Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Construction of contract
Before those dates the hall was accidentally destroyed by fire, and the plaintiff claimed damages
for the loss he had suffered by reason of the non-occurrence of the concerts.
The claim failed because the contract of hire was construed to contain an 'implied condition' that
'the parties shall be excused in case ... performance becomes impossible from the perishing of
the thing without default of the contractor'.
strict liability
2.
Frustration of contract
Where events which occurred after the making of a contract have rendered the performance of
the contract impossible, illegal or something radically different from what was in the
contemplation of the parties when they entered into the contract, then the contract may be
discharged on the ground of frustration.
have mentioned, the commercial arbitrators were all in favour of maintaining the contract; such
a view in relevant commercial circles is obviously adopted as law by the English courts more
readily than is usual in Germany.
5. Effect of frustration
a.
The loss lies where it falls at the time of the frustrating event in accordance with
the contractual allocation of the risk.
Chandler v. Webster [1904] 1 K.B. 493 (CA)
The plaintiff agreed to hire rooms from the defendant for the purpose of viewing
the coronation procession of Edward VII. He further agreed to pay the sum of
141 on, or as soon as possible after, the signing of the agreement. He in fact
paid only 100. When the procession was cancelled because of the illness of the
King, the contract was frustrated.
Held that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover the 100. The defendant was
entitled to claim the remaining sum of 41 whereas his obligation to provide the
flat was discharged.
b.
Restitutionary response under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
X contracted to make and erect machinery in Y's factory. Payment was to be made by
monthly installment. After the conclusion of the contract, an accidental fire broke out and
destroyed the factory, which frustrated the contract. By then, Y had paid 5000 (benefit) and X
had spent 4000 (loss, wasted expenses). How much must X return to Y?
s. 1(2) All sums paid or payable to any party in pursuance of the contract before the time when
the parties were so discharged (in this Act referred to as "the time of discharge") shall, in the
case of sums so paid, be recoverable from him as money received by him for the use of the
party by whom the sums were paid, and, in the case of sums so payable, cease to be so payable:
Provided that, if the party to whom the sums were so paid or payable incurred expenses before
the time of discharge in, or for the purpose of, the performance of the contract, the court may, if
it considers it just to do so having regard to all the circumstances of the case, allow him to retain
or, as the case may be, recover the whole or any part of the sums so paid or payable, not being
an amount in excess of the expenses so incurred.
eg 2.
X contracted to make and erect machinery in Y's factory. Payment was to be made
upon completion of the work. After part of the machinery worth 5000 had been erected, an
accidental fire broke out and destroyed the factory, which frustrated the contract. But the
machinery (benefit) was not damaged by the fire and Y could use it in another factory although
it would not be as valuable as in the factory destroyed. Can X recover from Y any part of the
5000?
s. 1(3) Where any party to the contract has, by reason of anything done by any other party
thereto in, or for the purpose of, the performance of the contract, obtained a valuable benefit
(other than a payment of money to which the last foregoing subsection applies) before the time
of discharge, there shall be recoverable from him by the said other party such sum (if any), not
exceeding the value of the said benefit to the party obtaining it, as the court considers just,
having regard to all the circumstances of the case and, in particular,
(a) the amount of any expenses incurred before the time of discharge by the benefited party in,
or for the purpose of, the performance of the contract, including any sums paid or payable by
him to any other party in pursuance of the contract and retained or recoverable by that party
under the last foregoing subsection, and
(b) the effect, in relation to the said benefit, of the circumstances giving rise to the frustration of
the contract.
eg 3.
X contracted to make and erect machinery in Y's factory. Payment was to be made
upon the completion of the work. After part of the machinery worth 5000 had been erected, an
accidental fire broke out and destroyed both the factory and machinery (lost benefit), which
frustrated the contract. Can X recover from Y 5000?
BP v. Hunt (No. 2) [1979] 1 WLR 783
Held that, where the end product is destroyed by the frustrating event, the provider of the
services has no claim under s. 1(3) because the value of the benefit (namely, the end product)
has been reduced to zero by the frustrating event.
eg 4.
X contracted to make and erect machinery in Y's factory. Payment was to be made
upon the completion of the work. After a part of the machinery worth 5000 had been erected,
an accidental fire broke out and destroyed both the factory and machinery (lost benefit), which
frustrated the contract. By that time, X had spent 2000 to buy materials to build the remainder
of the machinery (loss, wasted expenses). Can X recover from Y any part of the 2000?
c.
ii.