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Review of Tenses
Tenses which have high frequency of use:
1. The Simple Present Tense
a. Pattern: S + Be (am, is, are) + Adjective/Noun/Adverb
S + V-1 /V-1s(es)
b. Use : to express something that happens in the present
to express habitual activities
c. Adverbs : every............, once/ twice/three times a .........,
always, sometimes, usually, generally, seldom, never
d. Verbs which are only used in simple tenses (not normally used in continuous
tenses)
want like
belong know
suppose
remember
need love see
realize
mean
forget
prefer hate hear
believe
understand
seem
Examples:
- My mother is at home now.
- My father works as a lawyer
- He usually goes to the office by car.
2. The Simple Past Tense
a. Pattern : S + Be (was, were) + Adjective/Noun/Adverb
S + V-2
b. Use : to express something that happened in the past
c. Adverbs : this morning, yesterday, just now, last..............., .................ago
Examples:
- The children were frightened to see the horror film last night.
- All students in my school passed the exam last year.
- Mrs. Andi sent the parcel to Jakarta this morning.
3. The Present Continuous Tense
a. Pattern : S + am, is, are + Verb-ing
b. Use : to express something that is still in progress at the present time or at the
time of speaking
c. Adverbs: now, at present, at this time, at this moment, Look!.... Listen! ....
Examples:
- Look! The children are playing music enthusiastically.
- My father is still working in his office now.
4. The Future Tense
a. Pattern : S + Be going to + V-1
S + Will + V-1
b. Use : To express something that will happen in the future
c. Adverbs : tomorrow, tonight, next.............
Examples:
- We are going to finish the assignment this afternoon.
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Exercise 1:
Supply the most suitable tense (Present, Past, or Present Perfect):
1. She (go) away every week-end.
2. He (go) abroad last week.
3. No, he isnt here. He just (go) out.
4. He (go) downstairs when I (meet) him.
5. Where is Mr. Green? He (go) out ten minutes ago.
6. This boy never (see) the sea.
7. You (see) my bag? I (lose) it.
8. I (see) you yesterday. You (sit) outside a caf.
9. He already (write) a lot of letters, but his sister (not write) many.
10. He is busy now; he (write) a letter.
11. I hope he (get) better now, I (hear) he (have) a bad cold all the week.
12. I usually (not take) sugar in my tea.
13. You (see) a good film lately?
14. He (live) in England since 1980.
15. When I last (see) him, he (lie) in London.
16. He (sit) in the garden when the storm (break).
17. You go to the cinema last night? No, I (not be) for three weeks.
18. I (hear) the news last night, but I (not hear) it today.
19. You (read) that book yet? No, I just (begin) it.
20. I (see) that you (buy) a new hat. How much you (pay) for it?
Exercise 2:
Supply a suitable tense of the verbs in brackets.
1. By next June he (write) his second novel.
2. Before his next visit here he (return) from a world tour.
3. Before you go to see them, they (leave) the country.
4. He (finish) this before you leave.
5. By the end of the summer he (teach) us to speak English.
6. By this time next week you (meet) my friend.
7. When you come back he already (buy) the house.
8. The meeting (finish) by the time we get there.
9. By next month he (sell) all his furniture.
10. By next Sunday you (stay) with us for five weeks.
Exercise 3:
Supply a suitable tense to verbs between brackets into either the Simple Past Tense or the Past
Perfect Tense.
1. They (go) home after they (finish) their work.
2. She said that she already (see) the Pyramids.
3. She just (go) out when I called at her house.
4. You ought to have brought her straight home after she (fall) in the river.
5. They told him that they (not meet) him before.
6. He asked why we (come) so early.
7. She (tell) me his name after he (leave).
8. He (do) nothing after he saw me.
9. My friend enjoyed his food as soon as he (taste) it.
10. He (thank) me for what I (do).
11. I (be) sorry that I (hurt) him.
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Chapter 2
Participle
There are two types of Participle:
1. Present Participle (Verb-ing)
2. Past Participle (Verb-3)
Present Participle and Past Participle can be used as adjectives.
Some pairs of Present Participle and Past Participle which are used as adjectives :
Present Participle
Boring
Interesting
Exciting
Tiring
Surprising
Amazing
Frightening
Confusing
Disappointing
Fascinating
Embarrassing
Horrifying
Terrifying
Depressing
Worrying
Annoying
Exhausting
Satisfying
Meaning
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
Past Participle
Bored
Interested
Excited
Tired
Surprised
Amazed
Frightened
Confused
Disappointed
Fascinated
Embarrassed
Horrified
Terrified
Depressed
Worried
Annoyed
Exhausted
Satisfied
Meaning
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
............................
.............................
.............................
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 2:
Choose the right adjectives.
1. I was disappointing/ disappointed with the film.
2. We were all horrifying/horrified when we heard about the disaster.
3. Its sometimes embarrassing/embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.
4. Are you interesting/interested in football?
5. I enjoyed the football match. It was quite exciting/excited.
6. It was a really terrifying/terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very
shocking/shocked.
7. I had never expected to be offered the job. I was really amazing/amazed when I was offered
it.
