Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Hiitzeler, DMD'
RallKuhal, DMD"
142
irregularities and mask the metal.'"" The VitaVMK-Paint-On 88 opaque (Vita Zahnfabrik, BadSckingen, Germany) and Opaque P (DeTrey,
Dentsply, Dreieich, Germany] are two conventional opaque systems.
Recently, a new opaque system (Biopaque,
DeTrey, Dentsply) became commercially available. It has been described previously by
Krumbholz et al'- and Breuer." This opaque is a
paste that is directly applied to the metal surface
without mixing and condensing. It offers easy
application and reduced working t i m e . "
Additionally, uniform thickness and excellent
opacity can be attained with Biopaque,"
0,1 mol/L lactic-acid and 0,1 mol/L sodium chloride by a temperature of 37"C) for 30 days, a shear
test was conducted according to Schmitz &
Schulmeyer,'^ For this purpose, a standard machine
for mechanical testing (Zwick 1445, Neu-Ulm,
Germany) with a cross head speed of 1 0.5
mm/min was used. Differences of the shear test
values between the two opaque systems for each
metal were analyzed using paired ttests.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Processing
of Opaque Porcelaiti. For comparison of the surface morphologies of Biopaque and Opaque P,
samples of each step of processing were prepared,
using cast Degudent alloy plates. The porcelain
was fired according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were gold sputter coated and the
surfaces observed using a scanning electron microscope (Zeiss, DSM 950, Oberkochen, Germany].
The differences between both systems were
described qualitatively,
The purpose of this investigation was (1) to compare Biopaque with a conventional opaque system
(Opaque P) using ihe above-mentioned in vitro
tests, and (2) to perform a clinical study comparing
two traditional porcelain opaque systems and
Biopaque over a 48-month observation period.
Materials and Methods
In Vitro Evaluation
Shear Test in a Corrosive Solution. Metal samples ( 6 x 6 mm) from two alloys, a high noble alloy
(Degudent U, Degussa, Frankfurt, Germany] and a
palladium-based alloy (Albabond E, Heraeus,
Hanau, Germany) were veneered using Biopaque
and Opaque P as an opaque system and porcelain
according to the manufacturers' recommendations.
Each group consisted of 10 samples. After storage
in a corrosive environment (solution of ISO 13912;
Number 2,1995
143
Biopaque
Alloy with high
gold content
Palladiumbased alloy
Palladiumbased alloy
Results
In Vitro Evaluation
Shear Test in a Corrosive Solution (Table 2).
After storage in a corrosive environment, the
mean shear strength of Biopaque veneered probes
144
Voluni 3, ^
Fig 2
paste.
Fig 6
Number 2,1995
145
Before
After
Before
Alter
30 4
25 3
022 2
27 3
26 4
C
26 2
'
'
--
'
'
Opaque P
" -
'.
146
ventional opaquing systems (Opaque P and VitaVMK-Paint-On 88). The shear test in a corrosive
solution revealed no significant difference between
Opaque P and Biopaque. The bond strength deteriorated significantly in both groups when a palladium-based alloy was used, Krumholz et al'-'
observed more frequent and larger voids at the
metal-porcelain interface when the Biopaque was
used, and recommended a slow heating cycle to
predry and preheat Biopaque. Recently, the problems with the formation of voids at the interface
between alloy and Biopaque base paste were
solved by changing the liquid medium for the base
paste from glycerin to 1,4-butandiol, which has
larger temperature intervals for the decomposing
reaction during heating and reacts less violently,'''
The scanning electron microscopy showed that
the Biopaque system covers the metal framework
very weli. However, because of the rough surface
that occurs after firing the powder crystals, it is nec-
Discussion
The study sought to evaluate whether a new
opaquing system (Biopaque) provided similar in
vitro results to a converflional opaquing system
(Opaque P), It also evaluated the biologic and
technical results of Biopaque as compared to con-
1 B Scannina electron microscopy of the surface of the Biopaque system, (a) Dark powder crystals before tiring, (b) dark powFigs
r crysia^s after firing, (c) transparent powder crystals before firing, (d) transparent powder crystals after tmng.
der cry
nber 2, 1995
147
0
h
7S-
so25-
^ *
j ^
5025-
H
"
_A_.
ti
^ 75a
h 1
j
o- r =
O-
5s
1
.IL
7S-
so25-
j;fl
- -
, ^ '
* ' ' *
_JI
/-JU-JI.
1^1 ^.\A, J
d
75
50
25
0
1 U
75
5O
23
20,0
Li
1 ^
^
30-0
.
.
^
4O.O
essary to thoroughly coat the unit with the subsequent layer. It was apparent that only the base of the
Biopaque system is a newly developed material.
Both types of powder crystals are similar to or identical to the materials used in the conventional porcelain systems. The mineral rutile used in the base
paste has a very high light refraction and, therefore,
is effective in masking the metal. For this reason it is
not necessary to add zircon to the dark powder crystals since the Opaque P acts in the same way as
rutile in the base paste. The x-ray diffraction analysis
proves that there are giassy phases in both types of
powder crystals in addition to several crystalline
components. Therefore, instead of calling those
materials "powder crystals," it would be more correct to call them "powder ceramic,"
In the clinical data, 3 out of 44 (6-8%] fixed partial dentures required reluting, Leempoel et al'
gathered data from a private practice and reported
1% of restorations lost retention during an observation period of 1 to 11-5 years, whereas Karlsson'
found loss of retention in 30 (12,6%] out of 2,38
fixed partial dentures over a period of 10 years, [n
the present investigation, it was obvious that all
loss of retention occurred on abutment teeth where
the Phosphocap system was used for the cementation procedure. The problems with this cement sys-
148
-I
5O,O
, ,
2 Theta
Alpha MS. Two abutment teeth had decayed surfaces (1.47(i) during the study period. This finding
is in accordance with the study of Leempoel et al'
that presented secondary caries in 1% of the abutment teeth over a period of 5 years.
The four abutment tooth fractures in this study
occurred in one patient. This patient had TM)
problems and the fractures may have occurred
because of bruxism.
Following final luting, two abutment teeth (1.4%)
required endodontic intervention through the
occlusal surface of the crown. Leempoel et al' found
similar results (1.0%) (601 abutment teeth) after an
observation period of S years, whereas Randow et
a!-' had endodontic complications over a period of
6 to 7 years in 7.4% of the abutment teeth.
Conclusions
This study compared the shear bond strength of a
new opaquing system with that of a conventional
opaque material and investigated the composition of
the opaque materials using scanning electron
microscopy. A clinical study evaluated units that
were veneered using the new material and two conventional opaquing systems. Within the limitations of
the study, the following conclusions may be made:
1. The shear bond strength of Biopaque and
Opaque P veneered on a palladium-based alloy
decreased significantly from baseline after storage in a corrosive environment. However, there
was no significant difference between the two
opaque systems.
2. No difference in the shear bond strength after
storage in a corrosive solution could be
detected when a high noble alloy was used as
the metal for the substructure in combination
with eitber Biopaque or Opaque P.
3. With scanning electron microscopy, specimens
exhibited a rough surface after firing of the
powder crystals. Therefore, the subsequent
layer requires thorough coating.
4. The x-ray powder diffraction analyses of
Biopaque demonstrated that only the base of
this system is a newly developed material.
5. Biopaque attained similar clinical results with
regards to technical and biologic failures as
compared to the two other traditional opaque
systems.
Acknowledgmetits
The authors greatly appreciate Dr Carlos Quiones for his
valuable advice and critical review of this manuscript and all
limber 2,1995
149