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2
Formulas and Concepts
Kinematics
Note: - Bold letter are used to denote vector quantity
i,j,z are the unit vector along x,y and z axis
Type of
Motion
Formula
Motion in one
dimension
Motion in two
dimension
Motion in three
dimension
Projectile Motion
Uniform circular
motion
r=xi
v=(dx/dt)i
a=dv/dt=(d2x/dt2)i and a=vdv/dr
v=u+at
s=ut+1/2at2
v2=u2+2as
In integral form r=vdt
v=adt
r=xi +yj
v=dr/dt=(dx/dt)i + (dy/dt)j
a=dv/dt=(d2x/dt2)i+(d2x/dt2)j and a=vdv/dr
Constant accelerated equation same as above
r=xi +yj+zk
v=dr/dt=(dx/dt)i + (dy/dt)j+(dz/dt)k
a=dv/dt=(d2x/dt2)i+(d2x/dt2)j+(d2x/dt2)k
a=vdv/dr
Constant accelerated equation same as above
x=(v0cos0)t
y=(v0sin0)t-gt2/2
vx= v0cos0 and vy= v0sin0t-gt , where 0 is the angle initial
velocity makes with the positive x axis.
a=v2/R , where a is centripetal acceleration whose direction
of is always along radius of the circle towards the centre and
a=42R/T2 acceleration in uniform circular motion in terms
of time period T
Case
For straight line
motion
For three
dimensions motion
Description
If the objects are moving in the same direction, relative velocity can be
get by subtracting other.
If they are moving in opposite
direction ,relative velocity will be get by adding the velocities example
like train problems
if
va=vxai + vyaj
vb=vxbi + vybj
Relative velocity of B relative to A
=vxbi + vybj -(vxai + vyaj)
=i(vxb-vxa) + j(vyb-vya)
va=vxai + vyaj +vzaz
vb=vxbi + vybj + vzbz
Relative velocity of B relative to A
=vxbi + vybj + vzbz -(vxai + vyaj +vzaz)
=i(vxb-vxa) + j(vyb-vya)+z(vyb-vya)
Point
Freely falling motion of any body under the effect of gravity is an example of uniformly
accelerated motion.
Kinematics equation of motion under gravity can be obtained by replacing acceleration 'a' in
equations of motion by acceleration due to gravity 'g'.
Thus kinematics equations of motion under gravity are
v = v0 + gt , x = v0t + ( gt2 ) and v2 = (v0)2 + 2gx
Value of g is equal to 9.8 m.s-2.The value of g is taken positive when the body falls vertically
downwards and negative when the body is projected up against gravity.
3
Formulas and Concepts
Laws of motion
S.No.
1
2
Term
Newton's first law of
motion
Newton's second law
of motion
Impulse
Description
'A body continues to be in state of rest or uniform motion unless it
is acted upon by some external force to act otherwise'
'Rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction of action of force
applied Mathematically, F= dp/dt =ma
where, p=mv , momentum of the body
a=acceleration
Impulse is the product of force and time which is equal to the
change in momentum
Impulse =Ft =p
'To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction'
FAB=-FBA
Initial momentum = final momentum
m1v1+m2v2=m1v1'+m2v2'
For equilibrium of a body
F1+F2+F3=0
Point
An accelerated frame is called non inertial frame while an non accelerated frame is called
inertial frame
Newton first law are valid in inertial frame only
Apparent weight of a body in the lift
Going Upward with acceleration a
W=m(g + a)
Going Down with acceleration a
W=m(g-a)
Always draw free body diagram to solve the force related problems
Term
Friction
Kinetic
Frictional force
Static Frictional
force
Inertial Frame
Of reference
Non Inertial
Frame Of
reference
Description
Frictional force acts between the bodies whenever there is a relative
motion between them. When bodies slip, frictional force is called static
frictional force and when the bodies do not slip, it is called kinetic
frictional force.
When bodies slip over each other
f=KN
Where N is the normal contact force between the surface and k is the
coefficient of kinetic Friction. Direction of frictional force is such that
relative slipping is opposed by the friction
Frictional force can also act even if there is no relative motion. Such
force is called static Frictional force. Maximum Static friction that a body
can exert on other body in contact with it is called limiting Friction.
fmax=sN Where
N is the normal contact force between the surface
And s is the coefficient of static Friction
fmax is the maximum possible force of static Friction. Note that s > k
and Angle of friction tan=s
Inertial frame of references is those attached to objects which are at rest
or moving at constant Velocity. Newtons law are valid in inertial frame of
reference. Example person standing in a train moving at constant
velocity.
