Security Level: Internal Use

LTE system principle

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Contents
1. Overview
2. LTE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Contents
1. Overview
2. LTE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Page 3

Mobile communications standards landscape

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3GPP Releases

3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE and the

HSPA Evolution

HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do not need

to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA

By the end of 2007, 3GPP R8 is released as the first specs of LTE

Phase 2+
(Release 97)

Release 99

Release 6

Release 8

GPRS
171.2kbit/s

UMTS
2Mbit/s

HSUPA
5.76Mbit/s

LTE
+300Mbit/s

Release 9/10
LTE
Advanced
GSM
9.6kbit/s

EDGE
473.6kbit/s

HSDPA
14.4Mbit/s

Phase 1

Release 99

Release 5

HSPA+
28.8Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
Release 7/8

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Page 5

LTE will be the Single Global Standard

>1.2Gbps
/80MHz

GSM
Spectral Efficiency

700M
800M
850M

Title

UMTS

900M

150Mbps
/20MHz

1500M

1700M

84Mbps
/10MHz

CDMA

1800M
1900M

42Mbps
/5MHz

2100M
2300M

TD-SCDMA
21Mbps
/5MHz

2600M

WiMAX

28Mbps
/5MHz 2x2

2x2
64QAM MIMO

MIMO

64QAM

DC

2x2
MIM
O
64QAM

2x2
MIMO

OFD
M
64QAM

300Mbps
/20MHz

New
Key
Tech.

FDD LTE

Relay

4x4
MIMO

4x4
MIMO

OFDM

OFDM

64QAM

64QAM

TDD LTE

LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile operators.

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Page 6

SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution

Spectrum for LTE

Smooth Transition to LTE

LTE

2600MHz

GSM+UMTS

UMTS

2100MHz

SDR

SDR

LTE

LTE

GSM
GSM

1800MHz

LTE

GSM
UMTS

900MHz

2011

2010

GSM
UMTS
LTE

800M

900M

1800M

MRFU

LTE
LTE

800MHz

Technology

mRRU

SDR
2012

2100M

2.6G

SDR

GSM+LTE
Spectrum refarming starts from
900M/1800M, which can be utilized for
LTE deployment.

SDR technology supports flexible and

smooth transition from 2G/3G to LTE.

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LTE requirements and targets

Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less then 100ms)

and transmission latency (less then 10ms)

Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100 Mbit/s and
50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when operating in 20MHz
spectrum allocation)

Improved spectral efficiency

Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies

Supporting flexible spectrum allocation (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz) to

meet the complicated spectrum situation requirement

Simplified network architecture

Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.

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Page 8

LTE technical features

The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink OFDMA

and uplink SC-FDMA

LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the time-frequency

resource is dynamically shared between users. This is similar to the
approach taken in HSDPA

Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE

MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial multiplexing which

can increase data rate prominently

LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex

arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and bandwidth
allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

Support SON

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Page 9

LTE frequency bands

LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands

2.1GHz, 1.9GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.6GHz, 900 MHz, 800 MHz, 450 MHz, etc ,
refer to 36.101 for details.

Transmission bandwidth could be:

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]

1.4

10

15

20

Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB

15

25

50

75

100

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]

Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]

Channel edge

Resource block

Channel edge

Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]

Active Resource Blocks

DC carrier (downlink only)

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Page 10

LTE Release 8 Bands

Band

Duplex

FDL_low

FDL_high

(MHz)

(MHz)

NOffs-DL

NDL

FUL_low

FUL_high

(MHz)

(MHz)

