output will be ON if the set point
coincides with the process value (i.e.,
there is no deviation). This means P
action ensures smooth control with
minimal hunting compared with the
ON/OFF control action.

Time

A narrow proportional
band is set.
A wide proportional
band is set.

Set point
A narrow proportional
band is set.

Set
point

Control output

Heater

Proportional
control action

Example:
If a Temperature Controller with a temperature range of 0 to 400C has a 5%
proportional band, the width of the proportional band will be converted into a
temperature range of 20C. In this case,
provided that the set point is 100C, a full
output is kept turned ON until the process value reaches 90C, and the output
is OFF periodically when the process
value exceeds 90C. When the process
value is 100C, there will be no difference in time between the ON period and
the OFF period (i.e., the output is turned
ON and OFF with the same interval).

Control output

Characteristics of
controlled object

Heat capacity

Offset
A wide proportional
band is set.
Time
Temperature
Set
point
Proportional band

E--3

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J I ACTION

J ADVANCED PID
CONTROL

External
disturbance

P (proportional
control) action
only

Time
Control output

I action (integral control action or reset)

helps to achieve control at the set point
and is used for obtaining the output in
proportion to the time integral value of
the input.
P action causes an offset. Therefore, if
proportional control action and integral
control action are used in combination,
the offset will be reduced as the time
goes by until finally the control temperature will coincide with the set point and
the offset will cease to exist.

Set point

PD (proportional
and derivative
control) action

A long derivative time is set.

A short derivative time is set.

Set point

Offset ceases
to exist.

Offset

Time

PI (proportional
and integral
control) action

A long derivative time is set.

P (proportional
control) action
only

Set
point
A short derivative time is set.
Time

Conventional PID control uses a single

control block to control the responses of
the Temperature Controller to a target
value and external disturbances. Therefore, the response to the target value will
oscillate due to overshooting if importance is attached to the response to external disturbances with the P and I parameters set to small values and the D
parameter set to a large value in the control block. On the other hand, if importance is attached to the response to the
target value (i.e., the P and I parameters
are set to large values), the Temperature
Controller will not be able to respond to
external disturbances quickly. It will be
impossible to satisfy both the types of
responses in this case.
Advanced PID control eliminates this
weakness while retaining the strengths of
PID control, thus making it possible to
improve both types of responses.

PID Control

Control output

Time

J PID CONTROL

A short integral time is set.

A long integral time is set.

Time
A short integral time is set.

Set
point

PID control is a combination of proportional, integral, and derivative control

actions, in which the temperature is
controlled smoothly by proportional
control action without hunting, automatic
offset adjustment is made by integral
control action, and quick response to an
external disturbance is made possible by
derivative control action.

Response to the target value will become

slow if response to the external disturbance is improved.

Response to the external disturbance will

become slow if response to the target value is improved.

A long integral time is set.

Advanced PID Control

Time

J D ACTION
D action (derivative or rate control action)
is used for obtaining the output in proportion to the time derivative value of the
input. It provides a sudden shift in output
level as a result of a rapid change in actual temperature.
Proportional control action corrects the
result of control and so does integral
control action. Therefore, proportional
control action and integral control action
respond slowly to temperature change,
which is why derivative control action is
required. Derivative control action corrects the result of control by adding the
control output in proportion to the slope
of temperature change. A large quantity
of control output is added for a radical
external disturbance so that the temperature can be quickly in control.

E--4

PID
control

Response to
target value

Response to
external disturbance

Controls both the target value response

and external disturbance response.

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J PID WITH FUZZY CONTROL

By adding fuzzy control to PID control,
further improvement in response to external
disturbances is possible. PID and fuzzy
control usually operate as PID control. If
there is external disturbance, fuzzy control
will operate in combination with PID control.
OMRONs fuzzy control estimates temperature change from the difference between
the deviation (i.e., the difference between
the set point and process value) and
deviation change rate, and then makes the
delicate adjustment of the control output.

PID control
Set
point
External
disturbance

An increase in output.

PID and fuzzy control

Suppresses the
output to eliminate
overshooting.

Control on the basis of the deviation and deviation change rate.

Response to the target value.

Response to external disturbance

PID control

PID and fuzzy control

E--5

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Topical Reference
J SECTION ORGANIZATION
The following Topical Reference discusses how Omron controls perform in
each critical aspect of a temperature or
process control system. The sections are
divided into these categories, then presented in alphabetic order

This glossary does not address the many

terms commonly used in general industrial control.

Control
Alarm
Temperature Sensor
Output
Setting

Control
Temperature or
deviation

J ANTI-RESET WINDUP
(ARW) FUNCTION
Set point

Proportional band

Deviation
Time
Integral output

ARW stands for anti-reset windup. This

feature reduces or eliminates excessive
Reset (Integral action) error created in
response to the steep rise to the initial
temperature set point. There is usually a
large deviation (i.e., a large difference
between the process value and set point)
when the Temperature Controller starts
operating. Integral control action in PID
control is repeated until the temperature
reaches the set point. As a result, an
excessive integral output causing
overshooting is output. To prevent this,
the ARW function sets a limit to restrict
the output rise in integral control action.
In normal control operation, the integral
output is eliminated until the process
value reaches the proportional band.

Overshooting due to
excessive integral output.

Initial integral output with

ARW function disabled.
Initial integral
output with ARW
function enabled.
Time

J CONTROL CYCLE AND TIME-PROPORTIONING CONTROL ACTION

Temperature
Set point

The control output will be turned ON intermittently according to a preset cycle if

P action is used with a relay or SSR.
This preset cycle is called control cycle
and this control method is called timeproportioning control action.

Proportional
band

Actual
temperature

The higher the temperature is,

the shorter the ON period is.

T: Control cycle
Control output =

TON
TON + TOFF

x 100 (%)

TON: ON period
TOFF: OFF period

E--6

Example;
If the control cycle is 10 s with an 80%
control output, the ON and OFF periods
will be the following values.
TON: 8 s
TOFF: 2 s

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J CONTROL OUTPUT

ON/OFF output

Relay output

Contact relay output used for control methods

with comparatively low switching frequencies.

SSR output

Non-contact solid-state relay output for switching

1 A maximum.

Voltage output

ON/OFF pulse output at 5, 12, or 24 VDC

externally connected to a high-capacity SSR.

Current output

Continuous 4- to 20-mA or 0- to 20-mA DC

output used for driving power controllers and
electromagnetic valves. Ideal for high-precision
control.

Voltage output

Continuous 0 to 5 or 0 to 10 VDC output used

for driving pressure controllers. Ideal for
high-precision control.

Control
output

Linear output

E--7

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Control Output Connection Example Using Voltage Output to Drive SSRs

Electronic Temperature Controller
Load
Voltage output
terminals for
driving SSR

Heater

Load power supply

Directly connectable

Number of SSRs
connectable in parallel
Temperature Controller at 12-VDC
Output with 40 mA

5 (8)

E5jJ
(Excluding E5CJ)

3 (4)

E5jK
(Excluding E5CK)

3 (4)

E5AN, E5EN

Temperature Controller at 12-VDC

Output with 30 mA

1 (2)
Values in parentheses
indicate 400 V models.
8

E5ZE

G3PA-VD at 240-V output

with 10, 20, 40, or 60 A
Rated input voltage:
5 to 24 VDC

Subminiature, slim model with a

mono-block construction and
built-in heat sink

G3NH with 75 or 150 A

5 to 24 VDC

4
2
Temperature Controller at 12-VDC
Output with 20 mA
E5CS-X

5 (8)
3 (4)

Ideal for high-power

heater control
G3NA at 240-V output
with 5, 10, 20, or 40 A, at
480 V with 10, 20, or 40 A
5 to 24 VDC

3 (4)
E5CN, E5GN

1 (2)

Standard model with

screw terminals

Values in parentheses
indicate 400 V models.
2
E5CJ
1
E5CK

5
Temperature Controller at 5-VDC
Output with 10 mA
E5C4

12 VDC
5 VDC
Compact, low-cost model
with tab terminals
G3B with 5 A
5 to 24 VDC

6
3

E--8

G3NE with 5, 10, or 20 A

Fits standard 8-pin round socket,

offers 5 A switching current

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J DERIVATIVE TIME
Deviation

PD Action and Derivative Time

PD action
(with a short derivative time)
PD action
(with a long derivative
time)
Control output

Derivative time is the period required for

a ramp-type deviation in derivative
control (e.g., the deviation shown in the
graph at right) to coincide with the control
output in proportional control action. The
longer the derivative time is, the stronger
the derivative control action is.

