Crossing the Line:

Hospitality in the Major Cultures in the

United States VS. Seven Major Asian
Countries

By:
Christian Diaz (co-author) cid130230@utdallas.edu
Styphanie Anderson (co-author) sxa111930@utdallas.edu

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine hospitality differences in The USA and 5 major
Asian countries, which includes Japan, China, Vietnam, Korea, and Thailand.. There will be
specific information on ethical differences when interacting with those from similar areas, either
Asia or the USA. Conversely, information regarding the interaction between those from different
areas will be given. To conclude, future hospitality advice will be provided to each country,
keeping ethical differences in mind, to determine the best accommodations for future
international travelers.
Design. Methodology. Approach
Data collected for this paper is in reference of the following articles, models, and publications:
Hofstede Model, EBSCO database.
Findings
Hospitality differences not only vary from country to country, but also from different
regions within a country. Depending on where you are in the USA, whether north or south, this
can affect how you are accommodated. Asian countries with higher tourism rates can also
determine how hospitable that region can be. In addition, cultural differences and ethics
predetermine how interaction from one culture to another differentiates itself. The difference
regarding these cultural lines have proven to range from extremely hospitable to not hospitable at
all! The research collected shows that hospitality dealing with those from your own country is
extremely high, while welcoming in newcomers vary. These variations include race, age, gender,
and overall appearance---not to mention your native tongue. Nevertheless, findings show that
overcoming these cultural barriers are possible.

Originality. Value
This research gives factual evidence in order to create a better understanding between the
interaction between cultures. The information also provides a guide to cultural behavior,
including habits, and trends. Conclusively, the research is able to get an understanding regarding
ethical behavior.
Keywords
United States of America (USA), Asia, hospitality, ethics, interaction, cultural, Asian American,
Latin American, African American, Native American,
Paper Type
Literature Review

United States Cultural Hospitality Introduction

History has shown that hospitality and culture is evolving immensely. However, is it
changing for the better or is it changing in a way that culture is hindering instead of helping our
pragmatic growth as a society. Specifically, the United States of America (USA) has evolved in
countless ways. The cultures in the United States are divided between Latin Americans, Asian
Americans, African Americans and Native Americans. It has been said that the cultures that are
migrating to the USA are bringing their traditions and cultures. This phenomenon is known as
the melting pot. Referring to cultures in the United States as the melting pot relates to all the
languages, beliefs, religions, and food types that have been brought into the country. Research
has been done to examine each culture that makes up the United States to understand just how
united the states are through hospitality. Are there some cultures that deal well with each
other? On the other hand, what are the cultures that are not compatible? This section of
hospitality will
examine Latin
Americans, Asian
Americans,
African
Americans and
Native Americans
cultures and what they have brought to the United States of America as well as focusing on the
interaction with other cultures in the United States.

Misunderstandings between the Cultures in America

The acceptance or hospitality of cultures are hindering the United States from growth.
The United States is one of the most culturally diverse countries. Because of the diversity in the
U.S. learning to adapt to someones culture can be extremely difficult. The misunderstandings
that have occurred in America can be tied to what was taught as a child. Growing up as a child
many parents teach certain beliefs, habits, traditions and religion. These are all attributed to what
is known as culture. As mentioned before the melting pot is often a term thrown around by
people. There is the fear of losing ones identity for the assimilation of a society (Ornodoff
2003). Nevertheless, more and more people are immigrating here with hopes. The hopes of
instead of being a melting pot they want to become a salad bowl. The term salad bowl refers to
maintaining those traditions, habits, and beliefs. In establishing these cultural connections it is
said that this teaches values, creates lasting memories, and ideally it passes on the heritage. So
where does the conflict rise?
Conflict that could create crime can occur between traditions because of cultures.
Reports have in the last 10 years! This is due to cultural discrimination ant this is tearing apart
states that are supposed to be united.
Criminal behavior is, more often than not, subcultural behavior. From the interactionist
criminology of the Chicago School and Edwin Sutherland to the subcultural theories of
Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin, and others, criminologists have long acknowledged that
actions and identities labelled "criminal" are typically generated within the boundaries of
deviant and criminal subcultures.(Ferrel 1995)
Most recently, White Americans, Latino and African Americans have seen themselves in the
center of scrutiny based on some of the actions and reaction to actions. More specifically law
enforcements are dealing with this backlash. Nevertheless, the cultures seem to unite in times of

