Theorems on Quadrilateral

Theorem 7.1

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite

sides are congruent.

Theorem 7.12

A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if its

diagonals are congruent.

Theorem 7.3

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its

consecutive angles are supplementary

Theorem 7.10

A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if its

diagonals are perpendicular.

Theorem 7.5

Converse of 7.1

Theorem 7.8

Converse of 7.4

Theorem 7.7

Converse of 7.3

Theorem 7.6

Converse of 7.2

Theorem 7.9

If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are

congruent and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Theorem 7.4

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its

diagonals bisect each other.

Theorem 7.11

A quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if each

diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles.

Theorem 7.2

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its opposite

angles are congruent.

Theorem 7.13

A parallelogram is a square if and only if its

diagonals are both perpendicular and congruent.

Key Points About Quadrilaterals

1. Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360.
2. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
3. In a parallelogram,
(i) opposite sides are equal
(ii) opposite angles are equal
(iii) diagonals bisect each other
4. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if
(i) opposite sides are equal or
(ii) opposite angles are equal or
(iii) diagonals bisect each other or
(iv) a pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel
5. Diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other and are equal and vice-versa.
6. Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles and vice-versa.
7. Diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles and are equal, and viceversa.
8. The line-segment joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and is half of it.
9. A line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the
third side.
10. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a quadrilateral, in
order, is a parallelogram.

Quadrilateral and Its Types

To view the complete lesson click the video below

We know that a quadrilateral has four sides, four angles, four vertices and two
diagonals. Quadrilateralscan be classified into different types based on their sides and angles.
In case of rectangle and square, all the angles are right angles, the opposite sides are parallel,
and the diagonals bisect each other. In a rectangle, the opposite sides are equal, whereas in
a square, all the sides are equal. Hence, a square is a rectangle with adjacent sides equal.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
In aparallelogram, the opposite angles are equal and the diagonals bisect each other. In
a parallelogram, the angles are not right angles. When we compare aparallelogram with
a rectangle, we see that it is different from the rectangle in terms of the measure of its angles.
A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal in length, the opposite sides are
parallel, the opposite angles are equal and the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
A square is a rhombus in which, each angle measures
900. Squares, rectangles and rhombuses are all examples of parallelograms.

A trapezium is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel. A trapezium with
the non-parallel sides equal and the base angles equal is known as an isosceles trapezium.

A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal in length and one pair of
opposite angles, the ones that are between the sides of unequal length, are equal in measure
and the diagonals intersect at right angles.

Properties of a Parallelogram
To view the complete lesson click the video below

A quadrilateral is a closed figure which has four sides, four angles and four
vertices. There are different types of quadrilaterals such
asParallelogram, Rectangle, Square, Rhombus,Trapezium and Kite.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which

opposite sides are parallel and equal,

opposite angles are equal,

the diagonals bisect each other,

each diagonal divides it into two congruent triangles,

adjacent angles are supplementary.

A square is a parallelogram in which

all the sides are equal,

each angle measures 900,

diagonals are equal and bisect at right angles.

A rectangle is a parallelogram in which

diagonals are equal and bisect each other,

each angle measures 900.

A rhombus is a parallelogram in which

all four sides are equal,

diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

Theorem: A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.

Theorem: If each pair of opposite sides is equal in a quadrilateral, then it is

a parallelogram.

Theorem: If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it is a parallelogram.

Theorem 1- In a parallelogram, the opposite sides are of equal length.

Given: AB || CD, AD || BC
To prove: AB = CD, AD = BC
Draw in the diagonal AC

Theorem2 If the opposite sides in a quadrilateral are the same length, then the figure is
a parallelogram.

Given: AB = CD, AD = BC
To prove: AB || CD, AD || BC
Draw in AC

Theorem3- A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if the diagonals bisect each

other.

Since this is an "if and only if" proof, there are two things to prove.
1. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram
To prove: AE = EC, BE = ED

and the converse:

2. Given: AE = EC, BE = ED
To prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

There is another way to prove this.

The definition of a parallelogram is that the opposite sides are parallel. In the second
way we establish that the opposite sides are parallel, so we can use the definition to
conclude that the figure is a prarllelogram. It is simpler to show that the opposite sides
are equal in length which we did in the first way. If we do it that way the reason that
the figure is a parallelogram is that we proved that if the opposite sides are the same
length then the figure is a parallelogram in Theorem 2.

Theorem 4: If one pair of opposite sides in a four sided figure are both opposite and
parallel, then the figure is a parallelogram

Proof:

Given:

AB = DC

AB || DC

To prove:

ABCD is a parallelogram

Theorem 5: A rectangle is a parallelogram.

We are given that ABCD is a rectangle. That means that all of the angles are the same
size. Since a quadrilateral can be broken up into two triangles, there are a total of
360o in the angles of a quadrilateral. If all of the four angles are the same size, they all
have to be 90 o. So we can state our "Given" as
Given: All four angles are 90 o.
To prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.