Inertial frame of references is attached to accelerated objects for
example: A person standing in a train moving with increasing speed.
Newtons law are not valid.
To apply Newtons law ,pseudo force has to be introduced in the equation
whose value will be F=-ma
4
Formulas and Concepts
Term
Description
Work
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Law Of conservation of
Energy
Power
Term
Linear Momentum
Conservation of
momentum
Collision
Inelastic collision
Description
The linear momentum p of an object of mass m moving with
velocity v is defined as p=mv
Impulse of a constant force delivered to an object is equal to the
change in momentum
of the object
Ft = p = mvf - mvi
Momentum of system of particles is the vector sum of individual
momentum of the particle
ptotal=viMi
When no net external force acts on an isolated system, the total
momentum of the system is constant. This principle is called
conservation of momentum.
if Fext=0 then viMi=constant
Inelastic collision - the momentum of the system is conserved,
but kinetic energy is not.
Perfectly inelastic collision - the colliding objects stick together.
Elastic collision - both the momentum and the kinetic energy of
the system are conserved.
While colliding if two bodies stick together then speed of the
5
Formulas and Concepts
composite body is
v=
m1 u 1 + m 2 u 2
m1 + m 2
Kinetic energy of the system after collision is less then that before
collison
Final velocities of bodies after collision are
Elastic collision in
one dimension
m m2
2 m2
u1 +
u 2
v1 = 1
m1 + m 2
m1 + m2
2 m1 m2 m1
u1 +
u2
v2 =
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
also u u = v v
1
Case
m1=m2
When one of the bodies is at rest say u2=0
Description
v1=u2 and v2=u1
v 1 = 0 and v2 = u1
v1 = u 1 and v 2 = 0
m m2
v 1 = 1
m1 + m 2
v1 = u 1
and
2 m1
and
u 1
u1
v 2 =
m1 + m2
v2 = 2 u 2
Term
Centre of mass
position vector of
centre of mass
In coordinate
system
Velocity of CM
Force
Momentum
conservation in
COM motion
Description
It is that point where entire mass of the system is imagined to be
concentrated, for consideration of its translational motion.
Rcm=riMi/Mi where ri is the coordinate of element i and Mi is mass of
element i
xcm=xiMi/Mi
ycm=yiMi/Mi
zcm=ziMi/Mi
vCM=viMi/Mi
The total momentum of a system of particles is equal the total mass
times the velocity of the centre of mass
When Newtons second law of motion is applied to the system of
particles we find Ftot=MaCM with aCM=d2RCM/dt2
Thus centre of mass of the system moves as if all the mass of the
system were concentrated at the centre of mass and external force
were applied to that point.
P=MvCM which means that total linear momentum of system of
particles is equal to the product of the total mass of the system and
the velocity of its centre of mass.
Term
Angular Displacement
Angular velocity
Description
-When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, the angular
displacement is the angle swept out by a line passing
through any point on the body and intersecting the axis of
rotation perpendicularly
-It can be positive (counter clockwise) or negative (clockwise).
-Analogous to a component of the displacement vector.
-SI unit: radian (rad). Other
units: degree, revolution.
-Average angular velocity, is equal to /t .
Instantaneous Angular Velocity =d/dt
-Angular velocity can be positive or negative.
6
Formulas and Concepts
-It is a vector quantity and direction is perpendicular to the
plane of rotation
-Angular velocity of a particle is different about different points
-Angular velocity of all the particles of a rigid body is same
about a point.
Average angular acceleration= /t
Instantaneous Angular Acceleration
=d/dt
-The direction of an angular variable vector is along the axis.
- positive direction defined by the right hand rule.
- Usually we will stay with a fixed axis and thus can work in the
scalar form.
-angular displacement cannot be added like vectors. Angular
velocity and acceleration are vectors
=0 + t
=0t+1/2t2
.=0.0 + 2 .;
Also
=d/dt=(d/d)
v=Xr
Where r is vector joining the location of the particle and point
about which angular velocity is being computed
a=Xr
Rotational Inertia (Moment of Inertia) about a Fixed Axis
For a group of particles,
I = mr2
For a continuous body,
I = r2dm
For a body of uniform density
I = r2dV
Ixx=Icc+ Md2 Where Icc is the moment of inertia about the centre
of mass
Ixx+Iyy=Izz It is valid for plane laminas only.