P action
D2 action

(with a short
derivative time)

D1 action
TD: Derivative
time

(with a long derivative time)

J FUZZY SELF-TUNING
PID constants must be determined
according to the controlled object for
proper temperature control. The conventional Temperature Controller incorporates an auto-tuning function to calculate
PID constants, in which case, it will be
necessary to give instructions to the
Temperature Controller to trigger the
auto-tuning function. Furthermore, if the
limit cycle method is adopted, temperature disturbance may result. The Temperature Controller in fuzzy self-tuning
operation determines the start of tuning
and ensures smooth tuning without
disturbing temperature control. In other
words, the fuzzy self-tuning function
makes it possible to adjust PID constants
according to the characteristics of the
controlled object.

Auto-tuning Method of a
Conventional Temperature
Controller
Auto-tuning Function: Automatically
calculates the appropriate PID constant
for controlling objects.
Features:
1. Tuning will be performed when the
AT instruction is given.
2. The limit cycle signal is generated
to oscillate the temperature before
tuning.
Target
value

PID constants are calculated by tuning

at the time of change in the set point.

When an external disturbance affects

the process value, the PID constants
will be adjusted and kept in a specified
range.

If hunting results, the PID constants will

be adjusted to suppress the hunting.

External
disturbance 1

Target
value

PID gain
calculated.
AT starts.

Temperature
oscillated.

PID gain
calculated.

External
disturbance 2

Temperature
in control

Temperature
in control

ST starts.

AT
instruction

Fuzzy Self-tuning in 3 Modes

Self-tuning Function
Self-tuning (ST) Function: A function to
automatically calculate optimum PID
constants for controlled objects.
Features:
1. Whether to perform tuning or not is
determined by the Temperature
Controller.
2. No signal disturbing the process
value is generated.

J HUNTING AND OVERSHOOTING

Hunting and Overshooting in ON/OFF
Control Action
Overshooting
Set point

ON/OFF control action often involves the

waveform shown in the following graph.
A temperature rise in excess of the set
point after temperature control starts is
called overshooting. Temperature oscillation near the set point is called hunting.
Improved temperature control is to be
expected if the degrees of overshooting
and hunting are low.

Hunting

E--9

INFORMATION

J HYSTERESIS
ON/OFF control action turns the output
ON or OFF on the basis of the set point.
This means the output frequently
changes according to minute temperature changes, which shortens the life of
the output relay or unfavorably affects
some devices connected to the Temperature Controller. Therefore, a temperature
band is created between the ON and
OFF operations. This band is called hysteresis.

Example:
If the Temperature Controller with a
temperature range of 0C to 400C has a
0.2% hysteresis, D will be 0.8C.
Therefore if the set point is 100C, the
output will turn OFF at a process value of
100C and will turn ON at a process
value of 99.2C.

Hysteresis
D: Hysteresis

Control output

REFERENCE

Temperature

J INTEGRAL TIME
Deviation

PI action (with a short integral time)

PI action
(with a long integral time)

Control output

Integral time is the period required for a

step-type deviation in integral control
(e.g., the deviation shown in the following
graph) to coincide with the control output
in proportional control action. The shorter
the integral time is, the stronger the integral control action is. If the integral time
is too short, however, hunting may result.

P action
T1: Integral
time
(with a short integral time)
(with a long integral time)

J OFFSET
Offset

Proportional band

Set point

Proportional control action causes an

error in the process value due to the heat
capacity of the controlled object and the
capacity of the heater, which results in a
small discrepancy between the process
value and set point in stable operation.
This error is called offset. Offset is the
difference in temperature between the
set point and the actual process
temperature. Offset may exist above or
below the set point.

Offset

(Applicable Model: E5jS)

The self-tuning function is incorporated
by E5jS Digital Temperature Controller.
The function makes it possible to calculate and use an optimum proportional
band automatically according to change
in the temperature.

Set point

J SELF-TUNING FUNCTION

Time
In self-tuning
operation

E--10

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J TUNING PID PARAMETERS

All PID process/temperature controllers
require the adjustment of the P, I, D and
other parameters in order to allow
accurate control of the load. If the
controller is not tuned, then it cannot
control the temperature or process
variable of that load with any accuracy.
There have been a variety of conventional methods suggested and implemented to obtain PID constants: The
step response, marginal sensitivity, and
limit cycle methods. In general, the P, I
and D parameters are tuned either
manually or via an auto-tuning technique.
Auto-tuning methods make it possible to
obtain PID constants suitable to a variety
of objects.

Limit Cycle Method

ON/OFF control action starts from the
start point A in this method. Then obtain
the PID constants from the hunting cycle
T and oscillation D.

Manual Tuning

Readjustment of PID Constants

PID constants calculated in auto-tuning
operation normally do not cause problems except for some particular applications, in which case, refer to the following
to readjust the PID constants.

Step Response Method

The value most frequently used must be
the set point in this method. Calculate the
maximum temperature ramp R and the
dead time L from a 100% step-type control output. Then obtain the PID
constants from R and L.

Response to Change in Integral Time

Wider
Set
point

Set point

Oscillation

It is possible to reduce hunting, overshooting, and undershooting although a

comparatively long startup time and set
time will be required.

Hunting cycle
Time

Narrower
Set
point

Auto-Tuning

The process temperature reaches the set

point within a comparatively short time
although overshooting, undershooting,
and hunting will result.

Response to Change in Proportional

Band

Response to Change in Derivative

Time

Set point

Wider

Wider

Set
point

Set
point

It is possible to suppress overshooting

although a comparatively long startup
time and set time will be required.
Time

Set point

Marginal Sensitivity Method

Proportional control action starts from the
start point A in this method. Narrow the
width of the proportional band until the
temperature starts to oscillate. Then obtain the PID constants from the value of
the proportional band and the oscillation
cycle T at that time.

Marginal sensitivity
method

The process value reaches the set point

within a comparatively short time with
comparatively small amounts of overshooting and undershooting although
fine-cycle hunting will result due to the
change in process value.

Narrower
Set
point

Narrower
Set
point

The process value reaches the set point

within a comparatively short time and
keeps the temperature stable although
overshooting and hunting will result until
the temperature becomes stable.

It will take a comparatively long time for

the process value to reach the set point
with heavy overshooting and
undershooting.

Time

PID Control and Tuning Methods

Type of PID control

Model
PID

Advanced PID

Auto-tuning methods
PID with fuzzy control

Step response

Limit cycle

E5jJ

----

Fuzzy self-tuning

----

Built-in

Built-in

E5jK

----

Auto-tuning, Fuzzy self-tuning

----

Built-in

Built-in

E5jN

----

Auto-tuning, Fuzzy self-tuning

----

Built-in

Built-in

E5jS

Self-tuning

----

----

E5ZE

----

----

Auto-tuning (both PID and

fuzzy parameters)

Not built-in

Built-in

E--11

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Alarm
J ALARM OPERATION
The Temperature Controller compares
the process value and the preset alarm
value, turns the alarm signal ON, and
displays the type of alarm in the preset
operation mode.

Absolute-value Alarm

Deviation Alarm

The absolute-value alarm turns ON according to the alarm temperature regardless of the set point in the Temperature
Controller.

The deviation alarm turns ON according

to the deviation from the set point in the
Temperature Controller.

Setting example
Alarm temperature is set to 110C.

Setting Example
Alarm temperature is set to 110C.
Alarm set
point: 10 C

Alarm set point

Set point (SV):

100C

Set point (SV):

100C

Alarm value:
110C

The alarm set point in the above example

is set to 110C.