8. The kitchen hadnt been cleaned for ages. It was really disgusting/disgusted.
9. Do you easily get embarrassing/embarrassed?
Exercise 3:
Complete these sentences with an adjective ending in -ing or ed.
1. Jane finds her job ..................She wants to do something different.
2. I seldom visit art galleries. Im not very .....................in arts.
3. Why do you always look.......................? Is your life really so .....................?
4. I went for a very long walk. It was very ........................................
5. Hes one of the most .........................people Ive ever met. He never stops talking and never
says something..........................
6. I was ............................when I heard they were getting divorced. They had always seemed
so happy together.
7. Im starting a new job next week. Im quite..........................about it.
Exercise 4:
Rewrite the following sentences. Use the information in brackets to make an-ing clause or an ed
clause.
Example: a. That girl is Australian. (she is talking to Tom)
That girl talking to Tom is Australian.
b. The man was taken to the hospital. (he was injured in the accident)
The man injured in the accidents was taken to the hospital.
1. A plane crashed into the sea yesterday. (it was carrying 28 passengers)
2. When I was walking home, there was a man. (he was following me)
3. I was woken up by the baby. (she was crying)
4. At the end of the street there is a path. (the path leads to the river)
5. Some paintings were stolen from the palace. (they belong to the Queen)
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6. The window has now been repaired. (it was broken in last nights storm)
7. Most of the suggestions were not very practical. (they were made at the meeting)
8. The paintings havent been found yet. (they were stolen from the museum)
Exercise 5:
Complete these sentences with the verbs in the box. Use the correct form of the Present Participle
or Past Participle.
blow
read
call
ring
invite
sit
live
study
offer
wait
post
work
Chapter 3
Sentences with wish
Observe the sentences below:
SITUATION
My mother is sick.
Tom doesnt live in the city.
I go to school on foot.
I was sick last week.
Some students failed the exams.
They didnt attend the meeting.
WISH
I wish my mother were not sick.
I wish he lived in the city.
I wish I didnt go to school on foot.
I wish I had not been sick.
I wish they had not failed the exams.
I wish they had attended the meeting.
Wish in the sentences above is used to express an expectation which was not fulfilled. When the
fact is in the present, the wish is in the past. When the fact is in the past, the wish is in the past
perfect. The sentence with wish is unreal. It is contrary to the fact.
See the following pattern:
FACT
Present Tense:
Am, is are
V-1
Does/do not + V1
Past Tense :
Was, were
V-2
Did not + V1
WISH
Past Tense:
Were
Did not + V1
V-2
Past Perfect Tense :
Had been
Had not + V3
Had + V3
Exercise 1:
Read the following sentences and respond using wish.
Example: The doctor isnt in now.
I wish the doctor were in now.
1. Paul cant drive a car.
2. They dont sell groceries here.
3. John isnt going with us.
4. The students dont understand the lesson.
5. The dentist doesnt work on Sundays.
6. You dont know the director.
7. Joe feels very sad.
8. Mrs. Andi will lend you money.
9. George has to write a lot of letters.
10. The bus leaves at six p.m.
Exercise 2:
Based on the following situation, write sentences with wish like the example.
Example: Youve eaten so much and now you feel sick.
You say : I wish I hadnt eaten so much.
1. Youve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesnt look very nice.
2. You were walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but
you didnt bring your camera.
3. A good friend of yours visited your town but unfortunately you were away when he
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4. She went to the blackboard as if she knew how to solve the problem.
From the sentence we know that .......
a. She actually cant solve the problem.
b. She ought to know how to solve the problem.
c. She definitely knew how to solve the problem.
d. She should know how to solve the problem.
e. She succeeded to solve the problem.
5. Im planning to go to a party tonight, but its raining very hard now.
I wish...........raining now.
a. it stops
c. it will stop
e. it would stop
b. it has stopped
d. it had stopped
6. If only his son had studied harder.
This means..........
a. His son didnt study harder.
d. His son will not study harder.
b. His son had studied harder.
e. His son never studies harder.
c. His son has studied harder.
7. Im sorry I dont know the answer but I really wish I ..........
a. know
c. have known
e. had known
b. knew
d. will know
8. Mother said to the guest, I wish you..........leave now.
a. didnt have to
c. wont have to
e. werent having to
b. havent got to
d. arent having to
9. She is always busy with her work. I wish i...............her more often.
a. visit
c. am visiting
e. could visit
b. would visit
d. have visited
10. I wish you..........to stay at home because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the
concert very much.
a. didnt have to
c. hadnt
e. havent had
b. hadnt had
d. dont have
o000o
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Chapter 4
Conjunctions
Though/although/even though, despite/in spite of
Because/as/since, because of
and others
Observe the following sentences:
1. a. Though it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
b. Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
c. Even though it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
d. Despite the rain, they enjoyed themselves.
e. In spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves.
2. a. Mary wore a raincoat because it was raining.
b. Mary wore a raincoat as it was raining.
c. Mary wore a raincoat since it was raining.
d. Mary wore a raincoat because of the rain.
Notes:
Though, Although, and Even though are followed by .........................................
Despite and In spite of are followed by .................................................................
Because, as and since are followed by.................................................................
Because of is followed by ....................................................................................
Exercise 1:
Complete the following sentences with although or in spite of.
