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1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario power becomes the major need for human life .The availability and
its per capita consumptions are regarded as the index of national standard of living in the
present day civilization. Energy is an important input in all the sectors of any countries
economy. Energy crisis is due to two reasons, firstly the population of the world has been
increased rapidly and secondly standard of living of human beings has increased. India is
the country, which majorly suffers with lack of sufficient power generation.

Fig 1
The availability of regular conventional fossil fuels will be the main sources for power
generation, but there is a fear that they will get exhausted eventually by the next few decades.
Therefore, we have to investigate some approximate, alternative, new sources for the power
generation, which is not depleted by the very few years. Another major problem, which is
becoming the exiting topic for today is the pollution. It suffers all the living organisms of all
kinds as on the land, in aqua and in air. Power stations and automobiles are the major
pollution producing places.
Therefore, we have to investigate other types of renewable sources, which produce electricity
without using any commercial fossil fuels, which is not producing any harmful products.
There are already is existing such systems using renewable energy such as solar wind),
OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversions) etcfor power generation. The latest technology
which is used to generate the power by such renewable energy POWER HUMP.

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig. 2

1.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE

While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic
energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER
HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and
electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage. POWER HUMP is a dome like
device likely to be speed breaker. Whenever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the dome it
gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome is compressed and the rack
which is attached to the bottom of the dome moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since
the rack has teeth connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack
into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is
mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make
the energy uniform. So that the shafts will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are
connected through a belt drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density.
Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an
E.M.F is induced in it. So, for inducing the E.M.F. armature coil has to rotate, for rotating
this armature it is connected to a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f is induced, for this
rotation kinetic energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is generated in both the
directions; to convert this power into one way, a special component is used called zennor
diode for continuous supply. All this mechanism can be housed under the dome, like speed
breaker, which is called HUMP. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these
POWER HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified and stored by using
different electrical devices.

4.1 POSSIBLE USING DIFFERENT MECHANISM

Spring coil mechanism
Rack- Pinion mechanism
Crank-shaft mechanism
Roller mechanism

4.1.1 RACK AND PINION MECHANISM

Fig. 3

6. CALCULATION

Let us consider,
The mass of a vehicle moving over the speed breaker = 250Kg
Height of speed brake =10 cm
Work done=Force x Distance
Force=Weight of the Body
= 250 Kg x 9.81
=2452.5 N
Distance travelled by the body= Height of the speed brake =10 cm
Output power=Work done/Sec
= (2452.5 x 0.10)/60
=4.0875 Watts (For One pushing force)
Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the speed breaker arrangement for one minute=
4.0875 watts
Power developed for 60 minutes (1 hr) =245.25 watts Power developed for 24 hours =
5.866 KW
This power is sufficient to burn four street lights in the roads in the night time.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Man in his lifetime, uses energy in one form or the other. This project attempts to show how
man has been utilizing energy and to explore prospects of optimizing the same. Researches
show that the world has already had its enough shares of its energy resources. Fossil fuels
pollute the environment. Nuclear energy requires careful handling of both raw as well as
waste material. The focus now is shifting more and more towards the renewable sources of
energy, which are essentially, non-polluting.
Energy conservation is the cheapest new source of energy. It is an attractive technology for
optimal use of available sources. This project attempts to show how energy can be tapped and
used at a commonly used system, the road-speed breakers. The number of vehicles passing
over the speed breaker in roads is increasing day by day. There is possibility of tapping the
energy and generating power by making the speed breaker as a power generation unit.
The generated power can be used for the lamps near the speed breakers.
The generated power can be used for road signals.
Hence, a project work has been done in our institution, implementing this idea practically
under the title Power Generation for in Speed Breakers. This project explains clearly, the
working principle of the designed system, its practical implementation, and its advantages.
Design of each component has been carried out using standard procedures, and the
components have been fabricated and assembled. A similar model of the system has been
modelled using Pro-E. Practical testing of the system has been done with different loads at
different speeds. Taking the various criteria that determine the power generation, graphs have
been plotted. The second project will show you how to create a shoe that generates electricity.
It does this by using your energy when you walk and converts it into electricity. Its just a
simple craft that everyone should know it.