Alarm value:
110C

The alarm set point in the above example

is set to 10C.

(Single-phase use only)

Many types of heaters are used to raise
the temperature of the controlled object.
The CT (Current Transformer) is used by
the Temperature Controller to detect the
heater current. If the heaters power
consumption drops, the Temperature
Controller will detect the heater burnout
from the CT and will output the heater
burnout alarm.

Current value

J HEATER BURNOUT ALARM

The wires connected to the
Temperature Controller has no polarity.

Heater burnout alarm

Heater burnout

Current
Transformer
(CT)

Control outpu
Heater current waveform
(CT waveform)

Heater
Switch

J LOOP BURNOUT ALARM (LBA)

Applicable Models: E5jK
The LBA (loop burnout alarm) is a function
to turn the alarm signal ON by assuming

the occurrence of control loop failure if

there is no input change with the control
output set to the highest or lowest value.

Therefore, this function can be used to detect control loop errors.

J STANDBY SEQUENCE ALARM

It may be difficult to keep the process
value outside the specified alarm range
in some cases (e.g., when starting up the
Temperature Controller) and as a result
the alarm turns ON abruptly. This can be
prevented with the standby sequential
function of the Temperature Controller.
This function makes it possible to ignore
the process value right after the Temperature Controller is turned on or right after
the Temperature Controller starts temperature control. In this case, the alarm
will turn ON if the process value enters
the alarm range after the process value
has been once stabilized.

E--12

Example of Alarm Output with Standby Sequence Set

Temperature Rise
Upper-limit
alarm set
Set point

Temperature Drop

Upper limit
alarm set
Set point

Lower-limit
alarm set
Alarm
output

Lower limit
alarm set
Alarm
output

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J ALARM SELECTIONS AVAILABLE BY CONTROLLER SERIES

Alarm type
yp

Alarm output operation

When X is positive

Upper- and
lower-limit
(deviation)

Process/Temperature Controller series

When X is negative

K3TL,
K3NH

E5CSX

E5AN,
E5EN,
E5CN,
E5GN

E5AK,
E5EK,
E5CK

E5jK
-T,
E5EKDRT

E5AJ,
E5EJ,
E5CJ

E5ZE

*2

Upper-limit
(deviation)

Lower-limit
(deviation)

Upper-limit with
standby
sequence
(deviation)

Lower-limit with
standby
sequence
(deviation)

Absolute-value
upper-limit

Absolute-value
lower-limit

Absolute-value
upper-limit with
standby
sequence

Absolute-value
lower-limit with
standby
sequence

E5AK
and
E5EK
only

E5AKT and
E5EKT only

Upper- and
lower-limit range
(deviation)
Upper- and
lower-limit with
standby
sequence
(deviation)

Heater burnout
detection alarm
(uses a current
transformer input)

*3

*5

*4

E--13

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Temperature Sensor
J COLD JUNCTION EFFECT
Thermocouples only give an accurate
reading if the cold end of the device,
which is connected to the terminals on a
controller, is maintained at 0C. Since
this is not practical in industrial applications, controllers are calibrated at a
reference temperature, usually 20C to
25C, and an allowance made for the
cold junction error. A sensor (usually a
semiconductor) built into the controller,
then monitors any changes in this cold
junction, and the controller automatically
compensates for these changes (this is
called cold junction compensation). For
this reason, thermocouple leads should
always be connected directly to the

controller terminals. If the leads are too

short, they may be lengthened by the
use of special compensating cable or
thermocouple extension wire that
matches the thermocouple type.
Terminal
Temperature
Controller

The thermo-electromotive force VT is

calculated from the following formula:
VT = K (350 -- 20)
Condition:
The terminal temperature is 20C.
VT = K (350 -- 20) + K S 20 = K S 350
Thermo-electromotive force
of thermocouple

Sensing
point
350C

Thermo-electromotive force
generated by cold junction
compensating circuit

Cold junction
compensating circuit

J COMPENSATING CONDUCTOR
Compensating
conductor
Connection
terminal
Terminal

An actual application may have a

sensing point located far away from the
Temperature Controller. Specialconductor thermocouples are expensive.
Therefore, the compensating conductor
is connected to the thermocouple in such
a case. The compensating conductor
must be in conformity with the
characteristics of the thermocouple,
otherwise precise temperature sensing
will not be possible.

Example of Compensating Conductor

Use
K (350 -- 30) + K (30 -- 20) +K S 20 + K S 350

Temperature
Controller

Thermo-electromotive
force of thermocouple

Thermo-electromotive force
generated by cold junction
compensating circuit

Thermo-electromotive force through

compensating conductor

J HOT JUNCTION AND COLD JUNCTION

A thermocouple has a hot junction and
cold junction. The hot junction is for temperature sensing and the cold junction is
connected to the Temperature Controller.

Metal A

Hot
junction

Metal B

J INPUT COMPENSATION
A preset point is added to or subtracted
from the temperature detected by the
temperature sensor of the Temperature
Controller to display the process value.
The difference between the detected
temperature and displayed temperature
is set as an input compensation value.

Furnace

Input compensation value: 10C

(Displayed value is 120C)
(120 -- 110 = 10)

E--14

Cold
(reference
junction
(0C)

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETER (RTD)

The resistance of a metal will increase as
the temperature of the metal increases.
Platinum is especially responsive to
temperature changes. RTDs are usually
made of fine platinum wire wrapped
around a mica or ceramic plate, then
encased in a stainless steel tube.

Three-wire Resistance Thermometer

Omrons temperature/process controllers
accept three-wire platinum resistance
thermometer sensors. One of the conductors is connected to two wires and
the other resistance conductor is connected to another wire, the wiring of
which eliminates the influence of resistance from the extended lead wires.

Connection of Three-wire Platinum

Resistance Thermometer
Platinum resistance thermometer

Temperature
Controller

J SET POINT (SP) RAMP

The SP ramp function controls the target
value change rate with the variation
factor. Therefore, when the SP ramp
function is enabled, some range of the
target value will be controlled if the
change rate exceeds the variation factor
as shown at right.

Target
value
after
changing

Target
value
before
changing

SP ramp
SP ramp
set value

SP ramp
time unit
Change
point

Time

J THERMISTORS
These are temperature sensitive semiconductors, usually encased in a glass
bead. For industrial applications, this
would be housed in a stainless steel tube
in common with the other forms of sensors described here.

Their main advantage lies in the large

change of resistance with temperature
compared with other forms of RTD, and
of course there is no cold junction effect.
The main disadvantage of thermistors is
that the characteristic is particularly non-

linear, making them a reasonable choice

only where they are required for control
over a very limited temperature band; for
example, the control of photographic
chemical solution temperatures.

at the unheated ends of the wires, and is

the signal used by the controller to
determine the actual temperature. The
most commonly used thermocouples are

Iron/Constantan construction (known as

Type J) and Nickel-chromium/
Nickel-aluminum construction (known as
Type K).

J THERMOCOUPLE
A thermocouple consists of two different
metal wires with the ends connected
together. When this assembly is heated,
a very small voltage, which is
proportional to the temperature, appears

E--15

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Output
J HEATING AND COOLING CONTROL
Two control outputs (one for heating and
one for cooling) can be provided by a
temperature controller. The relation between these two control outputs is expressed by the V-shaped portion of the
diagram. As shown, the two outputs may
be overlapped, or there may be a dead
band between the two.

Temperature
Controller in
heating and
cooling
control

Heating and Cooling Outputs

Heating
Cooling

Controlled
object

Heating
output

Cooling
output

Heating
output

Set point

Cooling
output

Set point

The Temperature Controller in normal

operation will increase control output if
the process value is higher than the set
point (i.e., if the Temperature Controller
has a positive deviation).

Control output (%)

J NORMAL OPERATION

Set point
Low

High

J POSITION-PROPORTIONING CONTROL
This control is also called ON/OFF servo
control. In this control system, the temperature and the degree of opening
(position) of the control valve are fed
back to the temperature controller.

J REVERSE OPERATION
Temperature Controller in
position-proportioning control.