1. ..................all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
2. ...................I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3. I love music...........................I cant play a musical instrument.
4. ............................being very tired, we carried on walking.
5. ............................the heating was full on, this house was till cold.
6. Keith decided to give up his job....................I advised him not to.
Exercise 2:
Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use the word(s) in
brackets in your sentences.
1. I couldnt sleep although I was tired. (despite)
...........................................................................................................................
2. Although he has an English name, he is in fact German. (despite)
...........................................................................................................................
3. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village. (although)
...........................................................................................................................
4. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. (in spite of)
...........................................................................................................................
5. We lost the match although we were the better team. (despite)
............................................................................................................................
6. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didnt feel hungry. (even though)
............................................................................................................................
Exercise 3:
Read the following sentences and change them using in spite of
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o000o
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Chapter 5
Conditional Sentences
There are three types of Conditional Sentences:
1. Future Conditional Sentence
2. Present Conditional Sentence
3. Past Conditional Sentence
Observe the following:
TYPE MAIN CLAUSE
1
Will/can + Verb-1
Examples:
He will go to the doctor
We will pass the exam
They will fail the exam
2
Examples:
I could fly high
He would go by car
He would be happier
3
IF-CLAUSE
USE
To express
something that
may or may not
happen in the
future
if he is sick.
if we study hard.
if they do not study hard.
Simple Past Tense
a. With be= were
b. With verb= V-2
c. With Auxiliary Verb= did
not + V-1
To express
something that is
contrary to the
fact of the
present
if I were a bird.
if he had one.
if his wife didnt work outside.
Past Perfect Tense
a. With be= had been
b. With verb= had+V-3
if he had been sick yesterday.
To express
something that is
contrary to the
fact of the past
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Chapter 6
Elliptical Constructions
A. Ellipsis with and........too or and so.......
Observe the following sentences:
1. My mother is a housewife. His mother is a housewife.
a. My mother is a housewife, and his mother is too.
b. My mother is a housewife, and so is his mother.
2. My father loves durian. My mother loves durian.
a. My father loves durian, and my mother does, too.
b. My father loves durian, and so does my mother.
3. Andi passed the examination. Fina passed the examination.
a. Andi passed the examination, and Fina did, too.
b. Andi passed the examination, and so did Fina.
Exercise 1:
Join the following pairs of sentences using and........too and and so............
1. The front door is locked. The back door is locked.
2. Well attend the meeting. Theyll attend the meeting.
3. The money was stolen. The jewellery was stolen.
4. Mia has read the book. Her friends have read the book.
5. His parents work hard to support the family. My parents work hard to support the
family.
6. My brother could lift the box. My father could lift the box.
7. They knew the answer quite well. I knew the answer quite well.
8. I tried to persuade her to come. Her friends tried to persuade her to come.
9. The mangoes she bought were spoilt. The apples she bought were spoilt.
10. The umbrella belongs to her. The purse belongs to her.
B. Ellipsis with and........either or and neither.......
Observe the following sentences:
1. My father is not a civil servant. My mother is not a civil servant.
a. My father is not a civil servant, and my mother is not either.
b. My father is not a civil servant, and neither is my mother.
2. My sister cannot sing well. My cousin cannot sing well.
a. My sister cannot sing well, and my cousin cannot either.
b. My sister cannot sing well, and neither can my cousin.
3. I havent finished my homework. She hasnt finished her homework.
a. I havent finished my homework, and she hasnt either.
b. I havent finished my homework, and neither has she.
Exercise 2:
Combine the following sentences using either and neither.
1. I have never met her before. My sister has never met her before.
2. My father is not at home. My mother is not at home.
3. She will not be moving out after all. He will not be moving out after all.
4. I do not trust him anymore. My sister does not trust him anymore.
5. He did not break the vase. I did not break the vase.
6. Cindi has not graduated. Dewi has not graduated.
7. My father does not have enough money to buy a new car. His father does not have
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e. either do I
5. Because of the rain, the teacher couldnt come on time and .............
a. I neither couldnt
d. also I could not
b. neither did I
e. so did I
c. I couldnt either
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6. Andy agreed that everybody had to pay Rp 500,000,- for the study tour to Bali.
a. neither was I
d. while I didnt
b. but I am not
e. I didnt either
c. so am I
7. A : I dont think your cousin knows anything about computers.
B : But he ............. He took a computer course last year.
a. knows b. does
c. know
d. do
e. is
8. I dont like bright colours. ...................
a. So dont I
c. Neither dont I
b. I dont so
d. I dont either
e. I dont also
o000o
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Chapter 7
Degrees of Comparison
Observe the following table:
POSITIVE
One or twoTall
syllable adjectives high
Clever
Three-syllable
Beautiful
adjectives
Interesting
Important
Irregular
Good/well
Bad/badly
Far
Little
Many/much
COMPARATIVE
Taller than
Higher than
Cleverer than
More beautiful than
More interesting than
More important than
Better than
Worse than
Further (than)
Farther than
Less than
More than
SUPERLATIVE
The tallest
The highest
The cleverest
The most beautiful
The most interesting
The most important
The best
The worst
The furthest
The farthest
The least
The most
Exercise 1:
Complete these sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one of the following adjectives or
adverbs.
crowded
early
easily
expensive
interested
near
often
quiet
thin
large
1. This jacket is too small. I need a .....larger..........size.
2. You look............................. Have you lost weight?
3. Hes not so keen on his studies. Hes .............in having a good time.
4. Youll find your way around the town.............if you have a map.
5. Youre making too much noise. Can you be a bit ............................?
6. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was..................than usual.