grief. It seems the more the protest for change occurs the more unity is brought together.
Sustaining the unity is needed in a divided United States.
Asian American
Asian Americans have brought a considerable amount to the Unites States. Asian
Americans currently make up only 5%, however they are growing fast. According to Asian
Nation The Asian American community has received a lot of scrutiny over the years but in
many ways, still remains misunderstood. This is believable. Many Americans put certain
stigma on this culture due to the lack of knowledge about who they are, and how they got to be
who they are. The dramatic increase of the Asian population was established based on the
Immigration Act in 1965. The journal expresses that the majority of Asian Americans were
immigrants and were born in Asia (Hall, 2012). Nevertheless, the traditions that this culture
brings to the United States are still being used today. Initially. Churches and schools were built
because of the mindset of Asian Americans. The immigrants who migrated to the United States
felt it was important to maintain its heritage. In doing so they were able to teach their own
traditions, and cultures. More importantly they wanted to keep the language so that it would
never die. Are Asian Americans as accepted as they would like to be? No. There are still hate
crimes, and assaults every day. The misunderstanding is due to their behavior.

African American
African Americans contribution to the United States is becoming more prevalent today.
They make up 15.2% of the population. Currently, the major religion in African American

culture is Christian more specifically Baptist. During times of slavery, slaves would result in
hymns that are still sung today in many Baptist churches. Nevertheless, that is tradition, and
other traditions include the celebration of Juneteenth, Martin Luther King Day, as well as the
Celebration of Black History Month. These traditions involve festive time and include family
from everywhere who bring traditional food such as cornbread, chicken and greens.
History has shown that relationship that African Americans have had in the past with
other cultures the resulted in conflict and uproar. Major news covering deaths at the hands of
Native Americans have created a divide between the two races. Recently, the killing of African
American Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, and Jordan Davis have all been publicized and
scrutinized. So, it is obvious that while there should a united states, we are in fact a divided
state! The article about Racial Divide stated the idea that American society is now colorblind
neglects a crucial fact: apparently race-neutral practices often mask deeply unequal
arrangements. (Harris 2015) We are in fact hindering ourselves from progressing by not openly
accepting that there needs to be a change. Who makes that change, and when will it start to make
sense?
Native American
Native Americans are the first of the major cultures established in the United States. It is
also not a secret that they make up a vast majority of the population. Census 2010 reports that
over 70% of the United States population are Native Americans. It was not until the early 17th
century, with the establishment of permanent European settlements, namely the missions of
North Florida starting in 1633 (Worth 1995).

Since the Native Americans were established in the United States prior to any other
culture there is a sense of ownership. Majority of the other cultures including Latin, and African
Americans feel that natives also have a sense of obligation to take and have in the United States.
While these cultures are trying to establish for themselves most interaction between Native
Americans are not pleasant. So, how do we resolve these unpleasant meetings?
Latin American
Latin American also called Latino or Hispanic make up 17% of the population in the
United States according to the U.S. Bureau Census in 2010. There are a lot of changes that Latin
Americans have made upon immigrating to the United States. It is evident that the culture has
tried to maintain its heritage. However, the language is one thing that has slipped through the
cracks.
Though immigrants to the United States from its Spanish-speaking neighbors tend to
keep many of the regionalisms and popular expressions used in their country of origin,
from the moment they arrive in the country, they are using Spanglish to communicate,
and perhaps even rekindle their connection, with other Hispanics already living in the
United StatesThis is so because it has evolved in a certain fashion to facilitate
communication amongst all Latinos living in the United States, irrespective of country of
origin( Bazn-Figueras,2014)
Latin American language has gone through changes but their traditions have stayed the same.
The celebration of Cinco De Mayo reverences the strides the Latin culture made in the 1860s as
it gained its independence. Now centuries later and Latin Americans are trying to maintain their

culture in the United States through traditions such as quinceaneras and other fiestas! Latin
Americans have integrated well in the by USA maintaining, creating and holding high positions.
Asian Hospitality
The industry of tourism and Hospitality is usually measured by the
commodities, services, and products provided. International tourism has gone
through a remarkable change these past years, and as tourism increases, a
measurement of hospitality per country has to be looked at. Tourism has become
the worlds highest priority industry with an increase of over 40% at 599 million in
1997 to 842 million in 2006, with Asia being the region with the highest growth.
Countries in Asia, like China, Asian countries are the second most visited area, right
behind Europe. So much increase has created an abundant amount of jobs and
income, but how exactly do these counties compare hospitality wise with The USA.
Asian countries are known for their beautiful beaches, cities, food, scenery, and
religion; this all has an influence on how hospitable the country may be. Research
has also suggested that Asian culture is closely related to nature (Talukder, 2014).
The culture and religion in Asian cultures are tied together and can explain how a lot
of Asian people act and may even think. Another thing we want to look at is how
high levels of tourism have affected the country, or been Americanized (Maxwell,
2000) like students in Hong Kong. We will compare 6 of the most visited countries
on how their culture and traditions contribute to their hospitality.