NOffs-UL

NUL

FDD

2110

2170

0-599

1920

1980

18000

18000-18599

FDD

1930

1990

600

600-1199

1850

1910

18600

18600-19199

FDD

1805

1880

1200

1200-1949

1710

1785

19200

19200-19949

FDD

2110

2155

1950

1950-2399

1710

1755

19950

19950-20399

FDD

869

894

2400

2400-2649

824

849

20400

20400-20649

FDD

875

885

2650

2650-2749

830

840

20650

20650-20749

FDD

2620

2690

2750

2750-3449

2500

2570

20750

20750-21449

FDD

925

960

3450

3450-3799

880

915

21450

21450-21799

FDD

1844.9

1879.9

3800

3800-4149

1749.9

1784.9

21800

21800-22149

10

FDD

2110

2170

4150

4150-4749

1710

1770

22150

22150-22749

11

FDD

1475.9

1500.9

4750

4750-4999

1427.9

1452.9

22750

22750-22999

12

FDD

728

746

5000

5000-5179

698

716

23000

23000-23179

13

FDD

746

756

5180

5180-5279

777

787

23180

23180-23279

14

FDD

758

768

5280

5280-5379

788

798

23280

23280-23379

17

FDD

734

746

5730

5730-5849

704

716

23730

23730-23849

33

TDD

1900

1920

26000

36000-36199

1900

1920

36000

36000-36199

34

TDD

2010

2025

26200

36200-36349

2010

2025

36200

36200-36349

35

TDD

1850

1910

26350

36350-36949

1850

1910

36350

36350-36949

36

TDD

1930

1990

26950

36950-37549

1930

1990

36950

36950-37549

37

TDD

1910

1930

27550

37550-37749

1910

1930

37550

37550-37749

38

TDD

2570

2620

27750

37750-38249

2570

2620

37750

37750-38249

39

TDD

1880

1920

28250

38250-38649

1880

1920

38250

38250-38649

40

TDD

2300

2400

28650

38650-39649

2300

2400

38650

38650-39649

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Page 11

Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation

FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)

eNB

UE

FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL)

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Page 12

Example
100kHz Raster
Uplink

Downlink

1937.4MHz

2127.4MHz

FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL)

NDL =

(FDL - FDL_low)
0.1

+ NOffs-DL

(2127.4 - 2110)
NDL =
+ 0 = 174
0.1

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Page 13

Frequency

LTE standardization and specifications

Huawei mirror site for 3GPP specifications.

http://szxmir01-in.huawei.com/www.3gpp.org/www.3gpp.org

The specification document for LTE is 36 series, inherits the structure

of UTRAN 25 series:

36.1xx series is about the physical layer general aspect

36.2xx series is about radio interface physical layer

36.3xx series is about the radio interface layer 2 and 3

36.4xx series is about the terrestrial interfaces (S1, X2 )

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Page 14

Contents
1. Overview
2. LTE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Page 15

LTE System architecture

UMTS

LTE

MME / S-GW

MME / S-GW

S1

S1
S1

S1
X2

E-UTRAN
eNB

eNB

X2

X2
eNB

LTE: simplified IP flat architecture

Less equipment node and easier deployment

Less transmission delay and easier O&M

S1 and X2 interfaces are based on a full IP transport stack

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Page 16

LTE-SAE System architecture

An evolved core network, the Evolved Packet Core is at the same time developed,
which generally is called System Architecture Evolution.

The philosophy of the SAE is to focus on the packet-switched domain, and

migrate away from the circuit-switched domain
Control plane

PCRF

HSS
eNodeB

User plane
MME
S1-MME
S6a

LTE
-Uu

X2

S1-U

UE

LTE

Gx

S11

S1-MME
eNodeB

Rx

Gxc

S1-U

S5

S-GW

SGi
P-GW

SAE

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Page 17

Operator's
IP Service

E-UTRAN functions

Transfer of user data

Inter-cell interference coordination

Radio channel ciphering and

Connection setup and release

deciphering

Load Balancing

Integrity protection

Distribution function for NAS

Header compression

Mobility control functions

NAS node selection function

Handover

Synchronization

Paging

Radio access network sharing

Positioning

MBMS function

messages

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Page 18

Contents
1. Overview
2. TE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Page 19

Basic principles of OFDM

Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multi-carrier

transmission.

Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually
orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the same
radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.
Guard Band

Subcarrier

Frequency

Frequency
Channel
Bandwidth

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Channel
Bandwidth

Page 20

Why use OFDM?

Efficient use of radio spectrum includes placing modulated carriers as close as

possible without causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)

In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be used, In a multipath environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a greater chance for Inter-

Symbol Interference (ISI).

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) addresses both of these

problems:

OFDM provides a technique allowing the bandwidths of modulated carriers to

overlap without interference (no ICI).

It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus helping to
eliminate ISI.

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Page 21

OFDM implementation by IFFT/FFT

OFDM modulation implementation in LTE

Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz, and IFFT bin
size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts =N f=30720000Hz
Subcarrier
Modulation

Coded
Bits

Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform

Serial
to
Parallel

IFFT

RF

Complex
Waveform

Subcarrier
Demodulation
Fast Fourier
Transform

Receiver

FFT

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Parallel
to
Serial

Page 22

Coded
Bits

LTE Channel and FFT Sizes

Channel
FFT Size
Bandwidth

Subcarrier Sampling Rate

Bandwidth

1.4MHz

128

1.92MHz

3MHz

256

3.84MHz

5MHz

512

7.68MHz
15kHz

10MHz

1024

15.36MHz

15MHz

1536

23.04MHz

20MHz

2048

30.72MHz

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Page 23

Cyclic-prefix insertion

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Page 24

Cyclic-prefix insertion

Time dispersion on the radio channel may cause ISI

To deal with this problem, cyclic-prefix insertion is typically used in case

of OFDM transmission

The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is copied and
inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing the block length from

N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the corresponding samples are

discarded before OFDM demodulation

Subcarrier orthogonality will then be preserved also in case of a timedispersive channel, as long as the span of the time dispersion is shorter
than the cyclic-prefix length.

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Page 25

Downlink CP Parameters
Configuration

CP Length (Ts)

Time

Delay
Spread

160 for slot 0

~ 5.208s

~ 1.562km

144 for slot 1, 2, 6

~ 4.688s

~ 1.406km

Normal Cyclic
Prefix

f = 15kHz

Extended Cyclic
Prefix

f = 15kHz

512 for slot 0, 1, 5

~16.67s

~ 5km

f = 7.5kHz

1024 for 0, 1, 2

~ 33.33 s

~ 10km

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Page 26

Advantage of OFDM

High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each subcarrier would be

adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be no wasted spectrum

With multiple subcarriers transmitting in parallel, long symbol duration is

used, thus OFDMA is more tolerant to multi-path environment and better

entitled to eliminate ISI (inter symbol interference)

Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol interference could be minimized

OFDM is flexible in allocating power and rate optimally among narrowband

sub-carriers (scheduling)

Frequency diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum

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Page 27

Peak to Average Power Ratio

PAPR (Peak to
Average Power Ratio)
Issue
Amplitude

Peak

OFDM
Symbol

Averag
e
Time

The drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average ratio of the

transmitted signal, which greatly decrease the efficiency of the linear
amplifiers
This is especially critical for the uplink, due to the high importance of
low mobile-terminal power consumption and cost.

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Page 28

SC-FDMA in uplink

SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multi-carrier

technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much higher power
amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink.
SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM system
with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes each user occupy
consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which looks like a single carrier.
Time Domain

Frequency Domain

DFT
Symbols

Subcarrier
Mapping

Time Domain

0
0
0
0
IDFT

CP
Insertion

0
0
0

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Page 29

OFDM used in LTE

Radio
Channel
TDD

eNB
FDD

Radio
Channel
UE

UE

OFDM
(OFDMA)

eNB

OFDM
UE

(SC-FDMA)

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Page 30

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

Power

OFDMA
Each user allocated a
different resource
which can vary in time
and frequency.

Time

Frequency

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Page 31

OFDMA used in LTE.

DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Anti multi-path interference

Anti frequency selective fading

Higher spectrum efficiency

Easy to cooperate with MIMO for higher

throughput

Flexible multi-users scheduling

UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - FDMA)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Save terminals cost & power consumption

Lower PAPR modulation technology: DFT-S-OFDM,

which is similar to OFDM

Higher spectral efficiency compare with traditional

single carrier technology.

Huawei Confidential

Page 32

Downlink PRB Parameters

Configuration

NSCRB

NSymbDL

f = 15kHz

Normal Cyclic Prefix

7
12

f = 15kHz

Extended Cyclic
Prefix

f = 7.5kHz

24

Normal CP Configuration
Larger first CP when
Normal CP is configured
DL

Nsymb OFDM Symbols (= 7 for Normal CP)

0
160

2048

1
14
4

2048

2
14
4

2048

3
14
4

2048

4
14
4

2048

5
14
4

2048

E.g. NCP = 144,

TCP= 144 x Ts = 4.6875s

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Page 33

6
14
4

2048

OFDM Symbol Mapping

Time
Modulated
OFDM
Symbol

OFDMA
Each user allocated a
different resource
which can vary in time
and frequency.

Amplitude
Cyclic
Prefix

Frequency
OFDM
Symbol

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Page 34

Channel-dependent scheduling

Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA, the

time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users

LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time domain,
as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain

For LTE, scheduling decisions can be taken as often as once every 1 ms

and the granularity in the frequency domain is 180 kHz

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Page 35

Multi-Antenna Technique MIMO

Receive diversity:
SIMO

Transmit diversity:
MISO

Multi-antenna reception
and transmission: MIMO

Fundamentals of MIMO:

The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams.

The data streams are simultaneously transmitted from multiple antennas

through the spatial dimensions, through different radio channels, and
received by multiple antennas.

And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial
signature of each data stream.

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Page 36

MIMO Modes
Transmission
Mode

Transmission scheme

Reference

Mode 1

single-antenna port (port 0)

It is compatible with single-antenna transmission

Mode 2

transmit diversity

It weakens the interference caused by channel fading and is

applicable within low SINR environment

Mode 3

open-loop space division

multiplexing

It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high rate and
SINR environment

Mode 4

Closed-loop spatial
multiplexing

It is weighted according to the channel characteristics, increases

the peak rate, and is applicable within low rate but high SINR
environment

Mode 5

Multi-user MIMO

It improves cell throughput

Mode 6

Closed-loop precoding with

rank of 1

It increases cell coverage

Mode 7

Beamforming, singleantenna port (port 5)

It weakens interference and increases cell coverage

Mode 8

Dual-antenna port: Dualstream BF

It increases cell throughput

8 MIMO modes specified in 3GPP LTE standard

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Page 37

Advantages of MIMO

Array gain: It increases the transmit power and can be used for beamforming.

Diversity gain: It weakens the interference caused by channel fading.

Spatial multiplexing gain: It doubles the rate within the same bandwidth after
spatial orthogonal channels are constructed.

Data

MIMO

Streaming

Channel

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Page 38

UL Virtual MIMO

Benefits
Improve the overall uplink cell throughput.
Increase the UL spectrum efficiency.

Features
The uplink channels of paired users
must be with good orthogonality to
each other to prevent interference.
Multi-users use the same timefrequency resource.