7. Youre late. I expected you to be here...................
8. You hardly ever write to me. Why dont you write a bit........................?
9. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much.....................
10. Its a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived..........................
Exercise 2:
Match the clauses in Part A with the suitable clauses in Part B.
PART A
PART B
The earlier we leave
the faster youll learn
The longer we waited
the more you have to pay
The more I got to know him
the sooner well arrive
The more you practice your English
the more profit youll make
The longer the telephone call
the more impatient he became
The more goods you sell
the more I liked him
Answers:
1. The earlier we leave, ..........................................................................................
2.
...........................................................................................................................
3. ............................................................................................................................
4. ............................................................................................................................
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5. ............................................................................................................................
6. ............................................................................................................................
Exercise 3:
Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning. Begin as shown.
Example: Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isnt as old as he looks.
1. It is warmer today than yesterday. It isnt......................
2. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasnt..................
3. I go out less than I used to. I dont .............................
4. The hotel is cheaper than I expected. The hotel isnt..................
5. There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There werent............
6. The examination was easier than we expected. The examination wasnt....................
Exercise 4:
Read these sentences and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use a superlative each
time and begin each sentence as shown.
Example: Ive never seen such a boring film.
Its the most boring film Ive ever seen.
1. Ive never heard such a funny story. Thats the most............................heard.
2. Hes never made such a bad mistake. Thats...................................................
3. I havent tasted such a good coffee for a long time.
Thats ............................................................................................................
4. Ive never slept in such an uncomfortable bed.
This is.............................................................................................................
5. Ive never had such a big meal. It is..............................................................
6. Ive never met such a generous person as Ann.
Ann is..............................................................................................................
7. Ive never had such a good friend as you. You...............................................
8. I havent had to make such a difficult decision for years.
This is ............................................................................................................
Exercise 5:
Think of your own family and compare all of them. How do they differ from each other on their
height, weight, personality or the others. Make more than five sentences.
For example:
In my family Im taller than my brother, Tito, but my father is the tallest of all.
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Chapter 8
Relative Pronouns
Observe the following sentences:
1. The man who is coming here is the principal.
2. The man whom you talked about is my neighbour.
3. The man whose car was damaged in the accident was hospitalized.
4. The umbrella which is in front of the room is mine.
5. The umbrella which you borrow is my sisters.
6. The umbrella whose colour is red is Mrs. Wahyus.
For the sentences above you may also say:
1. The man that is coming here is the principal.
2. The man that you talked about is my neighbour.
The man you talked about is my neighbour.
4. The umbrella that is in front of the room is mine.
5. The umbrella that you borrow is my sisters.
The umbrella you borrow is my sisters.
The use of Defining Relative Pronouns
Subject
Person
.....who......
......that......
Thing
.....which.......
...... that........
Object
......whom.......
...... that.........
........----........
......which......
...... that.........
.......----.........
Possessive
.......whose......
......whose......
....... of which......
Exercise 1:
Add a relative pronoun to the following sentences. Use more than one relative pronoun if possible.
1. His wife is a woman .........loves jokes.
2. Im looking for somebody............I can trust.
3. I want to find a man ................will lend me the money.
4. The man.................you want has just left.
5. The lady..................was here yesterday has gone to London.
6. The magazine.....................you lent me is very interesting.
7. The chair..........................was broken is now mended.
8. The old man ................lives next door has just died.
9. Women .................in hospitals are to be admired.
10. The cigarette ..............you are smoking is Jarum.
11. The girl....................lives opposite my house is very pretty.
12. The fish...............I ate yesterday was not so good.
13. The street ................lead to school is very wide.
14. The flowers..........................I cut this morning is still very fresh.
15. The dress ....................you are wearing is lovely.
16. The person......................is sitting next to me is very good-looking.
17. Theres the lady....................purse has been stolen.
18. Thats the man.....................whose wife was badly wounded in the accident.
19. The girl...........................mother I was talking to has left the room.
20. I will never forget the man................had helped me fight the pickpocket.
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Possessive
......., whose.........,
......., of which.....,
......., whose.........,
Example:
1. Megawati, who was the first woman to be president of our country, is Sukarnos
daughter.
2. English, which is an international language, has been taught to students in
Indonesia since they are in the elementary school.
3. Gajah Mada University, which many students from all over Indonesia attend, is
situated in Yogyakarta.
Exercise 2:
Add the necessary relative pronoun to the following.
1. Flies,....................come mostly in the summer, carry diseases.
2. Love, .................is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life.
3. Oxford University, ............is one of the oldest in the world, has many different
colleges.
4. Swimming, ..............is a good sport, makes people strong.
5. Julius Caesar,................was a great general, was also a writer.
6. George Washington,.............became the President of the United States, never told a
lie.