Control output (%)

The Temperature Controller in reverse

operation will increase control output if
the process value is lower than the set
point (i.e., if the Temperature Controller
has a negative deviation).

Open
Controlled
object
Close

Low

Set point

Potentiometer
reading valve
opening.

High

J TRANSMISSION OUTPUT

E--16

tween the upper and lower limits will be

turned ON if the E5CK-jF is used.
Transmission output

A Temperature Controller with current

output independent from control output is
available. The process value or set point
within the available temperature range of
the Temperature Controller is converted
into 4- to 20-mA linear output that can be
input into recorders to keep the results of
temperature control on record. If the
Temperature Controller is the E5AX-AF
that has a set limit value, the output will
turn ON within the set limit value. The
upper and lower limits can be set for
transmission output in the E5CK-jF.
Therefore, the transmission output be-

Temperature
Controller with
transmission
output

Recorder

Temperature sensor

Process value
Lower limit

Upper limit

Possible setting range

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Setting
J MULTIPLE SET POINTS
Two or more set points independent from
each other can be set in the Temperature
Controller in control operation.

J SET LIMIT
The set point range depends on the temperature sensor and the set limit is used to
restrict the set point range. This restriction
affects the transmission output of the Temperature Controller.

Possible setting range

J SETTING MEMORY BANKS

The Temperature Controller stores a maximum of eight groups of data (e.g., set value
and PID constant data) in built-in memory
banks for temperature control. The Temperature Controller selects one of these
banks in actual control operation.
Memory Bank 0
Set value
P constant
I constant
D constant
:
:
:

Bank 1
Bank 7

Bank 1 is selected.
Temperature
control with
data in memory
bank 1.

J SHIFT SET OPERATION

The set point can be shifted to a different
value to be used by the Temperature Controller in shift set operation.
Set temperature: 200C
Shift set point: --50C
Set point:
--150C
Shift set operation

E--17

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

DeviceNett Overview
J WHAT IS THE DEVICENET?
DeviceNet is a low-cost communications
link to connect industrial devices to a network and eliminate expensive hardwiring.
Typical devices include limit switches,
photoelectric sensors, valve manifolds,
motor starters, process sensors, bar
code readers, variable frequency drives,
panel displays and operator interfaces.

The direct connectivity provides improved communication between devices

as well as important device-level diagnostics not easily accessible or available
through hardwired I/O interfaces.

DeviceNet is a simple, networking

solution that reduces the cost and time to
wire and install industrial automation
devices, while providing interchangeability of like components from multiple
vendors.

J DEVICENET FEATURES AND FUNCTIONALITY

Network size

Up to 64 nodes

Network length
g

Selectable end-to-end network distance varies with speed

Baud rate

Distance

125 Kbps

500 m (1,640 ft)

250 Kbps

250 m (820 ft)

500 Kbps

100 m (328 ft)

Data packets

0 to 8 bytes

Bus topology

Linear (trunk line/drop line); power and signal on the same network
cable

Bus addressing

Peer-to-peer with multi-cast (one-to-many);

Multi-master and Master/Slave special case;
polled or change-of-state (exception-based)

System features

Removal and replacement of devices from the network under power.

J DEVICENET PHYSICAL LAYER AND MEDIA

Chapter 9, Volume 1 in the DeviceNet
Specifications defines the allowable topologies and components. The variety of
topologies that are possible are shown in
the figure below. The specification also
deals with system grounding, mixing
thick and thin media, termination, and
power distribution.
The basic trunk line-drop line topology
provides separate twisted pair busses for

both signal and power distribution. Thick

or thin cable can be used for either trunk
lines or drop lines. End-to-end network
distance varies with data rate and cable
size.
Devices can be powered directly from
the bus and communicate with each other using the same cable. Nodes can be
removed or inserted from the network
without powering-down the network.

Terminator

Node

Power taps can be added at any point in

the network which makes redundant
power supplies possible. The trunk line
current rating is 8 amps. An opto-isolated
design option allows externally powered
devices (e.g., AS drives starters and solenoid valves) to share the same bus
cable. Other CAN-based networks allow
only a single power supply (if at all) for
the entire network.

Tap

Terminator

Node
Drop line
Node
Node

Node

Node
Node
Node

Node
Node

Zero drop

E--18

Node

Short drops

Node

Node

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Control Period and Manipulated Variable

All time proportional controls have a control period or a similarly named parameter. The parameter, regardless of its name, behaves the
same way in each control
A control period (CP) is the maximum amount of time that the output is on. The CP is defined by the controllers algorithm. Long CPs
work better for slower processes, e.g., a temperature change of one degree or less per minute. Shorter CPs work better for faster rates of
change such as several degrees per second.
The Manipulated Variable (MV) also control the output within the limits of the CP. The MV is sometimes referred to by other names by
some manufacturers. These names include control output, percentage output, and manipulated output. The MV is the percentage of output power that the algorithm uses to control the output. For example, if the algorithm specifies a CP of 20 seconds and an MV of 50%, the
output will be on for a total of 10 seconds (see illustration below). Note that the output would not be ON for 10 consecutive seconds.

CP = 20 (Omron default)

MV = 50%

What would happen in an ideal situation is that the output would trigger ON and OFF throughout the entire 20 seconds, so that at the end
of the 20 seconds, the TOTAL TIME ON would be 10 seconds.
Changing the MV would change the TOTAL TIME ON. For example, with the same CP of 20 and an MV of 75%, the TOTAL TIME ON
would be 15 seconds. As in the previous example, the output would not be on for 15 consecutive seconds.
A 5-second control period allows the MV to have the shortest possible ON time. One percent of 5 seconds is 0.05 seconds or 50 ms.
Therefore, 50 ms is the minimum ON time.
Different types of processes require different CPs. If you are controlling a slow-moving process, a long CP allows time for the process to
react to the controllers output signal. However, for a faster moving process, if the output stays on too long, the process variable (e.g.
temperature) exceeds the set point. The controller would then try to readjust itself by shutting off the output, but because the CP is too
large, the output stays off too long and the PV undershoots the set point. The only way to correct this type of hunting is to shorten the CP
of the controller.

E--19

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Manual Tuning of PID Values

When PID values should be adjusted manually, refer to the following:

J PID (P) CONTROL ACTION

Offset occurs when the proportional band is large, but the possibility of
overshooting is less likely. On the contrary, when the proportional band is
small, overshooting occurs and the control waveform becomes an ON/OFF
control (the occurrence of hunting).
Tuning adjustment:
D

Generally, the proportional band should be adjusted from a larger to

smaller value.

When there is gentle hunting, the hunting can be made smaller by

making the proportional band wider.

J INTEGRAL (I) ACTION

Integral action is performed to diminish the offset caused by proportional control
in proportion to the elapsed time. When too short of an integral time is set to
eliminate offset, integral action becomes stronger and it may cause hunting.
Tuning adjustment:
D

Generally, integral time should be adjusted from a longer to shorter time.

When there is gentle hunting or repetition of overshooting, too strong of an

integral action is suspected in many cases. Hunting can become smaller if
a longer time is set. (It is also possible to make integral action weaker by
making the proportional band wider.)

J DERIVATIVE (D) ACTION

Derivative action obtains the original control status as soon as possible by
giving a large quantity of the manipulated variable for rapid external
disturbance. When a longer derivative time is set, the control is disturbed since
the large quantity of the manipulated variable is continuously working. (Usually
hunting occurs in shorter periods than the hunting caused by inappropriate
proportional band and integral time.)
Tuning adjustment:
D

Generally, derivative time should be adjusted from a shorter to longer time.

When hunting occurs in a short period, early response of the control

system and too strong derivative action are suspected. Shorten the
derivative time.

E--20

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Glossary
Adaptive Tuning

Cold Junction Compensation

Used to continuously monitor and

optimize PID constants while the
controller operates. Three tuning
algorithms are used to recalculate the
PID constants within 500 ms after the
process value stabilizes at set point:
Step-response method, disturbance
tuning and hunting tuning

Electronic means of compensating for

the ambient temperature at the cold
junction of a thermocouple so it
maintains a reference to 0C.