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Page 39

MIMO--the Key to Improve Cell Throughput

1x2 SIMO
UE 1

Macr
o
LLL
T TT
EEE

18.15%
Throughput (Mbps)

eNodeB

2x2 MIMO
eNodeB

SIMO
MIMO

xx.xx%: Gain

16.4

15.12%

12.09

14.23

13.88

ISD:500m
Speed:3km/h

UE 1

28.34%

9.42

12.36

ISD:500m
Speed:30km/h

ISD:1732m
Speed:30km/h

xx.xx%: Gain

46.94%

46.40%
35.18

In typical urban area:

Throughput (Mbps)

34.15

Micro

SIMO
MIMO

56.68%
26.87
24.03

23.24

17.15

15%~28% gain over SIMO @ Macro

~50% gain over SIMO @ Micro

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Outdoor-to-Indoor
Speed: 3km/h

Outdoor-to-Outdoor
Speed: 3km/h

Page 40

Outdoor-to-Outdoor
Speed: 30km/h

More Gains through Higher-order MIMO

UL 24 MU-MIMO

DL 44 MIMO

eNodeB

UE 1

eNodeB
UE 1

UE 2

4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO:

~ 50% gain in average cell throughput

23%~90% increasing in edge user

throughput

2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO:

23%~90%
increasing
in edge
~50% gain
in average
celluser
throughput
throughput

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Page 41

AMC & 64QAM

AMC, Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Radio-link data rate is controlled by adjusting the modulation scheme and/or the
channel coding rate
Modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Turbo code

Features
Provide higher-data-rate services
Significantly improve the system
throughput
Improve users experience
High-order modulation scheme used
within excellent channel condition

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Huawei Confidential

Page42

OFDM Signal Generation

Codewords

Scrambling

Layers

Modulation
Mapper
Layer
Mapper

Scrambling

Antenna
Ports
Resource
Element
Mapper

OFDM
Signal
Generation

Resource
Element
Mapper

OFDM
Signal
Generation

Precoding

Modulation
Mapper

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Page 43

Inter-cell interference coordination

By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in one cell,

the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part of the spectrum
will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then be used to provide
higher data rates for users in the neighbouring cell
4

Cell

1,4,7

Power

2
2
76

Frequency

3
3
Cell

1
1
6
5

2,5,8

Power
Frequency

4
8
5
9

Power

Cell

3,6,9
Frequency

Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells

Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells

30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)

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Page 44

LTE Key Technologies SON

Deployment Stage
Network Planning &
Design

Network Performance
Improvement

Installation &
Initial Tuning
Self-Config.

Self-Planning

Self-optimiz.

Operation & Maintenance Stage

Network Operation &
Maintenance

Network Upgrade and

evolution

Self-Optiz. & Maintenance

Self-Organising Network (SON)

SON effectively reduces human intervention in deployment
and operation stage. Thus, SON saves both CAPEX & OPEX.
SON with ICIC : SON helps inter-cell interference coordination
to improve cell edge throughput and user experience

eNB 1

eNB 2

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Huawei Confidential

Page 45

eNB 3

SON Improving Operation Efficiency

Planning
Phase

Deployment
Phase

Automatic Network Planning

Automatic Config. Planning
Automatic Parameter Planning

Optimization
Phase

Maintenance
Phase

Automatic PCI/TA Optimization

Automatic Neighbor Relation
Inter-RAT ANR,MRO, System Load
Balance, RACH Optimization

Self- configuration (Plug & Play)

Auto Software Management

Inventory Management
Sleeping Cell detection
Antenna Fault Detection
Cell/interface/sub. trace

SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network architecture changes

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Page 46

Typical SON Features at Initial Stage

ANR: Automatic Neighbor
Relation

Self-Config.: Quick Deployment

File Server

S/W
Config
Config
Config

EMS + DHCP

Config
S/W

New

eNodeB

Save cost & Improve exactness

Avoid first HO failure due to missing neighbor
relation

MLB: Mobility Load Balancing

Cell A

CellBB
Cell

Plug & Play Installation

Shorten deployment duration

MRO: Mobility Robust

Optimization

Cell C

Value

Cell A

Cell B

Cell C

Optimizing cell reselection and handover

parameters
Reduce call drop rate, handover failure rate,
Reduce unnecessary redirection

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unnecessary HO Rate

HO successful rate

More reliable
Improve network KPI by HO optimization

Page 47

Thank you
www.huawei.com