7. Shakespeare,............is the worlds greatest dramatist, was born in a little cottage.
8. One should try to stop smoking,.................is a bad habit.
9. Grammar,..............some students dislike, is very good for them.
10.Air,.................we breathe, is made up of many gases.
Exercise 3:
Combine the following pairs of sentences by using a suitable relative pronoun.
1. Julius Caesar came to Britain in 55 BC. He was a powerful Roman General.
2. These cactus plants should not have too much water. They will grow well in pots
indoors.
3. Is that the new station? You pointed out to me last week.
4. This is the man I gave the money to him this morning.
5. An old soldier sits begging on the pavement. His legs were shot away in the war.
6. I left the cigarettes on the table. The table stands by the window.
7. Mozart spent the last ten years of his life in Vienna. His birth place was Salzburg.
8. What is the name of the girl? She came here last night.
9. The matter has been settled. You were arguing about it last night.
10. His step mother was not very kind to him. He was living with her.
Exercise 4:
Choose the best answer by crossing either a, b, c, d or e.
1. This is the book...................yesterday.
a. the teacher was talking about
b. about the teacher was talking
c. the teacher was talking about it
d. that the teacher was talking about it
e. whom the teacher was talking about
2. The businessman............we met at the party yesterday is the General Manager of a
25
big company.
a. whom
b. who
c. which
d. with whom
e. whoever
3. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship. The teachers like him.
The above sentence can be joined as follows:
The student................succeeded in getting a scholarship
a. whom the teachers like
b. he is liked by the teachers
c. the teachers like him
d. which the teachers like him
e. is liked by the teachers
4. His supervisor,..............is a very generous person.
a. he borrowed a car from him
b. where he borrowed a car
c. from whom he borrowed a car
d. his car he borrowed
e. the person he borrowed a car
5. Toms father,.........health hasnt been good lately, is in hospital now.
a. who is b. whose
c. his
d. of whom e. of which
6. The book..........................is only available in the library.
a. from which these two chapters are taken
b. these two chapters are taken
c. where these two chapters are taken from
d. it was from them the two chapter are
e. the two chapters are taken
7. This is the place.................the Dutch imprisoned Pangeran Diponegoro.
a. on which
c. where
e. which
b. where
d. that
8. This is Mr. Flash.............
a. which I told you
d. that I told you
b. whom I told you about
e. about which I told you
c. I told you
9. The lady...............this letter is addressed had moved to another city.
a. who
b. to which
c. to whom
d. whom
e. which
10. A : Who called you last night?
B : The student................
a. which I bought the typewriter from
b. from him I bought the typewriter
c. I bought the typewriter from him
d. from whom I bought the typewriter
e. his typewriter I bought
26
Chapter 9
Passive Voice
Observe the following :
1. Simple Present Tense
ACTIVE
Verb 1/ Verb 1s(es)
Example:
Someone cleans the house every day.
2. Simple Past Tense
ACTIVE
Verb 2
Example:
Someone cleaned the house yesterday.
3. Present / Past Continuous Tense
ACTIVE
Am, is, are + Verb-ing
Was, were + Verb-ing
Example:
Someone is cleaning the house now.
The servant was washing the plates when
I arrived home.
PASSIVE
Am, is, are + Verb 3
The house is cleaned every day.
PASIVE
Was, were + Verb 3
The house was cleaned yesterday.
PASSIVE
Am, is, are + BEING + Verb 3
Was, were + BEING + Verb 3
The house is being cleaned now.
The plates were being washed when I
arrived home.
PASSIVE
Can, could, will etc. + BE + Verb 3
The letter will be sent tomorrow.
The criminals must be punished.
Exercise 1:
Complete the following passive voice sentences in the tense suggested.
1. This picture (always admire).
Present
2. His leg (hurt) in an accident.
Past
3. This exercise (do) very carefully.
Present Continuous
4. The box (not open) for the last hundred years.
Present Perfect
5. The Tower of London (formerly use) as a prison. Past
6. Two of my dinner plates (break).
Present Perfect
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d. built
e. was built
29
Chapter 10
Causative Get and Have
Observe the following sentences:
1. My mother always gets the servant to wash the clothes.
2. My mother always has the servant wash the clothes.
3. My mother always gets the clothes washed by the servant.
4. My mother always has the clothes washed by the servant.
Answer the questions:
1. What are the meanings of the verbs get and has in the sentences above?
2. What is the difference between sentences numbers 1 and 2 and sentences numbers
3 and 4?
3. Complete the following patterns:
ACTIVE :
a. S + GET + O + ...................+ O.
b. S + HAVE + O + ..................+ O.
PASSIVE :
a. S + GET + O + ......................
b. S + HAVE + O + ...................
Exercise 1:
Fill in the blanks with causative get or have. Mind the form of the tense.
Example: I cannot go to receive the prize myself, but I will............somebody
represent me at the ceremony and ...........him to take the prize.
Answer: I cannot go to receive the prize myself, but I will HAVE somebody
represent me at the ceremony and GET him to take the prize.
1. She........her brother to repair the toy for her yesterday.
2. They ....some workmen come to paint their house while they were away on holiday.
3. The girl will.......her father to buy her the piano.
4. I will ...............the maid serve you some drinks while I am on the telephone.
5. We must................Fita clean up the mess before she goes out.
6. That girl is too quiet. I must.........her to say something.
7. He was too busy to go out for lunch, so he..........his friends to bring back some food
for him.