Anti-reset Wind-up (ARW)

A feature of PID controllers that prevents
the integral (auto-reset) circuit from
operating when the temperature is
outside the proportional band.

Alpha ()
This represents the temperature
coefficient of the change in electrical
resistance of a material. For each C in
temperature the electrical resistance
changes. It is the defining parameter for
platinum resistance temperature
detectors (RTD sensors). The unit of
measure is ohms/ohms/C.

Analog
Data collected and represented by
continuously variable quantities, such as
voltage measurement or temperature
variation.

Contact Output
Relay control outputs are often available
in these contact forms:
Form A Contact (SPST-NO)
Single-pole, single-throw relays use the
normally open and common contacts to
switch power. The contacts close when
the relay coil is energized and open
when power is removed from the coil.
Form B Contact (SPST-NC)
Single-pole, single-throw relays use the
normally closed and common contacts.
These contacts open when the relay coil
is energized and close when power is
removed from the coil.
Form C Contact (SPDT)
Single-pole, double-throw relays use the
normally open, normally closed and
common contacts. The relay can be
wired as a Form A or Form B contact.

Control Action

A continuously variable signal that is

used to represent a value, such as the
process value or set point value. Typical
ranges include 4 to 20 mA, 0 to 20 mA, 1
to 5 VDC, and 0 to 5 VDC.

The control output response relative to

the difference between the process
variable and the set point. For reverse
action (usually heating), as the process
decreases below the set point, the output
increases. For direct action (usually
cooling), as the process increases above
the set point, the output increases.

Auto-tuning

Control Mode

This feature automatically calculates

then resets the PID values based on
temperature control performance over a
sampled period. In some of Omrons
controllers, auto-tuning also optimizes
the settings for fuzzy logic control values.

The type of control action used by the

controller can include ON/OFF,
time-proportioning, PD, and PID. Other
combinations and refinements are used.

Analog Output

Burnout Function
An action to release the output when the
thermocouple has burned out, platinum
RTD develops an open or short, or
infrared problems occur.

CE
A marking on products that comply with
European Union requirements pertaining
to safety and electromagnetic
compatibility.

Celsius
A temperature scale in which water
freezes at 0C and boils at 100C at
standard atmospheric pressure. The
formula to convert Fahrenheit
temperatures to Celsius is as follows:
F = (1.8 x C) + 32.

CSA
Canadian Standards Association is an
independent testing laboratory that
establishes commercial and industrial
standards, as well as tests products and
certifies them.

C-UL
This symbol appearing in literature and
marked on products indicates Canadian
recognition of Underwriters Laboratories,
Inc. approval of particular product
classes. The C-UL approval may stand in
place of Canadian Standards Association
certification. All references to C-UL are
based on prior listing or recognition from
the original UL file.

Dead Band
The time period in a control system
between a change in stimuli and any
measurable response in the controlled
variable. In the deadband, specific
conditions can be placed on control

output actions. Operators select the dead

band width. It is usually above the
heating proportional band and below the
cooling proportional band.

Derivative
The rate of change in a process variable
which forms the D in a PID control
algorithm. This control action anticipates
the rate of change of the process and
compensates to minimize overshoot and
undershoot. Derivative control is an
instantaneous change of the control
output in the same direction as the
proportional error. This is caused by a
change in the process variable (PV) that
decreases over the derivative time.

Deviation
A departure of a controlled variable from
a command such as set point.

Deviation indication
A system of indication in which a
departure of a detected value from the
set point is indicated.

DIN (Deutsche Industrial Norm)

A German standards agency that sets
world-recognized engineering and
industrial standards.

DIN 43760
The standard that defines the
characteristics of a 100-ohm platinum
RTD having a resistance vs. temperature
curve specified by a = 0.00385 ohms per
degree.

Drift
A gradual change over a long period of
time that affects the reading or value.
Changes in ambient temperature,
component aging, contamination,
humidity and line voltage all contribute to
drift.

Droop
Controllers using only proportional
control can settle at a value below the
actual set point once the system
stabilizes. This offset is corrected with
the addition of Integral control in the
control algorithm.

Electromagnetic Compatibility
To conform with CEs EMC requirements,
equipment or a system must operate
without introducing significant
electromagnetic disturbances to the
environment or be affected by
electromagnetic disturbances.

Electromagnetic Interference
There are many possible sources for
electromagnetic interference (EMI) in an
industrial control setting. It can originate
as electrical or magnetic noise caused by
switching AC power on inside the sine

E--21

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

wave. EMI interferes with the operation

of controls and other devices. The EMC
section in Specifications shows a
controllers resistance to EMI.

Electromechanical Relay
A power switching device that completes
or interrupts a circuit by physically
moving electrical contacts into contact
with each other. These are used primarily
for ON/OFF control operation.

Event
A programmable ON/OFF output signal.
Events can control peripheral equipment
or processes, or act as an input for
another control loop. Event input boards
are an option for most Omron controllers.

Infrared

Manual Mode

The portion of the electromagnetic

spectrum with wavelengths ranging from
one to 1000 microns. These wavelengths
are ideal for radiant heating and
non-contact temperature sensing.

A selectable mode that has no automatic

control aspects. The user sets the output
levels.

Input Digital Filter

A device used to sample the input slower
than the scan rate to allow the controller
to monitor an input that changes very
rapidly and still have sufficient
information from the process to control it.

Input Scaling
The ability to scale input readings (% of
full scale) to the engineering units of the
process variable.

Fahrenheit

Input Type

A temperature scale that has 32 at the

ice point and 212 at the boiling point of
water at sea level. To convert Fahrenheit
to Celsius, subtract 32 from F and
multiply the remainder by 0.556.

The type of device used to provide a

signal of temperature change. These
include thermocouples, RTDs, linear or
process current or voltage inputs.

Full Indication
A system of indication in which a
detected value is indicated with a setting
range.

Control action that eliminates offset, or

droop, between set point and actual
process temperature. This is the I in the
PID control algorithm.

Fuzzy Logic

Joint Industrial Standards (JIS)

A rule-based control algorithm that

enables control devices to make
subjective judgments in a way similar to
human decision-making. Within a
process controller, fuzzy logic uses some
basic information about the system,
which is input by the user, to emulate the
way an expert operator who was
manually controlling the system would
react to a process upset.

A Japanese agency that establishes and

maintains standards for equipment and
components. Its function is similar to
Germanys Deutsche Industrial Norm.

Heat Sink

This alarm indicates a problem in the

control loop, e.g., a sensor has become
disconnected or a problem has
developed with the final control element.

An object that conducts and dissipates

heat away from an object in contact with
it. Solid state relays usually use a finned
aluminum heat sink to dissipate heat.

Hot Junction and Cold Junction

If a thermocouple is generating a voltage,
this means that there is a temperature
difference between the two ends of the
thermocouple. The hot end is the one
that makes contact with the temperature
process being controlled. The cold end is
at the sensor input terminals.

Integral Action (I)

Linearity
A measure of the deviation of an
instruments response from a straight
line.

Loop Break Alarm

Manipulated Variable
The final output percentage (0 to 100%)
that will be sent to a control element.
This percentage can be related to a
valve position, a 4-20 mA signal, or the
amount of ON time from a pulsed control
output.

Manipulated Variable Forcing

Oscillation of the process temperature

between the set point and the process
variable. Derivative control is used in the
control algorithm to reduce hunting.

The manipulated variable can be forced

to a specified user-programmed value
under the following circumstances:
1. A sensor break occurs
2. An error in the process occurs
3. Stop mode is activated

Hysteresis (Dead Band)

Manipulated Variable Limiting

A temperature band between the ON and

OFF of an output in the ON/OFF control
action. No heating or cooling takes place.
The band occurs between the ON and
OFF points.

A control option used when the process

cannot handle the full output of the
heater or final control device. To limit the
manipulated variable, the user programs
the controller so that it never sends a
100% output to the final control element.