Theorem 6: A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if the diagonals are the same
length.

Since this is an "if and only if" proof, there are two things to prove.
1. Given: ABCD is a rectangle.
To prove: AC = BD

and the converse

2. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram, AC = BD
To prove: ABCD is a rectangle.

Theorem 7: A rhombus is a parallelogram.

Given: ABCD is a rhombus

To prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.

Theorem 8: A quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if the diagonals are perpendicular

bisectors of each other.

This is an "if and only if" proof, so there are two things we have to prove:

One way to prove this is to use congruent triangles.

However, note that this essentially runs through the proof of one of the isosceles
triangle theorems which we have already proved. Note the SSS reason after we
established the reflexive side. We do not have to do it again. We can simply refer to it.

For the converse,

there is the congruent tirangle proof.

But, again we are running through a proof of one of the isosceles triangle
theorems. We could simply refer to it instead of proving it again.

One could also use the fact that a point is equidistant from two given points if and
only if it is on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment between them.

Theorem 9: A quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if the diagonals bisect all the
vertex angles.

1. Given:

ABCD is a rhombus

To prove:

/ DAC = / BAC
/ ABD = / CBD
/ BCA = / DCA
/ CDB = / ADB

2. Given:

/ DAC = / BAC
/ ABD = / CBD
/ BCA = / DCA
/ CDB = / ADB

To prove:

ABCD is a rhombus

Theorem 10 : If one of the diagonals in a parallelogram bisects one of the vertex

angles, then the parallelogram is a rhombus.

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram.

To prove: ABCD is a rhombus

Question #2

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. On the coordinate plane, the

3.

3. Substitution. The midpoint of each

4.

4. The bisector of a segment intersects

5.

5. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral

midpoint of a line segment is found

by taking the average of the
endpoints ( is equal to half the sum
of the endpoints).

segment equals the same set of

coordinates.

the segment at its midpoint.

bisect each other, the quadrilateral is

a parallelogram.

Question #3

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

3.

3. segment are congruent to each other.

4.

4. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.

5.

5. Lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.

6.

6. congruent is a parallelogram.

Transitive property: Segments congruent to the same

A quadrilateral with one set of sides both parallel and

Question #4

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. angles.

3.

3. All right angles are congruent.

4.

4. are parallel.

5.

5. transversal, the alternate interior

6.

6. are congruent.

7.

AAS: If two angles and the nonincluded side of one triangle are
7. congruent to the corresponding parts
of a second triangle, the triangles are
congruent

Question #4

Perpendicular lines meet to form right

The opposite sides of a parallelogram

If 2 parallel lines are cut by a
angles are congruent.

The opposite sides of a parallelogram

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.

3.

3. interior angles are congruent.

4.

4. Congruent angles are angles of equal measure.

5.

5.

6.

6. Substitution: A quantity may be substituted for its equal

If 2 parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the alternate

The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is greater

than the measure of either nonadjacent interior angle.

Question #6

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. Perpendicular lines meet to form right angles.

3.

3. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.

4.

4. In a plane, lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel.

5.

5. A quadrilateral with two sets of opposite parallel sides is a

parallelogram.

6.

6. A parallelogram with one right angle is a rectangle

Question #7

slope:

slope of

slope of

Since the slopes are the

same,

slope of

slope of

Since the slopes are not

equal,

distance:

AD = CB
ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid because it has only one set of parallel sides and its legs are
congruent
Question #8

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.

3.

3. The opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

4.

4. Congruent segments are segments of equal measure.

5.

5. Betweeness of points. (The whole is equal to the sum

6.

6. Substitution

7.

7. Subtraction

8.

8. Congruent segments are segments of equal measure.

9.

9. If a quadrilateral has one set of opposite sides both

of its parts.)

parallel and congruent, the quadrilateral is a

parallelogram

Question #9

Statements
1.

Reasons
1. Given

2.

2. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.

3.

3. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

4.

4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

5.

5. Bisector of a segment intersects the segment at its

6.

6. Midpoint of a segment divides a segment into two

7.

7. Congruent segments are segments of equal measure.

8.

8. Betweeness of points (the whole is equal to the sum of its

9.

9. Substitution

10
.

10 Substitution
.

11
.

11 Addition
.

12
.

12 Division
.

13
.

13 Congruent segments are segments of equal measure.

.

14
.

14 An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two congruent

. sides

Question #10

midpoint.

congruent segments.

parts.)

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. If two angles form a linear pair they are supplementary.

3.

3. Supplements of the same angle, or congruent angles are

4.

4. Substitution

5.

5. If 2 lines are cut by a transversal and the interior angles on

6.

6. A parallelogram has 2 sets of opposite sides parallel

congruent.

the same side of the transversal are supplementary, the

lines are parallel.

Prove: The diagonals of a

parallelogram divide the
parallelogram into two congruent
triangles
Question #11

Statements

Reasons

1.