3. Objective
This project attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used
system- the road speed-breakers. The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in
roads is increasing day by day.
A large amount of energy is wasted at the speed breakers through the dissipation of heat and
also through friction, every time a vehicle passes over it. There is great possibility of tapping
this energy and generating power by making the speed-breaker as a power generation unit.
The generated power can be used for the lamps, near the speed-breakers.

5. RACK AND PINION MECHANISM

Speed breaker POWER GENERATOR Converters basically new concept of nonconventional energy generation. It is electro-mechanical energy generating machine.
This machine converts reciprocating motion in to rotary motion. The rotational power
is stored in flywheel & flywheel rotates dynamo, which generates electricity.
Here first important point is how we get reciprocating motion, which is prime input in
the system. For that we use weight of Moving vehicle on the Speed breaker. We put
our machine underneath the Sped breaker installing different units. All the units are
connected to the common shaft using chain and sprocket drive.
The head of rack is brought up to level beneath the speed breaker surface. When
vehicle moves on the speed breaker, the rack it will be pushed down. The rack is
attached with free wheel type pinion that rotates in one direction only. The rack &
pinion arrangement convert reciprocating motion in to rotary motion.
This rotary motion is further magnified using reciprocating motion in to rotary
motion-belt & pulley drive. The output of pulley is attached with flywheel which
stores kinetic energy and transfer to dynamo which generate electricity with zero cost.
A "generator" and "motor" is essentially the same thing: what you call it depends on
whether electricity is going into the unit or coming out of it. A generator produces
electricity. In a generator, something causes the shaft and armature to spin. This
generated power is used for various application required by different user.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6.2 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

The experimental investigation is performed by placing the speed breaker arrangement in a

pit with a depth of 75 Cm. Vehicles move over the speed breaker arrangement and the
voltage generated is measured by a millimetre and the various readings are plotted in a
graph.
The graphs are drawn for various parameters as shown below
1. Voltage generated (Vs) speed of vehicle
2. Voltage generated (Vs) Load

A.VOLTAGE GENERATED VS SPEED OF VEHICLE:

LOAD = 270 Kg (Vehicle load + man weight)
Speed of vehicle

Voltage generated

(km\hr)

(volts)

10

7.93

20

6.28

30

5.03

40

4.66

50

3.03
Table 1

Fig 3

B. VOLTAGE GENERATED VS LOAD

10

Speed of vehicle=10km/hr
READINGS:
Table 2

Load(kgs)

Voltage generated(V)

60(man load)

8.33

130

9.45

170

10.22

200

11.23

270

11.81

Fig 5

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4.1.4 COMPARISON
Comparison of parameters of different speed breaker mechanism
Sr. No.

Parameters

Roller Mechanism Rack and Pinion Air Piston

Mechanism
Mechanism

1.

Cheap

2.

Cost
Mechanism
Setup

Very Easy

Difficult

Very Difficult

3.

Maintenance

Less Required

Weekly Basis

Daily Basis

4.
5.

Efficiency
Design

~50%
Easy to design

~70%
Depends upon
weight sustaining
capacity

~85%
Depends upon
compressing
power of air

Moderate

Costly

pistons
Table 3

BASIC PRINCIPLES

Simple energy conversion from mechanical to electrical.

To generate electricity using the vehicle kinetic energy as input
we can develop electricity from speed breakers
they are using 3 different mechanisms:

Roller mechanism
Rack- Pinion mechanism
Crank-shaft mechanism

4.1.2 ROLLER MECHANISM

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Fig 6

A roller blind mechanism for winding and unwinding a roll able blind, the mechanism comprising a
support element, a drive sprocket which is rotatable mounted on the support element for transmitting
rotational movement to a blind supporting member, and a manually-movable elongate flexible drive
element which includes a plurality of interlinked tooth-engaging elements, the drive sprocket including a
plurality of flexible teeth engagable with the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller
blind mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein a radial extent of the teeth of the drive sprocket is equal to
or greater than a maximum dimension of the tooth- engaging elements of the flexible drive element.
A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 2, wherein the radial extent is equalto or greater than twice
the maximum dimension of the tooth-engaging elements of theflexible drive element.
A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the teeth of the drive sprocket
flex in a circumferential direction of the sprocket.