Hunting

E--22

Multiple Set Points

Two or more set points independent from
each other which can be set in the
temperature controller.

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association (NEMA)
The United States organization that
establishes specifications and ratings for
electrical components and apparatus.
Conformance by manufacturers is
voluntary. However, Underwriters
Laboratories will test products to NEMA
ratings for operating performance and
enclosure ratings.

National Institute of Standards

and Technology (NIST)
Formerly the National Bureau of
Standards, this United States agency is
responsible for establishing scientific and
technical standards.

NEMA 4X
This enclosure rating specification
certifies that a controllers front panel
resists water washdown and is corrosion
resistant in indoor usage.

Normal Action
A control action which will increase the
control output if the process value is
higher than the set point. This action is
suitable for a cooling system.

Offset
A controlled deviation (the difference in
temperature between the set point and
the actual process temperature)
remaining after a controlled system
reaches its steady state. The offset
(droop) is created by the correlation
between the thermal capacity of the
controlled system and the capacity of
heating equipment.

ON/OFF Control Action

A control action which turns the output
fully on until the set point is reached, and
then turns off. Also called two-position
control action.

Overshoot
The number of degrees by which a
process exceeds the set point
temperature.

Process Variable
The parameter that is controlled or
measured, such as temperature, relative
humidity, flow and pressure.

Proportional Band
The range of temperature in which a
manipulated variable is proportionate to
any deviation from the set point.

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Proportional Control Action (P)

Reverse Action

Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

A control action in which the manipulated

variable is proportionate to any deviation
from the set point.

A control action in which the output

power will be inversely proportional to
the deviation. An increase in the process
variable will cause a decrease in the
output power, making this action suitable
for a heating system.

This independent testing laboratories

establishes commercial and industrial
standards, as well as tests and certifies
products in the US. They also offer
testing to Canadian Standards
Association requirements with products
bearing the cUL marking.

Proportional Period
A cycle of ON and OFF operations of the
output relay in a time-division
proportional control action.

Proportioning Control Plus

Derivative Function (PD)
A time-proportioning controller that has a
derivative function. The derivative
function monitors the rate at which a
systems temperature is either increasing
or decreasing and adjusts the cycle time
of the controller to minimize overshoot or
undershoot.

Proportioning Control with

Integral and Derivative Functions
(PID)
A time-proportioning controller that has
integral and derivative functions. The
integral function automatically raises the
stabilized system temperature to match
the set point temperature to eliminate the
difference caused by the
time-proportioning function. The
derivative function monitors the rate of
rise or fall of the system temperature and
automatically adjusts the cycle time of
the controller to minimize overshoot and
undershoot. Also called three-mode
control.

Range
The difference between the lower and
upper limits of a measurement quantity.

Rate Action (D)

The controller senses the rate of change
of temperature and provides an
immediate change of output to minimize
the eventual deviation.

Remote Set Point

A remote set point allows a controller to
receive its set point from a source other
than itself.

Reset (Auto Reset) Action

There is a manual adjustment that can
be applied to the offset by changing the
set value dial or moving the offset screw
on the control panel. The auto-reset
function automatically adjusts the set
value to eliminate offset.

Resistance Temperature Detector

(RTD)
A coil of wire, usually platinum, whose
resistance increases linearly with a rise
in temperature. RTDs generally have a
higher accuracy rating than
thermocouples.

Serial Communications
A method of transmitting information
between devices by sending all bits
serially over a communication channel.
RS-232 is used for point-to-point
connections of a single device, usually
over a short distance.
RS-422/RS-485 communicates with
multiple devices on a single, common
cable over longer distances.

Set Point
The value set on the process or
temperature controller to control the
system.

Undershoot
This is the amount by which the process
variable falls below the set point before it
stabilizes.

Zero Cross Switching

Used in solid state relays, this action
provides output switching only at or near
the zero-voltage crossing point of the AC
sine wave. It reduces electromagnetic
interference and high inrush currents
during initial turn-on.

Soft Start
A method of applying power gradually
over a period of seconds to controlled
devices such as heaters, pumps and
motors. This lengthens the service life of
the load by limiting in-rush current to
inductive loads.

Solid State Relay (SSR)

A switching device with no moving parts
that completes or interrupts a circuit
electrically.

Thermal Response
The time required for the response curve
of the temperature sensor to rise to a
specified percentage level (usually either
63% or 90%).

Thermistor Sensor
A small bead of semiconducting material
at the tip detects temperature. The
resistance of the bead decreases
significantly with a rise in temperature for
a highly sensitive input device.

Thermocouple Sensor
A device the converts heat to electricity.
Usually made of two wires, each of a
different metal or alloy. The wires are
joined at one end, known as the hot
end. The hot end makes thermal contact
with the process to be controlled. The
cold end terminals are connected to the
sensor input. Voltages are created at
both the hot and cold ends. The
controller measures the cold end
temperature to determine the hot end
temperature.

E--23

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Enclosure Ratings
J NEMA RATINGS AT A GLANCE FOR NON-HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
Type of enclosure

Protection against
g
these
environmental
i
t l conditions
diti

3R

3S

4X

6P

11

12

12K

13

Accidental contact with the enclosed

equipment

Falling dirt

----

----

----

Falling liquids, light splashing

----

----

----

----

----

Dust, lint, fibers and flyings

(non-combustible, non-ignitable)

----

----

----

----

----

----

Windblown dust

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

Hosedown and splashing water

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

Oil and coolant seepage

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

Oil or coolant spraying and splashing

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

Corrosive agents

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

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Occasional temporary submersion

----

----

----

----

----

----

----

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Occasional prolonged submersion

----

----

----

----

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----

J IEC (INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION) RATINGS

The IEC defines degrees of protection
provided by electrical enclosures with
respect to personnel, equipment within
the enclosure and ingress of water. The
degree of protection is expressed by the
letters IP followed by two numerals
(Example: IP67). See the table at right
for an explanation of the numerals. The
following information is drawn from IEC
publication 144 of 1963 and 529 of 1976.

By contrast to NEMA, IP ratings do not

apply to protection against the risk of
explosion or conditions such as humidity,
corrosive gases, fungi or vermin. Also,
different parts of a piece of equipment
can have different degrees of protection
and still comply with the standards. An
example would be the opening in the
base of an enclosure.

1st characteristic numeral

2nd characteristic numeral

Protection against contact and penetration of solid bodies

Protection against the penetration of lqiuids.

Not protected

Not protected.

Protection against solid objects greater than 50 mm.

Protection against dripping water.

Protection against solid objects greater than 12 mm.

Protection against dripping water when tilted up to 15.

Protection against solid objects greater than 2.5 mm.

Protection against rain.

Protection against solid objects greater than 1 mm.

Protection against splashing water.

Dust protected.

Protection against water jets.

Dust tight.

Protection against heavy seas.

----

----

Protection against the effects of immersion

----

----

Protection against immersion.

E--24

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J THERMOELECTRIC VOLTAGE FOR THERMOCOUPLE SENSORS (in mV)

Type K Thermocouples
Meet NBS 561, DIN 43710 1977, BS 4937 1973, JIS-C 1602-1981
Temperature C

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.000

0.397

0.798

1.203

1.611

2.022

2.436

2.850

3.266

3.681

100

4.095

4.508

4.919

5.327

5.733

6.137

6.539

6.939

7.338

7.737

200

8.137

8.537

8.938

9.341

9.745

10.151

10.560

10.969

11.381

11.793

300

12.207

12.623

13.039

13.456

13.874

14.292

14.712

15.132

15.552

15.974

400

16.395

16.818

17.241

17.664

18.088

18.513

18.938

19.363

19.788

20.214

500

20.640

21.066

21.493

21.919

22.346

22.772

23.198

23.624

24.050

24.476

600

24.902

25.327

25.751

26.176

26.599

27.022

27.445

27.867

28.288

28.709

700

29.128

29.547

29.965

30.383

30.799

31.214

31.629

32.042

32.455

32.866

800

33.277

33.686

34.095

34.502

34.909

35.314

35.718

36.121

36.524

36.925

900

37.325

37.724

38.122

38.519

38.915

39.310

39.703

40.096

40.488

40.879

1000

41.269

41.657

42.045

42.432

42.817

43.202

43.585

43.968

44.349

44.729

1100

45.108

45.486

45.863

46.238

46.612

46.985

47.356

47.726

48.095

48.462

1200

48.828

49.192

49.555

49.916

50.276

50.633

50.990

51.344

51.697

52.049

1300

52.398

52.747

53.093

53.439

53.782

54.125

54.466

54.807

Type J Thermocouples
Meet NBS 561, BS 4937 1973, JIS-C 1602-1981
Temperature C
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.000