8. I bought her a watch, and I ................the goldsmith carve her name on it.
9. The burglars................the frightened woman to tell them where she kept all her
valuables.
10. We lost our way at first; but later we.........................a passer-by give us the correct
direction.
Exercise 2:
Change the following sentences into the other forms of causative active and passive.
Example : He had the man tow away the car.
Answers: a. He had the car towed away by the man.
b. He got the man to tow away the car.
c. He got the car towed away by the man.
1. I will get the children to pick the mangoes.
2. We had the mechanic repair the television set.
30
3. She will have the maid iron the suit as soon as possible.
4. The man always gets his wife to wake him up.
5. My father had the fence repaired.
6. Fitria got me to carry her books.
7. My mother will get my brother to help us.
8. That old man had his grandson take him around the town.
9. The boys usually get other people to replace them.
10. The owner had the house renovated.
Exercise 3:
Replace the active causative in these sentences into passive and vice versa.
1. He gets his hair trimmed once a month.
2. We had our car repaired at the garage.
3. She got her fortune told by that man.
4. My mother had all her dresses sewn by a seamstress.
5. The plank was too long, so we had it sawn into two.
6. The police got the man reveal the secret plans of his gang.
7. She will have this dress altered to fit her.
8. We had the plumber fix the leaking tap.
9. The soldier had his wound examined by the doctor.
10.The students have their clothes washed and ironed at the laundry.
Exercise 4:
Choose the best answer by crossing either am, b, c, d, or e.
1. The pipe is leaking. You must have it mended. The sentence means.......
a. You have mended the pipe.
b. A plumber has mended the pipe.
c. Someone has mended the pipe.
d. You have to find someone to mend the pipe.
e. You dont need someone to mend the pipe.
2. Because she is ill, she wants ............into her room.
a. to have her meals brought
d. she has brought her meals
b. to have brought her meals
e. having her meals brought
c. she brings her meals
3. The teacher had the students.......................to the passage twice before they
answered the questions.
a. listen
c. listening
e. have listened
b. listened
d. to listen
4. My mother was not strong enough to clear the old tree trunks from the shed, so
she..........
a. had the gardener do the job
b. had to do the job of the gardener
c. had the gardener doing the job
d. had been doing the gardeners job
e. had done the job by the gardener
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Chapter 11
Modal Auxiliaries
Notice the forms and meanings of the modal auxiliaries.
Will
Can
May
Might
Should
Must
b. will be
e. would have been
c. must be
2. The teacher said to Iwan : You can go now.
The sentence means..........
a. Iwan was supposed to go.
d. Iwan was requested to go.
b. Iwan was advised to go.
E. Iwan was allowed to go
c. Iwan was ordered to go.
3. Her house is very dirty. She..........it for a long time.
a. does not clean
d. should not have cleaned it
b. could not be cleaning
e. must not have cleaned it
c. did not clean
4. My brother did not keep his promise to send us a message soon. He might have
been very busy. The sentence means..........
a. My brother will be very busy.
d. My brother would be very busy.
b. My brother was certainly busy.
e. My brother was perhaps very busy.
c. My brother is expected to be very busy.
5. X : Hello! Is your Mom home? This is from her office.
Y : No. She left home an hour ago.
X : Then, she.........................at the office by now.
a. will have arrived
d. could have arrived
b. would have arrived
e. ought to have arrived
c. must have arrived
6. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody......entered the house
while we were away.
a. could have
d. ought to have
b. would have
e. must have
c. should have
7. They lost all their possession in the fire; they............a hard time now.
a. may have had
d. used to have
b. must be having
e. are to have
c. ought to have
8. His English is very good. He..............quite a lot.
a. ought to practice
d. must have been practising
b. should practice
e. has to be practising
c. will have practice
9. Last year the couple could save much money, otherwise, they.....to make a tour
around the world this year.
a. cant afford
d. will afford
b. could afford
e. wouldnt afford
c. could not have afforded
10. It is possible that there will be a rise in the price of petrol soon.
We can also say............ There..............a rise in the price of petrol soon.
a. must be
d. may be
b. should be
e. had better be
c. has to be
35
Chapter 12
Agreement/Concord
A. Agreement of subject and verb:
When the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; when the subject is plural,
the verb must be plural, too.
Examples:
1. His knowledge about mathematics and natural science has made him successful.
2. My mother, accompanied by my father, is going to visit my grandmother in
Jakarta.
3. Either of these buses goes to the university.
4. Twenty dollars is the price of the watch.
Notes: Along with, with and accompanied by do not cause singular subjects to be
plural.
The following indefinite pronouns are singular:
anyone
neither
anything
no one
each
nothing
either
what
everyone,
whatever
everything
whoever
The following collective subjects agree with singular verbs:
audience
group
2,3,4..................dollars
class
public
2,3,4...................miles
committee
staff
faculty
team
family
B. Agreement of noun and pronoun
Singular male person
: he, him, his
Singular female person
: she, her, hers
Singular thing/animal
: it, its
Plural people/animals/ things : they, their, them
Examples:
1. It is easier to talk about the problem than it is to resolve it.
2. In spite of their small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
3. If one knew about a fact, he will not be so quick to criticize.
Exercise 1:
Fill in the correct form of the bracketed words (plural or singular).