Angular Acceleration
Vector Nature of
Angular Variables
Kinematics of rotational
Motion
Relation Between
Linear and angular
variables
Moment of Inertia
Perpendicular Axis
Therom
10
Torque
11
12
Rotational Kinetic
Energy
Rotational Work Done
13
Power
P =dW/dt=
14
Angular Momentum
15
Law of Conservation On
Angular Momentum
L=rXp
=rX(mv)
=m(rXv)
For a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis
L=I and dL/dt=
if =0 and L is constant
For rigid body having both translational motion and rotational
motion
L=L1+L2
L1 is the angular momentum of Centre mass about an stationary
axis
L2 is the angular momentum of the rigid body about Centre of
mass.
If the external torque is zero on the system then Angular
momentum remains contants
dL/dt=ext
if ext=0
then dL/dt=0
7
Formulas and Concepts
16
17
18
Equilibrium of a rigid
body
Angular Impulse
Gravitation
S.No.
Term
Description
Newtons Law of
gravitation
Acceleration due
to gravity
g=GM/R2 where M is the mass of the earth and R is the radius of the
earth
Gravitational
potential energy
Gravitational
potential
Keplers Law of
planetary motion
Escape velocity
Satellites
Variation of g
F=
V =
GM
( R + h)
Law of
orbits
Law of
areas
Law of
periods
Periodic
Time
T=2[(R+h)3/gR2]
With
altitude
2h
g h = g 1
R
With
depth
d
g d = g 1
R
With
latitude
g = g 0.037 cos 2
Elasticity
S.No.
1
Term
Elasticity
2
3
Stress
Strain
Hooks Law
Description
The ability of a body to regain its original shape and size when deforming
force is withdrawn
Stress=F/A where F is applied force and A is area over which it acts.
It is the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape.
Longitudinal strain = l/l volume strain = V/V and shear strain is due to
change in shape of the body.
Hook's law is the fundamental law of elasticity and is stated as for small
deformations stress is proportional to strain".
8
Formulas and Concepts
Elastic
Modulus
Poisson's
Ratio
Strain
energy
Hydrostatics
S.No.
1
Term
Fluid pressure
2
3
4
Pascals Law
Density
Atmospheric
pressure
Hydrostatic
pressure
Gauge pressure
6
7
8
9
10
Archimedes
principle
Upthrust
Boyles law
Charles law
Description
It is force exerted normally on a unit area of surface of fluid P=F/A. Its
unit is Pascal 1Pa=1Nm-2.
Pressure in a fluid in equilibrium is same everywhere.
Density of a substance is defined as the mass per unit volume.
Weight of all the air above the earth causes atmospheric pressure which
exerts pressure on the surface of earth. Atmospheric pressure at sea
level is P0=1.01x105Pa
At depth h below the surface of the fluid is P=gh where is the density
of the fluid and g is acceleration due to gravity.
P=P0+ gh , pressure at any point in fluid is sum of atmospheric
pressure and pressure due to all the fluid above that point.
When a solid body is fully or partly immersed in a fluid it experience a
buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid displaced by it.
It is the weight of the displaced liquid.
PV=constant
V/T=constant
Hydrodynamics
S.No.
1
2
3
4
Term
Streamline
flow
Turbulent
flow
Bernoullis
principle
Continuity of
flow
Viscosity
Description
In such a flow of liquid in a tube each particle follows the path of its
preceding particle.
It is irregular flow which does not obey above condition.
1 2
u + gh = cons tan t
2
A1 v1 = A2 v 2 where A1 and A2 are the area of cross section of tube of
p+
variable cross section and v1 and v2 are the velocity of flow of liquids
crossing these areas.
Viscous force between two layers of fluid of area A and velocity gradient
dv/dx is
F = A
dv
where is the coefficient of viscosity.
dx
Stokes law
Poiseuillis
equation
Q=
Pr 4
8l
Term
SHM
Description
In SHM the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from
the mean position and opposes its increase. Restoring force is F=-Kx
Where K=Force constant , x=displacement of the system from its
mean or equilibrium position
9
Formulas and Concepts
Amplitude
Time period
Frequency
Velocity
Acceleration
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Total energy
10
Oscillations of a
Spring mass
system
11
Simple pendulum
12
Compound
Pendulum
13
Damped
Oscillation
14
Forced
Oscillations and
Resonance
Waves
S.No.