0.507

1.019

1.536

2.058

2.585

3.115

3.649

4.186

4.725

100

5.268

5.812

6.359

6.907

7.457

8.008

8.560

9.113

9.667

10.222

200

10.777

11.332

11.887

12.442

12.998

13.553

14.108

14.663

15.217

15.771

300

16.325

16.879

17.432

17.984

18.537

19.089

19.640

20.192

20.743

21.295

400

21.846

22.397

22.949

23.501

24.054

24.607

25.161

25.716

26.272

26.829

500

27.388

27.949

28.511

29.075

29.642

30.210

30.782

31.356

31.933

32.513

600

33.096

33.683

34.273

34.867

35.464

36.066

36.671

37.280

37.893

38.510

700

39.130

39.754

40.382

41.013

41.647

42.283

42.922

43.563

44.207

44.852

800

45.498

46.144

46.790

47.434

48.096

48.716

49.354

49.989

50.621

51.249

900

51.875

52.496

53.115

53.729

54.341

54.948

55.553

56.155

56.753

57.349

1000

57.942

58.533

59.121

59.708

60.293

60.876

61.459

62.039

62.619

63.199

1100

63.777

64.355

64.933

65.510

66.087

66.664

67.240

67.815

68.390

68.964

1200

69.536

Type J-DIN Thermocouples (Fe-CuNi)

Meet DIN 43710 1977
Temperature C

Note:

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.000

0.520

1.050

1.580

2.110

2.650

3.190

3.730

4.270

4.820

100

5.370

5.920

6.470

7.030

7.590

8.150

8.710

9.270

9.830

10.222

200

10.950

11.510

12.070

12.630

13.190

13.750

14.310

14.880

15.440

16.000

300

16.560

17.120

17.680

18.240

18.800

19.360

19.920

20.480

21.040

21.600

400

22.160

22.720

23.290

23.860

24.430

25.000

25.570

26.140

26.710

27.280

500

27.850

28.430

29.020

29.590

30.170

30.750

31.330

31.910

32.490

33.080

600

33.670

34.260

34.850

35.440

36.040

36.640

37.250

37.850

38.470

39.090

700

39.720

40.350

40.980

41.620

42.270

42.920

43.570

44.230

44.890

45.550

800

46.220

46.890

47.570

48.250

48.940

49.630

50.320

51.020

51.720

52.431

The reference junction for thermocouples is at 0C.

E--25

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Type R Thermocouples
Meet NBS 561, BS 4937 1973, JIS-C 1602-1981
Temperature C

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.000

0.054

0.111

0.171

0.232

0.296

0.363

0.431

0.501

0.573

100

0.647

0.723

0.800

0.879

0.959

1.041

1.124

1.208

1.294

1.380

200

1.468

1.557

1.647

1.738

1.830

1.923

2.017

2.111

2.207

2.302

300

2.400

2.498

2.596

2.695

2.795

2.896

2.997

3.099

3.201

3.304

400

3.407

3.511

3.616

3.721

3.826

3.933

4.039

4.146

4.254

4.362

500

4.471

4.580

4.689

4.799

4.910

5.021

5.132

5.244

5.356

5.469

600

5.582

5.696

5.810

5.925

6.040

6.155

6.272

6.388

6.505

6.623

700

6.741

6.860

6.979

7.098

7.218

7.339

7.460

7.582

7.703

7.826

800

7.947

8.072

8.196

8.320

8.445

8.570

8.696

8.822

8.949

9.076

900

9.203

9.331

9.460

9.589

9.718

9.848

9.978

10.109

10.240

10.371

1000

10.503

10.636

10.768

10.902

11.035

11.170

11.304

11.439

11.574

11.710

1100

11.846

11.983

12.119

12.257

12.394

12.532

12.669

12.808

12.946

13.085

1200

13.224

13.363

13.502

13.642

13.782

13.922

14.062

14.202

14.343

14.483

1300

14.624

14.765

14.906

15.047

15.188

15.329

15.470

15.611

15.752

15.893

1400

16.035

16.176

16.317

16.458

16.599

16.741

16.882

17.022

17.163

17.304

1500

17.445

17.585

17.726

17.866

18.006

18.146

18.286

18.425

18.564

18.703

1600

18.842

18.981

19.119

19.257

19.395

19.533

19.670

19.807

19.941

20.080

1700

20.215

20.350

20.483

20.616

20.748

20.878

21.006

Type S Thermocouples
Meet NBS 561, DIN 43710 1977, BS 4937 1973, JIS-C 1602-1981
Temperature C

Note:

E--26

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0.000

0.055

0.113

0.173

0.235

0.299

0.365

0.432

0.502

0.573

100

0.645

0.719

0.795

0.872

0.950

1.029

1.109

1.190

1.273

1.356

200

1.440

1.525

1.611

1.698

1.785

1.873

1.962

2.051

2.141

2.232

300

2.323

2.414

2.506

2.599

2.692

2.786

2.880

2.974

3.069

3.164

400

3.260

3.356

3.452

3.549

3.645

3.743

3.840

3.938

4.036

4.135

500

4.234

4.333

4.432

4.532

4.632

4.732

4.832

4.933

600

5.237

5.339

5.442

5.544

5.648

5.751

5.855

5.960

6.064

6.169

700

6.274

6.380

6.486

6.592

6.699

6.805

6.913

7.020

7.128

7.236

800

7.345

7.454

7.563

7.672

7.782

7.892

8.003

8.114

8.225

8.336

900

8.448

8.560

8.673

8.786

8.899

9.012

9.126

9.240

9.355

9.470

1000

9.585

9.700

9.816

9.932

10.048

10.165

10.282

10.400

10.517

10.635

50.34

5.136

1100

10.754

10.872

10.991

11.110

11.229

11.348

11.467

11.587

11.707

11.827

1200

11.947

12.067

12.188

12.308

12.429

12.550

12.671

12.792

12.913

13.034

1300

13.155

13.276

13.397

13.519

13.640

13.716

13.883

14.004

14.125

14.247

1400

14.368

14.489

14.610

14.731

14.852

14.973

15.094

15.215

15.336

15.456

1500

15.576

15.697

15.817

15.937

16.057

16.176

16.296

16.415

16.534

16.653

1600

16.771

16.890

17.008

17.125

17.243

17.360

17.477

17.594

17.711

17.826

1700

17.942

18.056

18.170

18.282

18.394

18.504

18.612

The reference junction for thermocouples is at 0C.

