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ELE290
i
j 1
Where ij represents current in the jth element and n is the number of elements connected to
the node k. This means that the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction is zero. If
the current s entering the node are taken as positive, the currents leaving the node are
negatives, or vice versa. The KCL maybe thought of to be a consequence of the conservation
of electric charge- charge cannot be created nor destroyed but must be conserved.
i1
i2
i5
i3
i4
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 0
By rearranging the equation, the equation for node k can be rewritten as:-
i3 i4 i1 i2 i5
With KCL, it is obvious that elements in series carry the same current value.
i1 i 2
I1
I2
I3
i 2 i3
ELE290
v
j 1
Where vj represents the individual voltage in the jth element around the closed circuit having
n elements.
If the voltage drop from the positive polarity to the negative polarity is assigned as positive
sign, then the voltage rise from the negative polarity to the positive polarity is assumed as
negative, or vice-versa.
KVL is a consequences of the fact that no energy is lost or created in an electric circuit. It is
our choice whether to apply KVL clock-wise or anti clock-wise. As we go round the loop, it is
also our choice to add the voltage drops ( and subtract voltage rise) or add the voltage rise
(and subtracts voltage drop). Both methods are correct.
However, usually going clock-wise is chosen and voltage drop in elements is set as negative
values; meaning that any voltage drop in the closed circuit is subtracted.
+V1-
10 V
+V2-
KVL direction 5 V
-V3+
10V V1 V2 5V V3 0
By rearranging the equation, the equation for the closed circuit can be rewritten as:-
5V V1 V2 V3
With KVL, it is obvious that elements in parallel connection have the same voltage drop
across them.
ELE290
+
V1
-
+
V2
-
+
V3
-
V1 V2
V 2 V3
R1
R2
R3
RTOTAL R1 R2 R3
1.1.2) Parallel Connection
For impedances that is connected in parallel, addition of the impedances must be
calculated by using parallel concept from right to left part of the circuit. Normal addition
cannot be used.
R1
1
RTOTAL
1
RTOTAL
RTOTAL
R2
1
1
R1 R2
R1 R2
R1 R2
RR
1 2
R1 R2
ELE290
IT
I1
R1
I2
R2
I T I1 I 2
I1
R2
IT
R1 R2
I2
R1
IT
R1 R2
+ V1R1
+
V
-
R2
V V1 V2
V1
R1
V
R1 R2
V2
R2
V
R1 R2
+
V2
-
ELE290
Tutorials
1. Determine the following values
I2
10
10V
10
+ VR1 I1
a.
I1
10V
3
5
1
+
VR1
-
b.
20
15
I1
20V
24
I2
100
c.
2.2k
10k
5V
d.
+
I1 VR1
-
50k
I2
4.7k
12k
1k
+
VR1
-