1
Term
Wave
Description
-It is a disturbance which travels through the medium due to repeated
periodic motion of particles of the medium about their equilibrium
position.
10
Formulas and Concepts
Mechanical
waves
Non mechanical
waves
Transverse
waves
Longitudinal
waves
Equation of
harmonic wave
Wave number
Frequency
Speed of wave
10
Speed of a
transverse
wave
11
Speed of
longitudinal
waves
12
Principle of
superposition
13
Interference of
waves
14
Reflection of
waves
15
Standing waves
11
Formulas and Concepts
16
Normal modes
of stretched
string
17
Beats
18
Doppler effect
Thermal expansion
S.No.
1
Term
Coefficient of linear
expansion
Description
=
0
2
3
Length at temperature t C
Coefficient of superficial
expansion
4
5
At=A0(1+t)
6
7
Vt=V0(1+t)
=
=
At A0
A0 t
Vt V0
V0 t
Va V0
V0 t
where
Coefficient of real
expansion of a liquid
r =
Vr V0 where
V0 t
dt =
1 + t
at 00C.
10
P =
Pt P0
P0 t
12
Formulas and Concepts
11
12
v =
Vt V 0
V0 t
Term
Relation between Celsius,
Fahrenheit and Kelvin scale of
temperature
Principle of electrical
resistance thermometer
Specific heat
7
8
10
Principle of calorimetery
Description
C
F 32 K 273
=
=
100
180
100
Rt=R0(1+t) where Rt is resistance at t0C, R0 is
resistance at )0C and is temperature coefficient of
resistance.
W=JH where value of J is J=4.2J/cal.
C=Q/t where Q is the amount of heat absorbed and
t is rise in temperature.
It is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1Kg of substance by 10C
Molar specific heat of the substance is the amount of
heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of the
substance through 10C.
CP-Cv=R where R is universal gas constant.
Heat energy required to convert a unit mass of
substance from the solid to the liquid state without
change in temperature.
Heat energy required to convert a unit mass of
substance from the liquid to the gaseous state without
change in temperature.
Heat lost=Heat gain
Thermodynamics
S.No.
1
Term
Thermodynamic state
Zeroth law of
thermodynamics
First law of
thermodynamics
Second law of
thermodynamics
Work in volume
changes
4
5
Isothermal Process
8
9
Adiabatic Process
Isochoric process
10
11
Isobaric Process
Work done in
Isothermal process
Ideal gas equation for
adiabatic process
12
13
Work done in an
Adiabatic process
14
Thermal efficiency of
heat engine
Description
It refers to the state of the system that is completely defined by
pressure , volume and temperature of the system.
If two systems A and B are separately in equilibrium with the
third system C then system A and B are in thermal equilibrium
with each other
Heat energy given to the system is equal to the increase in
internal energy of the system and the work done. Q=U+W
Heat can not flow from a colder body to a hotter body without
some work being done by the external agency.
If pressure remains constant while the volume changes, then
work is
W = P(V2-V1)
In Quasi static process deviation of system from it's
thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimally small.
temperature of the system remains constant throughout the
process and thus Q =W
no heat enters or leaves a system thus
U=U2 - U1= - W
volume of the system remain uncharged throughout and U2 - U1
= U =Q
This process takes place at constant pressure.
W=nRT ln(V2/V1)
Where n is number of moles in sample of gas taken
PV = K (Constant)
Where is the ratio of specific heat (ordinary or molar) at
constant pressure and at constant volume = Cp/Cv
W = (P1V1-P2V2)/(-1) In and adiabatic process if W>0 i.e., work
is done by the gas then T2< T1 . If work is done on the gas
(W<0) then T2 > T1 i.e., temperature of gas rises
= 1-(Q2/Q1)
13
Formulas and Concepts
15
16
17
Coefficient of
performance of
refrigerator
Efficiency of carnot
engine
Carnot Theorem
= Q2/W =Q2/(Q1-Q2)
= Q2/W =Q2/(Q1-Q2)
Carnots theorem consists of two parts
(i) No engine working between two given temperatures can be
more efficent than a reversible Carnot engine working between
same source and sink.