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4.1.1 Rack and Pinion mechanism

Fig 7
Rack and pinion gears normally change rotary motion into linear motion, butsometimes
we use them to change linear motion into rotary motion.They transform a rotary
movement (that of the pinion) into a linear movement (that of the rack) or vice versa.
We use them for sliding doors moved by an electric motor.The rack is attachedto the door
and the pinion is attached to the motor. The motor moves the pinion whichmoves the rack
and the door moves.

4.1.3 Crankshaft Mechanism

The crankshaft is a mechanism that transforms rotarymovement into linear movement, or
vice versa.For example, the motion of the pistons in the engineof a car is linear (they go
up and down).But the motion of the wheels has to be rotary.So, engineers put a crankshaft
between the engineand the transmission to the wheels.The pistons of the engine move the
crankshaft andthe movement becomes rotary.Then the rotary movement goes past the
clutch andthe gear box all the way to the wheels.

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Fig 8

Electricity generation from of roller mechanism

The rotor (rotating shaft) is directly connected to the prime mover and rotates as the prime
mover turns. The rotor contains a magnet that, when turned, produces a moving or
rotating magnetic field. The rotor is surrounded by a stationary casing called the stator,
which contains the wound copper coils or windings. When the moving magnetic field
passes by these windings, electricity is produced in them. By controlling the speed at
which the rotor is turned, a steady flow of electricity is produced in the windings. These
windings are connected to the electricity network via transmission lines.
A car or any heavy vehicle is coming with a speed of 100 mph on the road and passing
over this roller which is fitted at the level of the road then this roller is gaining the speed
nearly somewhere 90 mph (due to losses). So now suppose a cycle is coming with a speed
of 20 mph and is going to pass this roller (which is moving at a speed of 90mph) due to
this difference in the speed there will be a collision that is the main reason for using this
concept on the speed breaker.
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ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF RACK AND PINION

MECHANISM : (POWER HUMP)
In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due today-to-day
increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary
that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While
moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic
energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called
POWER HUMP.

Fig 10

The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy of the
shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is connected to the electric dynamo
and it produces electrical energy proportional to traffic density. This generated power can
be regulated by using Zennor diode for continuous supply .All this mechanism can be
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housed under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump.The generated power can
be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic signals. The electrical output can be
improved by arranging these power humps in series this generated power can be amplified
and stored by using different electric devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost
nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some extent.

5.2 Construction Detail

The various machine elements used in the construction of power hump are
RACK
SPUR GEAR
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FLY WHEEL
BEARINGS
SHAFT
SPRINGS
ELECTRIC DYNAMO
A dome is mounted on four springs and in the bottom, a rack is clamped. The rack
consists contact teeth on both the faces. It is connected to two gear wheels to rotate the
gear wheels only in one direction. We have inserted a free wheel in each gear. The free
wheel and the gear assembly are mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the
same shaft and the shaft is simply supported at the both ends by means of ball bearings.
Now a dynamo is connected to each shaft by belt drive. The output terminal of dynamo is
connected to an electrical storing device. The total assembly is arranged in concrete pit.
S.NO.

QUANTITY

NAME OF THE MATERIAL USED

COMPONENT
RACK
MILD STEEL

SPUR GEAR

CAST IRON

FLY WHEEL

CAST IRON

SHAFT

MILD STEEL

SPRINGS

BEARINGS

CHROME4
VANADIUMALLOY STEEL
HIGH
4
CARBONCHROMIUMSTEEL

ELECTRIC
DYNAMO

-------

Table 4

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5.4 Components with their specification

S.No.

Name of the Component

Specification

1.