1. Given

2.

2. The opposite sides of a parallelogram

3.

3. The opposite angles of a parallelogram

4.

4. SAS: If two sides and the included

are congruent.
are congruent.

angle of one triangle are congruent to

the corresponding parts of another
triangle, the triangles are congruent

Understanding Quadrilaterals
Exercise 1
Question: 1. The angles of quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all the
angles of the quadrilateral.
Answer: As you know angle sum of a quadrilateral = 360

Hence, angles are: 36, 60, 108, 156

Question: 2. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then show that it is a
rectangle.
Answer: In the following parallelogram both diagonals are equal:

As all are right angles so the parallelogram is a rectangle.

Question: 3. Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right
angles, then it is a rhombus.

Answer: In the given quadrilateral ABCD diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at
right angle. We have to prove that AB=BC=CD=AD

So, AB=AD
Similarly AB=BC=CD=AD can be proved which means that ABCD is a rhombus.
Question: 4. Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other
at right angles.
Answer: In the figure given above let us assume that

DO=AO (Sides opposite equal angles are equal)

Similarly AO=OB=OC can be proved
This gives the proof of diagonals of square being equal.

Question: 5. Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect
each other at right angles, then it is a square.
Answer: Using the same figure,
If DO=AO

(Angles opposite to equal sides are equal)

So, all angles of the quadrilateral are right angles making it a square.
Question: 6. Diagonal AC of a parallelogram ABCD bisects angle A . Show that
(i) it bisects angle C also,
(ii) ABCD is a rhombus.

Answer: ABCD is a parallelogram where diagonal AC bisects angle DAB

As diagonals are intersecting at right angles so it is a rhombus

Question: 7. In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are taken on diagonal BD
such that DP = BQ. Show that:

With equal opposite angles and equal opposite sides it is proved that APCQ is a
parallelogram
Question: 8. ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars from
vertices A and C on diagonal BD. Show that

Question: 9. In ABC and DEF, AB = DE, AB || DE, BC = EF and BC || EF.

Vertices A, B and C are joined to vertices D, E and F respectively. Show that
(i) quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram
(ii) quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram
(iii) AD || CF and AD = CF
(iv) quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram
(v) AC = DF

In quadrilateral ABED

AB= ED
AB||ED
So, ABED is a parallelogram (opposite sides are equal and parallel)
So, BE||AD ------------ (1)
Similarly quadrilateral ACFD can be proven to be a parallelogram
So, BE||CF ------------ (2)
From equations (1) & (2)
It is proved that
AD||CF
So, AD=CF
Similarly AC=DF and AC||DF can be proved
10. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD and AD = BC. Show that

Understanding Quadrilaterals
Exercise 2
Question: 1. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R and S are mid-points of the
sides AB, BC, CD and DA. AC is a diagonal. Show that :

Answer: Let us extend the line SR to T so that CT is parallel to AS

As SR is touching the mid points of DA and DC so as per mid point theorem SR||AC
Similarly AC || PQ can be proven which will prove that PQRS is a parallelogram.

Question:2. ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the sides
AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.

Answer: Following the method used in the previous question it can be proved that
PQRS is a parallelogram. To prove it to be a rectangle we need to prove that

Hence, PQRS is a rectangle.

3. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC, BD is a diagonal and E is the mid-point
of AD. A line is drawn through E parallel to AB intersecting BC at F. Show that F is
the mid-point of BC.

Answer: In ADB
DG = GB
A parallel line to the base originating from mid point of second side will intersect at the
midpoint of the third side.
AB || DC
AB || EF
So, EF || DC
So, In ADB
EG || AB
E is the mid point of AD
So, G is the mid point of DB
Now, in DCB
GF || DC
G is the mid point of BD
So, F will be mid point of BC ( Mid point theorem)
4. In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the mid-points of sides AB and CD
respectively. Show that the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.

Hence, AE = CF
In quadrilateral AECF
EC || AF & EC = AF
AE = CF
So, AE || CF
So, AECF is a parallelogram.
In DQC
PE || QC (proved earlier by proving AE || CF)
E is the mid point of DC
So, P is the mid point of DQ
So, DP = PQ
In APB

FQ || AP
F is the mid point of AB
So, PQ = QB
So, DP = PQ = QB proved
5. Show that the line segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of a
quadrilateral bisect each other.

Answer: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R, & S are mid points of AB, BC, CD &
AD
In ACD
SR is touching mid points of CD and AD
So, SR || AC
Similarly following can be proved
PQ || AC
QR || BD
PS || BD

So, PQRS is a parallelogram.

PR and QS are diagonals of the parallelogram PQRS, so they will bisect each other.
6. ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A line through the mid-point M of
hypotenuse AB and parallel to BC intersects AC at D. Show that

Answer: DM || BC
M is the mid point of AB
So, D is the mid point of AC (Mid point theorem)