(ii) All reversible engines working between same source and sink
(same limits or temperature) have the same efficiency
irrespective the working substance.
Heat transfer
S.No.
1
Term
Thermal
Conductivity
2
3
4
Convection
Radiation
Stefan
Boltzmann law
Wein's
displacement
law
Kirchoff's law
Newton's Law
of Cooling
description
H=
Term
Gas laws
Description
Boyle's law
Ideal gas
equation
Pressure of gas
P = (1/3)vmq2
14
Formulas and Concepts
4
5
square speed
vrms = (3P/) = (3PV/M) =(3RT/M)
each velocity component has, on the average, an associated kinetic
energy (1/2)KT
rms speed
Law of
Equipartition of
energy
Specific Heat
Capacity
Monatomic
gases
Diatomic gases
Specific heat
Capacity of Solids
Mean free path
S.No.
1
Term
Charge
Properties of
charge
Coulombs law
Electric field
Electric field
Intensity
Some useful
Formula
Charge density
15
Formulas and Concepts
Electrostatics
in Conductor
Electric Flux
10
Gausss
Theorem
11
Some points
Electric potential
S.No.
1
Term
Electric
Potential
energy
Electric PE of
a charge
Electric
Potential
Some points
about
Electric
potential
Electric
dipole
Electric
potential due
to dipole
Electric field
due to dipole
Description
U=-W
Where U = Change in Potential energy and W= Work done by the electric
lines of forces
For a system of two particles
U(r)=q1q2/4r
where r is the separation between the charges.
We assume U to be zero at infinity
Similarly for a system of n charges
U=Sum of potential energy of all the distinct pairs in the system
For example for three charges
U=(1/4)(q1q2/r12+q2q3/r23+q1q3/r13)
=qV where V is the potential there
Liken Electric field intensity is used to define the electric field; we can also
use Electric Potential to define the field. Potential at any point P is equal to
the work done per unit test charge by the external agent in moving the test
charge from the reference point(without Change in KE)
Vp=Wext/q
So for a point charge
Vp=Q/4r
where r is the distance of the point from charge
1. It is scalar quantity
2.Potential at point due to system of charges will be obtained by the
summation of potential of each charge at that point
V=V1+V2+V3+V4
3.Electric forces are conservative force so work done by the electric force
between two point is independent of the path taken
4. V2-V1=- E.dr
5. In Cartesian coordinates system
dV=-E.dr
dV=-(Exdx+Eydy+Ezdz)
So Ex=V/x , Ey=V/y and Ez=V/z
Also
E=-[(V/x)i+(V/y)j+(V/z)k]
6. Surface where electric potential is same everywhere is call equipotential
surface
Electric field components parallel to equipotential surface is always zero
A combination of two charge +q and -q separated by the distance d
p=qd
Where d is the vector joining negative to positive charge
V=(1/4)(pcos/r2)
where r is the distance from the center and is angle made by the line from
the axis of dipole
E=(1/4)(psin/r3)
Er=(1/4)(2pcos/r3)
Total E=E2+Er2
16
Formulas and Concepts
Few more
points
=(p/4r3)((3cos2+1))
Torque on dipole=pXE
Potential Energy
U=-p.E
1. E.dl over closed path is zero
2.Electric potential in the spherical charge conductor is Q/4R where R is
the radius of the shell and the potential is same everywhere in the
conductor
3. Conductor surface is a equipotential surface
Capacitance
S.No.
1
Term
Capacitance C of the
capacitor
Capacitance of parallel
plate cap
Description
C=q/V
or q=CV
-Unit of capacitance is Farads or CV-1 capacitance of a capacitor
is constant and depends on shape, size and separation of the
two conductors and also on insulating medium being used for
making capacitor.
C=(0A)/d
where,
C= capacitance of capacitor
A= area of conducting plate
d= distance between plates of the capacitor
0=8.854 10-12 and is known as electric permittivity in vacuum.
C=A/d
Parallel combination of
capacitors
Series combination of
capacitors
Energy stored in
capacitor
F=
5
6
7
Q2
2 K 0 A
2 Where is charge per unit area.
f =
2 K 0
Term
Electromotive force
Electric current
Resistivity of conductor
Ohms law
Description
EMF of a cell is the total energy per unit charge when the cell is
on an open circuit i.e., when the current through the cell is
zero.
I=q/t it is the rate of flow of electric charge. Unit of current is
ampere.