1. The traffic on the road today..............(be) very heavy.
2. The news .....................(be) brought to us yesterday by a friend.
3. The pyjamas he is wearing now..................(belong) to my brother.
4. She had to hire a porter to carry the luggage, which..........(be) very heavy.
5. The cattle.................(have) all been driven to the market this morning for sale.
6. The police.............(have) now finished questioning the suspect.
7. A series of tests.................(have) been made on the animals; we are now awaiting
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37
Chapter 13
Word Order
A. Adverbs of Frequency
Always
Sometimes
Usually
Often
Generally
Occasionally
rarely
seldom
scarcely
hardly ever
never
C. Order of Adjectives
38
DETERMINER
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
A/an First
Two
The Second three
My
Third
Another
Your Only
Several
her
some
A lot of
his
our
this
that
SIZE
AGE
Interesting
Boring
Beautiful
Pretty
ugly
Handsome
Clever
Etc
Big
Small
Little
Short
Tall
Wide
Narrow
Etc.
Old
Round
Young square
New
etc
Cold
Hot
Warm
modern
Red
Yellow
Green
Blue
Brown
etc
Iron
Stone
Paper
Brick
Wood
Gold etc
Task 1:
Put the adverbials at the correct place.
1. He was born (in the year 1995, at 10 a.m., On June 14th).
2. She drinks coffee (at hone, every morning).
3. Our teacher spoke to us (in class, very rudely, this morning).
4. I saw my friend off (at 7 oclock, at the station, this morning).
5. Mrs. Bani was working (at her office, very hard, all day yesterday).
6. They stayed (quietly, all day, there).
7. He played (at the Town Hall, last night, beautifully, in the concert).
8. I will meet you (outside your office, tomorrow, at 2 oclock).
9. We are going (for a week, to Switzerland, on Saturday)
10. The train arrived (this morning, very late, in Tawang Station).
Task 2:
Put the adverb of frequency in the following sentences into the correct place.
1. She is a good student. (always)
2. We try to work well. (always)
3. We are very busy. (generally)
4. My mother goes for a walk on Sundays. (often)
5. The buses are full in this town. (usually)
6. They have heard of it. (never)
7. Mary can swim now. (nearly)
8. She knows what to say about it. (scarcely)
9. The porter was able to carry my luggage. (hardly)
10.The children quarrel with each other. (often)
11. Her death has upset me. (quite)
12. He gets up before half past nine. (never)
Task 3:
Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.
Example: a beautiful table (wooden round)
a beautiful round wooden table
1. an unusual ring (gold)
..................................................
39
Car
Book
House
Dress
Ring
Etc
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
..................................................
Task 4:
Choose the correct answer by crossing either a, b, c, d, or e.
1. Choose the correct sentence.
a. In the library Andi clearly told me everything last night.
b. Andi in the library clearly last night told me everything.
c. Everything Andi told me clearly last night in the library.
d. Clearly last night Andi told me everything in the library.
e. Last night Andi told me everything clearly in the library.
2. You shouldnt write such a criticized articles.
a. Seldom they are published.
b. Seldom published the are.
c. They seldom are published.
d. They published are seldom.
e. They are seldom published.
3. Choose the correct sentence!
a. Has ever your brother been injured in a football match?
b. Has your brother ever been injured in a football match?
c. Has your brother been ever injured in a football match?
d. Has your brother been injured ever in a football match?
e. Has your brother been injured in a football match ever?
4. Which one is true?
a. Does he sometimes read English good books?
b. Does he read sometimes good English books?
c. Does sometimes he read good English books?
d. Does sometimes he read English good books?
e. Does he sometimes read good English books?
5. Which of the following statements is true?
a. I think he is not enough strong to lift that box alone.
b. I think he is not strong enough to lift that box alone.
c. I think he is not strong enough alone to lift that box.
d. I think he is alone not strong enough to lift that box.
e. I think he alone is not strong enough to lift that box.
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41
Chapter 14
Direct and Indirect Speech
A. Commands or Imperative
See the following examples:
1. Pay attention, the teacher said.
The teacher told us to pay attention.
2. Wash your face, please, she told the sleepy student.
She told the sleepy student to wash his face.
3. Dont sit on this chair, I told her.
I told her not to sit on that chair.
4. Dont be afraid, I asked her.
I asked her not to be afraid.
Changes that happen from direct command to indirect command :
V1
to V1
Dont V1
not to V1
B. Statements
In reported statements there are two types of introducing verbs:
1. in the present such as: tell, will tell, has told, says, has said etc
2. in the past such as : told, had told, said etc.
When the reporting verb is in the present, there is no change of tenses from direct into indirect
sentence. However, when the reporting verb is in the past, there is always a change of tense from
direct into indirect sentence, except for eternal truth and natural laws.
Examples:
a. Im a good dancer, she often says.
She often says that she is a good dancer.
b. Im a good dancer, she said.
She said that she was a good dancer.
c. The teacher explains, The sun rises in the east.