Japan
Japan has a total of 8,358,000 foreign visitors each year (World Statistics, 2012).
Even though Japan is home to the tourist attraction known as Tokyo, and has one of
the busiest airports in Asia. Japan receives less tourism compared to other

countries. The reason could be because of the countrys location, since Japan is
sounded by water, most tourist have to arrive by plane. The Japanese learn the
business and art of tourism at an early age. From elementary school to endings of
middle school most student have traveled around Japans main regions, including
the countrys capital, Tokyo; the region of the ancient Japanese culture, Kyoto; and

the Ise Grand Shrines, the center of the Shinto religion.

Tourism in Japan has increased compared to 1964 due to the Japanese government
effort to attract more tourists from other regions. The tourist industry known as
Japan National Tourist Organization is in charge of the countrys international
contacts, to which help attract foreigners to the country. A lot of first-time tourists
usually travel to Japan for sightseeing and visiting most of the historical building or
streets. A lot of second-time tourists choose to visit places with high
accommodations such as spas (Okamura, & Kaoru, 2010). However, to truly
experience the Japanese culture one is advised to stay at a ryokan, a real Japanese
inn, in the former imperial capital known as Kyoto. Guest here can experience the
full Japanese culture and Japanese hospitality, they are treated with complete
respect, and anything they wish is at the visitors command. Guests in Japan are
genuinely amazed of the Japanese hospitality. Omotenashi the closest translation
to hospitality in Japanese is honored by workers. The word Omotenashi means
serving without an expectation of a returned favor is taken seriously in the Japanese
hospitality culture. They ensure guest feel completely relaxed and happy, and are
completely accommodated.
Japan has definitely improved hospitality wise compared to the 1970s when Japan
was barely allowing foreigners into the country. Japan lacked hospitality and needed
to improve how foreigners treated (Elliot, 2010). According to Elliot there was no
way anyone could break into a culture that was as private as the Japanese culture.
Even early on Japanese have been very cultured and conservative. Their culinary
arts for example, have stayed the same for years, early Russian visitors make note
that Japanese use rice instead of bread and drink green tea and sake, a Japanese
rice based liquor (Wells, 2007). The Japanese culture, as explained by hoffsterds

chart, is much more cultural oriented than the USA. They have a very high
uncertainty avoidance which means that traditions are completely followed.

Indonesia
Indonesia has a total of 8,044,000 foreign visitors each year (World Statistics,
2012). What makes Indonesia so popular are its islands and beaches, including Bali
one of the most beautiful islands in the world. Each year hundreds of visitors arrive
to Indonesia for the luxurious hotels, beaches, and its Hindu temples. Indonesia is a
good mixture of nature and culture, which most of the country consist of islands,
17,508 to be exact, and has a tropical climate. Indonesia culture consists of a
variety of ethnic groups, and languages, a total of 719 different languages are used
around the country. Hindu temples are yet another tourist attraction and a
resemblance of the history behind the culture, tourist are attracted to its many
Hindu festivities throughout the year.

Indonesian tourism is looked over by the Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
The ministrys main focus is on attracting people the countrys famous beaches, tropical
destination and cultural celebrations. The ministry uses such campaign to increase tourism, but to
also promote and preserve the Indonesian heritage. Indonesian tourism was a neglected trade and
only income was gained by accident. Over the year Indonesians finally noticed that the
hospitality industry is very profitable. Indonesia took off in the hospitality aspect and has since
been working to improve its tourist numbers. The Indonesian culture has a lot of influence on the
hospitality market (Fauzi, 2011). According to Fauzi, culture technology, and the environment
have structured a better hospitality system. As the graph shows Indonesia has increased its
tourism and hospitality tremendously.