I Where I is the current, n is the number of electrons
vd =
neA
per unit volume and A is the area of cross section of conductor.
m
ne 2
is the
relaxation time
V=IR where R is the resistance of the given conductor and unit
of resistance is ohm()
17
Formulas and Concepts
6
Electrical resistivity
7
8
Resistors in series
Resistors in parallel
Terminal voltage
10
11
12
13
14
Electrical power
Variation of resistance
with temperature
Variation of resistivity
with temperature
15
Term
Biot-Savart law
Description
Magnetic fiels dB at any point whose position vector is r wrt
0 I (dl r)
current elemant dl is given by
dB =
B=
B=
B=
B=
B=
8
9
10
11
12
13
Lorentz force
14
Magnetic dipole
moment of bar
magnet
torque on the bar
magnet
Potential energy of a
magnetic dipole
15
16
0 2I
4r
r3
0 I
2r
0 In
2r
0 Ir 2
2( r + x 2 ) 3 / 2
2
0 Inr 2
2( r 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
B dI = 0 I
B = 0 nI
B = 0 nI
F=
0 I1I 2
2R
= mB
U=-mBcos
18
Formulas and Concepts
Electromagnetic induction
S.No.
1
Term
Magnetic flux
Description
= B A = BA cos
Faradays law
e=
dt
e = %
d
dt
where e is
Lenzs law
Inductance L of
inductor
L=
Self induction
%
i
Series RL circuit
Rise of current
i=
e
(1 e t / )
R
L
where
L = L/R
e = L
di
dt
is inductive time
Magnetic energy
Density of
stored magnetic
energy
Mutual induction
i = i0 e t /
e2 = M
di
di1 and
e1 = M 2 where M is the mutual induction for the
dt
dt
coil arrangement.
Magnetism of matter
S.No.
1
Term
Gausss law for
magnetic fields
Spin magnetic
dipole moment
Orbital magnetic
dipole moment
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Maxwells
extension of
amperes law
Description
L =
2m
B ds =
0
d
dt
Transient Currents
S.No.
1
Term
Growth of charge in
CR circuit
Description
q = q0 (1 e
t
CR
19
Formulas and Concepts
2
3
4
5
6
Decay of charge in CR
circuit
Capacitive time
constant
Energy stored in
inductor
Energy stored in
capacitor
q = q0 e
t
CR
i = i0 e
t
CR
LC oscillations
f =
2 LC
Alternating Current
S.No.
1
Term
Alternating
current
Mean value of
a.c.
RMS value
a.c. through
resistor
a.c. through
inductor
a.c. through
capacitor
Inductive
reactance
3
4
5
6
7
8
Capacitive
reactance
a.c. through
series LR circuit
Description
It is current whose magnitude changes with time and direction reverses
periodically. I=I0sint where I0 is the peak value of a.c. and =2/T is
the frequency
Im=2I0/ = 0.636I0
Irms=I0/2
Alternating emf is in phase with current
Emf leads the current by an phase angle /2
Emf lags behind the current by an phase angle /2
Opposition offered by inductor to the flow of current mathematically,
X L = L = 2fL
10
a.c. through
series CR circuit
a.c. through
series LCR
circuit
13
Average power
of an a.c. circuit
Transformer
R 2 + ( 2 L2 )
tan =
given by
1
Z = R2 + 2 2
C
L <
1
tan = C
R
given by
2
Pavg = I rms
R = E rms I rms cos Where
Z = R 2 + L
VS = VP
%P
%
IS = IP P
%S
Electromagnetic waves
S.No.
1
and
12
given by
11
Term
Conduction current
Description
It is the current due to the flow of electrons through the
connecting wires in an electric circuit
20
Formulas and Concepts
2
Displacement current
ID = 0
dt
d E where IC is the conduction
)
dt
Modified amperes
circuital law
B.dl =
Maxwells Equations
current.
Gausss law in electrostatics
Velocity of EM waves
in free space
(IC + I D ) = 0 (IC + 0
E ds =
B ds = 0
Faradays law of EM
induction
E dl =
Ampere-Maxwells circuital
law
B.dl ==
v=
0 0
d B
dt
0
(I C + 0
d E
)
dt
= 3 10 8 m / s
Term
Wave front
Huygens Principle
Interference
Condition of maximum
intensity
Condition of minimum
intensity
Ratio of maximum and
minimum intensity
6
7
8
10
11
12
Description
It is the locus of points in the medium which at any instant
are vibrating in the same phase.