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J TEMPERATURE vs. RESISTANCE FOR PLATINUM RTD SENSORS (Ohms)

Sensors Conform to JIS-C 1604 1981 Standard
Temperature C
--200

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

17.14

21.46

25.80

30.12

34.42

38.68

42.91

47.11

80

90

51.29

55.44

--100

59.57

63.68

67.77

71.85

75.91

79.96

83.99

88.01

92.02

96.02

100.00

103.97

107.93

111.88

115.81

119.73

123.64

127.54

131.42

135.30

100

139.16

143.01

146.85

150.67

154.49

158.29

162.08

165.86

169.63

173.38

200

177.13

180.86

184.58

188.29

191.99

195.67

199.35

203.01

206.66

210.30

300

213.93

217.54

221.15

224.74

228.32

231.89

235.45

238.99

242.53

246.05

400

249.56

253.06

256.55

260.02

263.49

266.94

270.38

273.80

277.22

280.63

500

284.02

287.40

290.77

294.12

297.47

300.80

304.12

307.43

310.72

600

317.28

320.54

323.78

327.02

330.24

314.01

Sensors Conform to DIN 43760 1968, BS1964 1904 Standard

Temperature C

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

--200

18.53

22.78

27.05

31.28

35.48

39.65

43.80

--100

60.20

64.25

68.28

72.29

76.28

80.25

84.21

100.00

103.90

107.79

111.67

115.54

119.40

100

138.50

142.28

146.06

149.82

153.57

200

175.84

179.51

183.17

186.82

190.46

300

212.03

215.58

219.13

222.66

400

247.06

250.50

253.93

257.34

500

280.93

284.26

287.57

600

313.65

316.86

320.05

700

345.21

80

90

47.93

52.04

56.13

88.17

92.13

96.07

123.24

127.07

130.89

134.70

157.32

161.04

164.76

168.47

172.16

194.08

197.70

201.30

204.88

208.46

226.18

229.69

233.19

236.67

240.15

243.61

260.75

264.14

267.52

270.89

274.25

277.60

290.87

294.16

297.43

300.70

303.95

307.20

310.43

323.24

326.41

329.57

332.72

335.86

338.99

342.10

E--27

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J RESISTANCE RATIO THERMISTOR SENSORS

Temperature Characteristics
Operating
p
g
t
temperature
t
C

E--28

Ratio
deviation

--55

3.514

--50

3.415

--40

3.168

--30

Operating
p
g
t
temperature
t
C

0 to 100C
Ratio

Ratio
deviation

Operating
p
g
t
temperature
t
C

50 to 150C
Ratio

Ratio
deviation

--10

3.689

40

3.774

0.022

3.415

0.030

50

3.415

0.037

0.029

10

3.096

0.033

60

3.051

0.036

2.851

0.034

20

2.755

0.034

70

2.700

0.034

--20

2.497

0.036

30

2.419

0.033

80

2.377

0.031

--10

2.148

0.033

40

2.110

0.029

90

2.089

0.027

1.841

0.028

50

1.841

0.025

100

1.841

0.023

10

1.592

0.022

60

1.617

0.020

110

1.630

0.019

20

1.403

0.017

70

1.436

0.016

120

1.454

0.016

30

1.264

0.012

80

1.293

0.013

130

1.309

0.013

40

1.165

0.009

90

1.181

0.010

140

1.191

0.011

50

1.094

0.006

100

1.094

0.008

150

1.094

0.009

110

1.026

160

1.015

Operating
p
g
t
temperature
t
C

Note:

--50 to 50C
Ratio

100 to 250C
Ratio

Ratio
deviation

Operating
p
g
t
temperature
t
C

150 to 300C
Ratio

Ratio
deviation

Operating
p
g
t
temperature
t
C

200 to 350C
Ratio

Ratio
deviation

90

3.627

140

3.672

190

3.665

100

3.415

0.022

150

3.415

0.026

200

3.415

0.025

110

3.186

0.023

160

3.161

0.025

210

3.167

0.025

120

2.953

0.023

170

2.916

0.024

220

2.926

0.024

130

2.722

0.023

180

2.683

0.023

230

2.695

0.023

140

2.499

0.022

190

2.466

0.021

240

2.477

0.021

150

2.290

0.020

200

2.265

0.019

250

2.274

0.020

160

2.096

0.019

210

2.083

0.018

260

2.088

0.018

170

1.921

0.017

220

1.917

0.016

270

1.919

0.016

180

1.764

0.015

230

1.768

0.014

280

1.767

0.014

190

1.626

0.013

240

1.634

0.013

290

1.633

0.013

200

1.504

0.012

250

1.515

0.011

300

1.517

0.011

210

1.398

0.010

260

1.409

0.010

310

1.411

0.010

220

1.305

0.009

270

1.316

0.009

320

1.317

0.009

230

1.225

0.008

280

1.232

0.008

330

1.223

0.008

240

1.155

0.007

290

1.159

0.007

340

1.160

0.007

250

1.094

0.006

300

1.094

0.006

350

1.094

0.006

260

1.041

310

1.036

360

1.036

Ratio deviation means a deviation in the ratio of resistance from specified temperature per each 1C change in the measured
temperature.

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

J INTERCHANGEABLE THERMISTOR SENSORS

Resistance vs. Temperature Characteristics
These values apply to thermistor sensors used with E5C2 temperature controllers.
Range

--50 to 100C

Range

0 to 150C

Range

50 to 200C

Resistance

6 K at 0C (nominal)

Resistance

30 K at 0C (nominal)

Resistance

3 K at 100C (nominal)

Constant B

3390K

Constant B

3450K

Constant B

3894K

Temperature C

Resistance
(K)

Temperature C

Resistance
(K)

Deviation
(K)

Temperature C

Resistance
(K)

Deviation
(K)

Deviation
(K)

--50

75.360

4.280

--20

77.070

30

28.050

--40

42.900

2.280

--10

47.410

40

19.310

--30

25.230

1.260

30.000

1.350

50

13.570

0.470

--20

15.210

0.720

10

19.490

0.800

60

9.717

0.310

--10

9.414

0.422

20

12.970

0.500

70

7.081

0.214

6.000

0.261

30

8.828

0.323

80

5.243

0.151

10

3.934

0.158

40

6.140

0.212

90

3.939

0.108

20

2.637

0.100

50

4.356

0.144

100

3.000

0.080

30

1.812

0.065

60

3.147

0.098

110

2.314

0.058

40

1.266

0.043

70

2.317

0.068

120

1.805

0.043

50

0.904

0.029

80

1.734

0.048

130

1.424

0.033

60

0.685

0.020

90

1.318

0.035

140

1.134

0.025

70

0.487

0.014

100

1.017

0.026

150

0.912

0.019

80

0.366

0.010

110

0.794

0.019

160

0.735

0.015

90

0.279

0.007

120

0.628

0.014

170

0.596

0.012

100

0.216

0.005

130

0.502

0.011

180

0.487

0.010

110

0.168

140

0.405

0.008

190

0.400

0.008

120

0.133

150

0.330

0.006

200

0.331

0.006

160

0.272

170

0.226

Range

100 to 250C

Range

150 to 300C

Range

200 to 350C

Resistance

550 , 200C (nominal)

Resistance

4 K at 200C (nominal)

Resistance

8 K at 200C (nominal)

Constant B

4300K

Constant B

5133K

Constant B

5559K

Temperature C

Resistance
(K)

Temperature C

Resistance
(K)

Temperature C

Resistance
(K)

Deviation
(K)

Deviation
(K)

Deviation
(K)

80

12.660

130

23.060

180

13.390

90

8.626

140

17.440

190

10.290

100

6.281

0.194

150

13.330

0.350

200

38.000

0.190

110

4.649

0.134

160

10.290

0.260

210

6.305

0.146

120

3.495

0.096

170

8.027

0.194

220

5.015

0.111

130

2.664

0.069

180

6.312

0.147

230

4.014

0.086

140

2.056

0.051

190

5.006

0.113

240

3.240

0.067

150

1.510

0.039

200

4.000

0.087

250

2.634

0.054

160

1.273

0.029

210

3.221

0.068

260

2.156

0.042

170

1.017

0.022

220

2.611

0.053

270

1.779

0.033

180

0.824

0.017

230

2.131

0.042

280

1.474

0.027

190

0.669

0.013

240

1.751

0.034

290

1.228

0.022

200

0.550

0.010

250

1.445

0.027

300

1.030

0.018

210

0.455

0.008

260

1.202

0.022

310

0.868

0.014

220

0.381

0.007

270

1.004

0.018

320

0.738

0.012

230

0.319

0.005

280

0.842

0.014

330

0.631

0.010

240

0.270

0.004

290

0.711

0.012

340

0.542

0.008

250

0.230

0.003

300

0.602

0.010

350

0.468

0.007

260

0.197

310

0.513

270

0.169

320

0.428

Note:

Resistance deviation means a deviation of actual resistance at the specified temperature per each 1C change in the measured
temperature.

E--29

REFERENCE

E--30

INFORMATION