Indonesias variety of cultures highly consists of Muslim and Hindu. Indonesians are well
known for their hospitality, and welcome foreigners with open arms. Tourists are treated as
guests of honor, and receive the best accommodations. Culture is a big part of the Indonesian
hospitality, and would be considered a personal insult to any Indonesian if hospitality is rejected.

As seen in Hoffstedes graph, Indonesians are not very individualistic and would rather follow a
tradition then doing something on their own terms.

South Korea

South Korea receives around 11,140,000 foreign visitors each year

(World Statistics, 2012). Seoul, being one of the worlds greatest cities, and
home to one of the worlds greatest airports, has made its self well known for
its hospitality and food. Even though Seoul is a great city, there are other
places to visit, for example Jeju Island, a destination well known for its
casinos, trails, and beautiful beaches. The tourism and hospitality market
boomed in South Korea over the past years. The industry has increased so
drastically, that students from Korea are traveling all over the world to study
hospitality and tourism management (HTM). Tourism is rapidly increasing in
South Korea, as you can see on the graph from 1996 to 2012 tourism has
spiked. As tourism increases, however, a more educated work force has been
needed as well (Kim, 2008). Thanks to the well managed and educated

Korean industry, the tourist market has not stopped increasing.

South Korean tourism is administered by the Ministry of Culture and

Tourism. The focus of the ministry is to promote the Korean vision, Happy
Life through Art and Culture. The Koreans differentiate themselves from
most other Asian countries because they are known for speaking only one
language through the whole country, something rare in Asia. There are 5.5
million all speak the same language. Korean culture is seen as one ethnic
family that takes pride in their ways and hospitality. Family is seen as the

most important thing in Korean life. The Confucian tradition set a standard
role for males and females in the family, placing the father as the head of
the family. Koreans also follow what is called Confucianism, which describes
the role each Korean must play in society. Confucianism stresses respect,
loyalty, seniority, and over all honor. Koreans also base their culture on a
certain Kibun, which means pride. A Koreans Kibun is considered primary and
important in interpersonal relationships. It bases its self through the principle
of harmony and a calm state of mind. Through this we can conclude that

Koreans are not individualist either and prefer to follow certain principals.

Thailand
Thailand has a total of 22,354,000 foreign visitors each year (World Statistics, 2012).
Tourist amounts have increased from 336,000 in 1967 to over 26 million international guests
visiting Thailand in 2013. Thailand has become a well-known place, not only because of its
beautiful beaches and islands, but also because of numerous films shot in this country. Bangkok,
the capital of Thailand, is the worlds most visited city, with almost 6,000,000 visitor every year
Bangkok is well known for its cheap prices, and amazing hospitality. International foreigners see
Thailand as a country full of beautiful scenery, welcoming hospitality, and good value of money

(Wichasin, 2011).

The origin of the Thai culture is a mixture of Indian influences and Chinese customs.
Thai is considered as the Land of a Thousand Smiles because of its amazingly friendly people.
The country, however, is split into four different regions, the north, east, south, and central
Thailand. South Thai, primarily tropical, and central Thai, where the capital Bangkok is located,
are the two regions most visited by foreigners. With 95% if the Thai population being Buddhist,
the religion has a major influence to Thai culture. Respect and self-control, are some of the most
important values in Thai culture. Showing negative emotion while in public is typically frowned

upon in Thai culture. Sanuk, meaning having a good sense of humor and playfulness, is also very
important in Thai culture. The Thai population is regularly joyful and vivid, even to strangers in
their country; it is the Thai way of life.
Hierarchical positions are completely respected, and family is the
center of life in Thailand. As shown in Hoffstedees graph Thai, such as most
Asian countries have high power distance and low individualism. This means
that most day to day activities are followed by years of tradition, most
unsure about change

Mal
aysia

Malaysia has more than 25,033,000 foreign visitors each year (World
Statistics, 2012). Most visitors come through the well known city of Kuala
Lumpur, where the international airport is at. The country offers its visitors
some of the best places to go scuba diving and some of the best beaches
around Asia.

Malaysia is ranked as the 9th most visited the country in the world. Since the country was too
dependent on exports the Malaysian government started to push an increase in tourism. Tourism
Malaysia, the government agency responsible to tourism, has been accountable for most of its
success. Surprisingly, because of great marketing campaigns; Malaysian has been able to attract
an abundant amount of tourist. These foreigners are not only in the country to travel and sightsee, but Malaysia has done a great job placing itself as a country for international students.
Malaysia is gaining recognition as the preferred destination for higher education, which has been
boosting the tourism industry (Boon, 2011). In 1990 Malaysia launched its well known campaign
Malaysia, truly Asian which was able to bring in more than 7 million tourist. Unfortunately as
years have gone by, even though tourism continues to increase, because of deforestation and
pollution, tourism has also slowed down.