The teacher explains that the sun rises in the east.
d. The teacher explained. The sun rises in the east.
The teacher explained that the sun rises in the est.
Changes that happen from direct into indirect speech when the reporting verb is in the past.
1. Changes of Tenses
a. Simple Present Tense
Simple Past Tense
V1
V2
Do/does + V1
did + V1
b. Simple Past
Past perfect Tense
V2
had + V3
Did + V1
had + V3
c. Present Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense
am, is, are + V-ing
was, were + V-ing
d. Past Continuous Tense
Past perfect Continuous Tense
was, were + V-ing
Had been +V-ing
e. Present Perfect tense
Past Perfect Tense
has/have + V3
had + V3
42
that day
then
the following day
the next day
the day after
the previous day
the day before
the following.........
the ...................after
the previous.................
the ...............before
3. Changes of Modals
a. will
b. can
c. may
c. must
4. Other changes
a. here
b. this
c. these
would
could
might
had to
there
that
those
C. Yes/No Questions
Observe the following:
1. Is your mother a housewife?, I asked her.
I asked her if/whether her mother was a housewife.
2. Will you attend the party?, She asked me.
She asked me if/whether I would attend the party.
3. Do you go to school on foot?, they wanted to know.
They wanted to know if/whether I went to school on foot.
The changes from direct to indirect in YES/NO questions:
Direct Yes/No Question
TO BE/AUX + S+ V/N/ADJ
D. WH-Questions
Observe the following sentences:
1. The boy asked me, Where is your brother?
The boy asked me where my brother was.
2. The policeman said, How did the accident happen?
The policeman wanted to know how the accident had happened.
43
Indirect WH-Question
WH + S + TO BE/AUX + V/N/ADJ
Task 1:
Rewrite the following sentences into indirect commands.
1. Clean it yourself, mother told my brother.
2. Wrap it in a piece of paper, I told the shop assistant.
3. Father told the gardener, Cut the grass in the garden.
4. The pilot told the passengers, Fasten your safety belt.
5. Dont sit on my bed, my sister asked me.
6. Wait there till I come, he asked her
7. Dont speak until you are asked, she asked me.
8. I told my brother, Leave it on the piano.
9. Dont try to be funny, the teacher told the naughty students.
10. Dont spill the ink on the carpet, they said to me.
Task 2:
Change the following sentences into reported statements.
1. I am going to town with my sister, Fahmi said.
2. We have finished our work, they said.
3. I want to speak to you, I told the teacher.
4. He is ready to come with us, Intan said.
5. They do not know you, I said to her.
6. She has done her homework well, the teacher said.
7. You can do it if you try, I advised him.
8. You may see the photograph if you like, I said to her.
9. They went away yesterday, he said.
10. I lost my temper yesterday morning, he confessed.
Task 3:
Put the following sentences into the reported speech.
1. Did you meet the minister when you were in Jakarta? she asked me.
2. Does she always wear Moslem clothes? I asked him.
3. Have you ever seen my new bag? she asked me.
4. Must the door be kept shut? the shop assistant asked me.
5. May I use your telephone? my friend asked me.
6. Was the train very full last Sunday? the man asked the officer.
7. Have the children put away their toys? mother wanted to know.
8. Do you sleep in the afternoon? I asked her.
9. Did the greengrocer have any fresh vegetables? mother asked me.
10. Will the taxi be here at eight oclock? father asked the waiter.
Task 4:
Change the following sentences into the reported questions.
44
o000o
46
Chapter 15
Question-Tags
Observe the following sentences:
1. You have been living here for years, havent you?
2. The children could do the test, couldnt they?
3. The show will end soon, wont it?
4. Girls should not go out at night alone, should they?
5. The students havent done their homework, have they?
Rules of Question Tag:
1. When the statement is positive, the tag is negative. When the statement is negative,
the tag is positive.
2. To be (am, is, are, was, were) or auxiliary verb (will, can, have, has etc.) in the
statement is repeated in the tag.
3. When there is no be or auxiliary verb, the tag must be added with the auxiliary
verb do, does or did.
V1
do
V1 s/es does
V2
did
4. The subject in the tag is always the same as the subject in the statement but in the
form of personal pronoun (I, we, you, they, she, he, it)
5. Negative tag is always in the contracted form ( isnt, doesnt, wont etc.)
6. When there are two auxiliary verbs used in the sentence, the tag uses the fist
auxiliary verb.
For example : The students should have studied, shouldnt they?
7. In commands, the tag is either will you ? (rising intonation)
Or wont you? (falling intonation)
Example : Study hard for your test, will you?
Study hard for your test, wont you?
8. Have, has and had are auxiliaries when followed by V3. When they are not, they
are considered as verbs, so we have to add the auxiliaries of do, does and did.
Example : You have finished your work, havent you?
You have to finish your work, dont you?
You have a happy family, dont you?
9. Special Question-Tags:
No.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Statement
I am
Lets
Hed better
Hed rather
Hed go
Hed gone
Hes taking
Hes taken
He ought to....
Tag
aren,t I?
shall we?
hadnt he?
wouldnt he?
wouldnt he
hadnt he
isnt he
hasnt he
shouldnt
Exercise 1:
Add suitable question-tags to the following statements.
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48