Motor

(i)Voltage : 12
(ii)Type: D.C. Generator

2.

(iii) RPM: 1200rpm

(i)Material : Mild Steel

Gear

(ii) No. of teeth : 56(big gear)

(iii)No. of teeth : 48(small
gear)
(iv) Type: Spur gear
3.

(v)No.of gear used:2

(i) Load bearing capacity :6-

Spring

7kg
(ii)Material: Mild Steel
4.

(iii)Total displacement: 2 inch

(i) Number of teeth on big

Chain & sprocket

sprocket :48
(ii)Number of teeth on small
sprocket 19
(iii)Distance
5.

between

center 16 cms
(i) Type: Rolling contact

Bearing

bearing
6.

(ii) Bearing no. N40

(i)Diameter : 8mm

Shaft

(ii) Material : Mild steel

(iii) Length : 381mm

Table 5

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the

RACK:
Its primary function is to convert translator motion into rotary motion. It musthave higher
strength, rigidity and resistance to shock load and less wear and tear.

SPUR GEAR
It is a positive power transmission device with definite velocity ratio. In voluteteeth
profile is preferred for adjusting some linear misalignment. It should have high wearand
tear, shock-absorbing capacity.

FLYWHEEL
The primary function of flywheel is to act as an energy accumulator. It reduces the fluctuations in speed. It
absorbs the energy when demand is less and releases the same when it is required.

SHAFTS
It is a rotating element, which is used to transmit power from one place to another place. It supports the
rotating elements like gears and flywheels. It must have high torsional rigidity and lateral rigidity.

SPRINGS
It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape
when the load is removed. It cushions, absorbs or controls energy either due to shocks or due to vibrations.

BEARINGS
It is a machine element, which supports another machinery. It permits relativemotion between the
contacting surfaces while carrying the loads. They reduce the frictionand transmit the motion effectively.

ELECTRIC DYNAMO
It is a device, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works based on faradays
laws of electromagnetic induction.
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7.2 Advantages & Disadvantages

7.2.1 Advantages

Require simple construction methods.

Free from all types of pollutions.

It is economical and easy to install.

Maintenance cost is low.

This concept is quite promising due to its

Good efficiency as well as energy recovery criteria.

No fuel transportation problem.

No consumption of fossil fuel which is non renewable.

No manual work necessary during generation.

Energy available all year round.

We can use it at all places according to desired design.

7.2.2 Disadvantages

21

Mechanical moving parts is high and

therefore there are very large frictional losses

It require more maintenance

The overall efficiency is quite low as compared to other techniques.

7. CONCLUSION
In the coming days, demand of electricity will be very high as it is increasing every day,
speed breaker power generator will prove a great boon to the world Future. Aim of this
research is to develop the world by enriching it in utilizing its sources in more useful
manner. Any country can only develop when it uses power supply frequently and not by
getting breakdown in middle course of time. Now time has come for using these types of
Innovative ideas and it should be brought into practice. It is suggested that further
developments should be done for above mentioned challenges. This project can also be
modified by using camshaft and pulley system or concepts of fluid mechanics can be used
instead of gears, so that complexities and difficulties faced during the project would get
minimized. By using the concept of power generation new ideas should be introduce
which would help in reduction of friction and increase the generators efficiency.

8. FUTURE SCOPE
This is the simulation part which we had done till now, but as a next step we would
like to include a converter, booster and an automatic lighting system by including
these we could improve the power output from the system and this power will be used
by the mankind. By providing the automatic lighting system we can minimize the
wastage of the power. We are planning to start our hardware part also, for that we had
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started learning about the components to be used in detailed. Also we need to do a

study about the maximum power which will be available from the system which we
are going to implement. We are confident that we could produce a power output with
comparatively less distortion.

Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc.

Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc.

Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing
input torque and ultimately output of generator.

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More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.

Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

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R.S Khurmi (Machine Design)

Sharma & Aggrawal (Machine Design)
Shigley Tata McGraw hills (Machine Design)
www. howstuffswork.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
www.google.image.com
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology(IJERT)