1
Each point on the given primary Wavefront acts as a
source of secondary wavelets spreading out disturbance
in all direction.
2
The tangential plane to these secondary wavelets
constitutes the new wave front
It is the phenomenon of non uniform distribution of energy in
the medium due to superposition of two light waves.
= 2n or x=n where n=0,1,2,3,.
= (2n + 1)
I max (a1 + a 2 ) 2
=
I min (a1 a 2 ) 2
yn =
(2n + 1) D
yn =
2d
n =
y n (2n + 1)
=
D
2d
D
d
Term
Diffraction
Description
It is the phenomenon of bending of light waves round the sharp corners
and spreading into the regions of geometrical shadow of the object.
Single slit
diffraction
Width of central
maximum is
Diffraction
1, 2, 3, 4. ,
21
Formulas and Concepts
grating
resolving power
of the grating
Brewsters law
10
Law of Malus
width placed side by side parallel to each other. the condition for
maxima in the interference pattern at the angle is dsin =n where
n=0,1,2,3,4
For two nearly equal wavelengths 1 and 2 between which a diffraction
grating can just barely distinguish resolving power is
R=
2 1
=
where =(1+2)/2
the condition for constructive interference is 2dsin =n where
n=1,2,3,4
It is the phenomenon due to which vibrations of light are restricted in a
particular plane.
= tan p where is refractive index of medium and p is angle of
polarisation.
Term
Laws of
reflection
2
3
Relation between
f and R
Mirror formula
Magnification
Refraction
Laws of
refraction
Description
1.
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
I
f v
=
O
f
m=
sin i
= ba where ba is relative refractive index of
sin r
medium b w.r.t. medium a.
7
Lateral shift
Spherical
refracting
surface
10
Power of
spherical
refracting
surface
Lens makers
formula
t sin(i r )
d=
cos r
1
u
2
u
P=
+
+
2
v
1
v
R
R
2 1
R
1
1
1 focal length of convex lens is positive and that of
= ( 1)
f
R1 R2
Lens equation
12
Linear
magnification
Power of lens
m=
I
f v
=
O
f
P=
1
1
1
= ( 1)
f
R1 R2
Focal length
13
14
1 1 1
+ =
u v
f
1
1
1
=
+
f
f1 f 2
22
Formulas and Concepts
15
Power of
P=P1+P2
equivalent lens
Magnification of
m=m1+m2
equivalent lens
The inability of lenses of aperture to bring all the rays in wide beam of
light falling on it to focus a single point is called spherical aberration.
Spherical
aberration
Term
Description
Energy of a photon
= h
Photoelectric
effect
Compton effect
De Brogli
wavelength
De Brogli phase
velocity
v P = =
Wave formula
Phase velocity
Group velocity
Uncertainty
principle
10
Uncertainty in
energy and time
h
mv
c2
v
vP
k
d
vg =
dk
vP =
Atomic structure
S.No.
Term
Atomic spectra
Description
v=
e
4 0 mr
E=
e2
8 0 r
Lyman
1
1
= R 2 2
1
n
where R is Rydberg
constant
Balmer
1
1
= R 2 2
2
n
1
1
1
= R 2 2
n
3
1
1
1
= R 2 2
n
4
1
Paschen
Brackett
Pfund
1
1
= R 2 2
n
5
1
R=1.097x10-7m-1
23
Formulas and Concepts
4
h
e
4 0 r
m
rn =
n 2 h 2 0
me 2
Term
Description
Isotopes
Isobars
Nuclear radius
Nuclear density
Nuclear forces
One atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth part of the mass of 12C6
atom. Value of a mass unit is 1u=1.66054x10-27Kg=931 MeV
R=R0A1/3 Where value of R0 1.2 x 10-15 1.2 fm and is known as nuclear
radius parameter
The density of nuclear matter is approximately of the order of 1017 Kg/m3
and is very large compared to the density of ordinary matter.
It is the force which holds the nucleons together inside the nucleus.
Mass defect
m = Zm p + ( A Z )mn m
Binding energy
=BE/A
11
Binding energy
per nucleon
Radioactive
decay law
Half life
12
Average life
Tav=1/
10
[[
% = % 0 e t
T=ln2/
] ]