The Malaysian culture is a bit complex since Malaysia has become a melting
pot of ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Malaysia is seen as the miniature
replications of Asia, because of its diversity in just one country. Most
Malaysian are Muslims, which has a strong influence to the Malaysian way of
life. People are often friendly and polite, avoiding discomforting situations in
public. Hoffstdes graph shows us that Malaysians have a strong power
distance, and a low individualism. The Malaysian culture practices the
respect of hierarchy and tends to follow traditions above all; this can be tied

back to their strong Muslim influence.

China
China is over all the country with the most visitors per year. Tourism
reaches a total of 95,072,000 visitors, which include the two highest visited
cities Hong Kong with 23,000,000 and Macau with 13,577,000 (World
Statistics, 2012). Top attractions to China include Beijing, Shanghai, the

mountains of Guilin, the Great Wall, Forbidden City, Summer Palace, and
Temple of Heaven and the Terracotta Army. Hong Kong accounts for
22,316,000 foreign visitors each year. Visitors are attracted to the citys
shopping malls, luxury items, and take advantage of the no sales tax. Hong
Kong is known as the city of life, a shopping paradise for any individual,
combining the culture of the West and Chinese traditions (Leung, 2011). Macau

accounts for 12,925,000 foreign visitors each year. Macau accounts for so
many visitors because of the casinos it offers its guest; it is recorded to be an
even larger gambling city than Las Vegas. Macao is known as the worldfamous gambling capital in China, and it is experiencing a tourism and casino
boom (Wan, 2013).

China is the third most visited country in the world, with an

increasingly rich middle class. After the 1970s Chinese reform, China has
became major touristic attraction. From 230,000 visitors in 1978 to almost
100 billion, China seems to have things figured out. The growing economy in
China has helped improve the tourism industry. The country accounts for
38% of its foreign visitors as business travelers, and earned revenue of $185
billion from tourism. The Chinese are accustom to shouting and not very

considerate of the public, unlike other cultures. However, in a touristic

aspect, the Chinese can be very courteous and attentive. The Chinese
hospitality is tied closely to the Chinese culture, and can be a little different
depending where a person may be in China. The Chinese base every aspect
of their society on kuan-shi (personal relationships). The Chinese know the
importance of human interactions and thus follow this belief on everything
including politics, social and commercial relationships (Gilbert, 2000).
The Chinese culture is considered to be one of the oldest cultures; however, because
China is such as large country, there are several sub-cultures throughout the region. There is an
estimate of 1 billion people living in China, and there is an estimate of around 56 different
ethnicity groups in total. Since the Chinese Communist Party runs the country, the nation is
considered to be atheist, however, over the years the government has allowed different religions.
There are five official religions in China including, Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism,
Islam, and Taoism. Throughout the whole region there are seven different languages spoke, the
main one being Mandarin, followed by Wu, and Cantonese. We can also conclude that the
Chinese are not very different than the other Asian countries. They have a high power distance
and a low individualism, just like most of the other Asian countries.

Future Research
This research paper reveals that Latin Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, aa
well as African Americans make up the majority of the population in the United States. While
their transition to the United States may have been rough, there settlement is allowing for
cultural traditions to be formed. It is necessary for research to continue on the new traditions,
beliefs, and all together transformation of these cultures.
The importance of combining the five major countries in Asia was to show the traditions
established at home before traveling across the Atlantic Ocean in the Asian cultures. Not to
mention demonstrating the interaction between these groups. The research has shown the
difficulties that are centered on interactions can be challenging. Through future research the
possibilities of a resolution is established. The encounters that are often times misunderstood
deserve understanding. There is an opportunity to heal these types of mistakes. There will not
always be peace, however there will not always be war. The first part of healing is through
understanding. Future research will aid in that understanding and prevent reoccurring problems.
The necessity of this like putting a bandage on a bleeding wound. However, the idea is not to put
a band- aid on. The idea is to put alcohol and clean it. In this way we are exposing the
misunderstandings by showing that some things are just traditions in this way there is prevention.

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